Tag: Ancient Civilization

I am looking for the patterns in the historical narrative itself that give us more insight into the world we live in today.

So far the patterns I found between 1945 and 1960 show events and people being manipulated for particular outcomes benefiting the world powers at the expense of other countries and their people, and at the same time, deceiving us about what was really going on to gain our consent, like with the examples of partitioning one country into two, setting up two different political systems, and then instigating them to fight each other, like in the cases of Korea and Viet Nam, and the inherent brutality against Humanity of communism.

Let’s see what comes to the surface in our historical narrative of this nature between 1961 and 1980, those events about which we have been taught about and which the older generations alive today have memory of happening, either from experience or the news.

My starting point for “Seeing World History with New Eyes – 1961 – 1980” is the Berlin Wall.

Soviet Premier Nikita Khruschev ordered the Berlin Wall to be built in 1961 after 160,000 East German refugees crossed into West Berlin following major food shortages.

Berlin was located entirely within the Soviet part of the country.

As mentioned previously in this series, during the Yalta Big-Three Conference held in February of 1945, the European Advisory Commission (EAC) allowed each occupying power full control over its occupying zone, and the subsequent Cold War was reflected in the partition of Germany as each occupying force could develop its zone on its own without influence from any overseeing body.

Berlin was split into similar sectors.

The Soviets took the eastern half, while the other Allies took the western. This four-way occupation of Berlin began in June 1945.

Subsequently, in August of 1961, the Communist government of East Germany, also known as the German Democratic Republic, began to build a wall of concrete and barbed wire between East Berlin and West Berlin.

It was built ostensibly to prevent western “fascists” from entering the country, but the even bigger reason was to contain the citizens of East Berlin, and made it harder for them to leave, not that they didn’t try.

Once the wall was constructed the only access between East Berlin and West Berlin was via three checkpoints – Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie.

On June 26th of 1963, John F. Kennedy delivered a famous addresses to a crowd of more than 120,000 in West Berlin, in which he said “I am a Berliner.”

Also, during John F. Kennedy’s administration, United States tensions with Fidel Castro’s Cuba intensified after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion between April 17th and 20th of 1961, when Cuban exiles invaded via a counter-revolutionary military brigade that were secretly funded by the CIA, and included some U. S. military personnel and trained in Guatemala.

However, the brigade was badly outnumbered by Castro’s troops, and they surrendered after 24-hours of fighting.

The Cuban Missile Crisis took place the year before Kennedy’s speech in Berlin, which started on the 16th of October in 1962, and ended a little over a month later.

It was a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union which is considered the closest the two countries came to full-scale nuclear war, when the Soviet Union deployed nuclear ballistic missiles to Cuba as a response to the United States deploying nuclear ballistic missiles to Italy and Turkey.

An agreement was reached between Nikita Kruschev and Fidel Castro to place the missiles on the island in the summer of 1962 at Castro’s request to deter future invasions, and the construction of missile sites on Cuba was confirmed by U-2 spy plane photos.

After consulting with the National Security Council, Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba on October 22nd, in order to stop further missiles from reaching Cuba.

The blockade was formally lifted on November 20th of 1962, after negotiations between the United States and Soviet Union resulted in the dismantling of their offensive weapons, and a U. S. promise not to invade Cuba again.

Civil Wars started in Guatemala in 1960 between the government and leftist rebel groups supported by the Maya and Ladinos, a distinct Spanish-speaking ethnic group, who comprise the rural poor in Guatemala.

Civil Wars in Guatemala lasted until 1996.

The military forces of the Guatemalan government have been condemned for genocide of the Maya and for widespread human rights violations against civilians, with some of the context being longstanding issues of unfair land distribution.

Companies such as the American United Fruit Company controlled much of the land in Guatemala, conflicting with the rural poor.

The United Fruit Company came into being with the merger of Minor C. Keith’s banana trading business and the Boston Fruit Company of Andrew W. Preston in 1899, and came to control large parts and transportation networks of Central America, and maintained a monopoly in certain regions which became known as Banana Republics, like Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica.

The United Fruit Company, monopolized all of Guatemala’s banana production and export, as well as owning the country’s telegraph and telephone system, and most of its railroad track.

The United Fruit Company has been described as an exploitative multinational corporation that influenced the economic and political development of these countries in a deep and enduring way.

The company known today as Chiquita Brands International came out of the United Fruit Company.

It is interesting to note that in 1897, two years before United Fruit Company was formed, the Central American Exposition was held in Guatemala.

We are told it was constructed to highlight the railroad between Iztapa on the Pacific Coast and Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic Coast, but that for a variety of reasons, including the railroad not being finished at the time of the Exposition, it was considered a dramatic failure for Guatemala.

In Viet Nam by the time of John F. Kennedy’s death in November of 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel, and the Gulf of Tonkin incident took place in 1964, an international confrontation after which the United States engaged more directly in the Viet Nam War.

The first Gulf of Tonkin incident took place on August 2nd of 1964 between ships of North Viet Nam and the United States.

The description of what took place is as follows:

Three North Vietnamese torpedo boats approached the naval destroyer U. S. S. Maddox and attacked it with torpedos and machine gun fire.

Damages said to have come about as a result of the ensuing battle were: one U. S. aircraft; all three North Vietnamese torpedo boats and 4 North Vietnamese deaths; and one bullet hole on the naval destroyer, and no American deaths.

There was initially allegedly a second incident on August 4th of 1964, this second occurrence has long been said not to have taken place.

And then there are the people who believe the first Gulf of Tonkin incident never happened either.

Whether or not the Gulf of Tonkin incidents actually happened, they were used as an excuse for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed by Congress on August 7th of 1964, giving President Lyndon B. Johnson authority to help any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be in jeopardy of Communist aggression, and was considered the legal justification for the beginning of open warfare with North Viet Nam and the deployment of American troops to Southeast Asia, of which, with the institution of the draft, there were over 500,000 troops sent by 1966.

Even the country neighboring Viet Nam in Southeast Asia, Laos, had its own problems with the Viet Nam war spilling over, with Laos being bombed by American planes starting in 1964, in retaliation we are told, for the shooting down of an American plane by insurgents, and after which bombing runs over Laos intensified, with over 100,000 bombing runs on Laos’ eastern border with North Viet Nam.

There were numerous hot wars going on in diverse places in the 1960s in the aftermath of World War II, too many to go into great detail but this is a list of what was happening:

The Portuguese Colonial Wars took place in the years between 1961 and 1974 involving the Portuguese military and nationalist movements in Portugal’s African colonies, primarily in the countries of Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea.

The Indo-Pakistani War in 1965, a 17-day conflict in September of that year between India and Pakistan that caused thousands of deaths on both sides and featured a large engagement of armored tank vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II.

The Six-Day War between Israel and the neighboring Arab states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria took place in June of 1967.

By the end of the Six-Day War, Israel had gotten control of the Sinai Peninsula, and the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and East Jerusalem.

The eight-year-long Algerian Civil War ended in 1962, at which time Algeria became independent from France, but only after armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front, involving guerilla warfare, the use of torture, and civil wars between and within different communities of Algerians.

Other examples of Civil Wars starting in Africa in the 1960s include the countries of Sudan; Chad; and Nigeria.

There were two Civil Wars in Sudan.

The first Sudanese Civil War lasted for 17-years, from the time tensions started to develop in 1955, to the Addis Ababa agreement in 1972, between the northern part of Sudan, and the southern Sudan region that wanted representation and more regional autonomy.

During that 17-year-period, over half-million people are estimated to have died.

This is what we are told.

The British government administered the primarily Muslim and Arab Northern Sudan and mostly Christian and animist Southern Sudan as separate regions under international sovereignty until 1956, at which time the two regions were merged into a single administrative region as part of British strategy in the Middle East, and without the consultation of the minority southern leaders, who were fearful of being absorbed into Northern Sudan, for whom the British had shown favoritism, and tensions between the North and South escalated between the two.

Following Sudan’s independence from Britain, the southern ruling class were powerless in the merged Sudan’s politics and government compared to the northern ruling class, and unable to address the injustices against their people.

Hostilities escalated characterized by insurgencies and political turmoil…

…including in-fighting between Marxist and non-Marxist factions in the ruling military class.

What is “just war” theory?

There must be six conditions met before a war is considered “just:”

1. The war must be for a just cause.
2. The war must be declared lawful authority.
3. The intention behind the war must be good.
4. All other ways of resolving the problems should be first tried.
5. There must be a reasonable chance of success.
6. The means used must be in proportion to the ends that the war seeks to achieve.

How must a “just war” be fought:

1. Innocent people and combatants should not be harmed.
2. Only appropriate force shall be used.
3. Internationally agreed conventions regulating war must be obeyed.

The 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement was observed by Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie, and led to more regional autonomy for South Sudan, and while providing stability for South Sudan for a number of years, it was only temporary with the onset of the Second Sudanese Civil war between 1983 and 2005.

The history of Sudan goes back to the Pharaonic period of ancient Egypt, with the Kingdom of Kerma in ancient Nubia (dated from 2500 to 1500 BC)…

…the Egyptian New Kingdom dated between 1500 BC and 1070 BC…

…and the Kingdom of Kush, dated from 785 BC to 350 AD, with its royal capital at Meroe, located on the Nile River where it flows through in northeast Sudan in northeastern Africa.

There have been roughly three Civil Wars in Chad since independence from France in 1960. 

The first one started in 1965 and lasted until 1979, and was waged by rebel factions against the authoritarian and corrupt regime of Chadian President Francois Tombalbaye.

At the time of Chad’s independence from France in 1960, roughly half of the population was Muslim and lived in the north and eastern parts of the country, and the other half was Christian and animist and lived in the southern part of the country.

Apparently, President Tombalbaye was from the southern part of the country, granting favors to his political supporters in the South while at the same time marginalizing the rest of the country.

He also filled prisons with thousands of people he believed were his opponents, whether they really were or not.

Tension and discontent grew, and several opposition groups started to organize a resistance movement.

Initially, Tombalbaye’s military crushed civilian demonstrations in 1962, and he relied heavily on French support to maintain power.

The Chadian Civil War officially started with the Mangalme, or Mubi, Uprising in September and October of 1965, involving a series of riots that started after a tax increase on personal income, which was tripled in certain areas.

Local citizens accused the government of corruption and tax collection abuses.

The military was sent in and crushed the riots, killing approximately 500 people.

Thus began the 14-year-long first Chadian Civil War.

Tombalbaye was eventually killed in coup in 1975, and was replaced by the former commander of the national army, Felix Malloum.

Malloum was a southerner with strong kinship ties to the North, who thought he could reconcile Chad’s divisions.

In the summer of 1977, rebels under the command of Goukouni Oueddei and supported by Libya, launched an offensive from the northern part of the country, and was the first time modern Soviet military equipment came into the Civil War, forcing Malloum to ask for help from France.

After the 1977 Khartoum Peace agreement, two Chadian northern military leaders, Hissene Habre and Goukouni Oueddei, came together in order to oust the southern government of Felix Malloum on March 23rd of 1979.

Then, Goukouni Oueddei seized power later that year, and became President of the Transitional Government of National Unity, composed of northerners supported by different factions that were close to Habre.

This state-of-affairs triggered the Second Chadian Civil War between 1979 and 1986.

Chad in the modern-day is one of the poorest countries in the world, with most of its inhabitants living in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers.

Here’s another way of looking at Africa…

…and Chad has sizeable reserves of crude oil, which is the country’s primary source of export earnings.

The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, began in July of 1967, and ended in January of 1970, between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra, representing the nationalist desires of the Igbo people as a result of violence and repression against them by the Nigerian government after the British de-colonized Nigeria between 1960 and 1963.

Apparently control over the oil-rich Niger delta was also a strategic factor in the war.

The Nigerian government used genocide and starvation as a weapon to win the Civil War by blockading Biafra from civilization.

A humanitarian airlift was organized to supply food to the people of Biafra during the years of the civil war, but the whole conflict brought suffering and death to the innocent.

The Cultural Revolution in China lasted from 1966 to 1976.

It was a violent social and political purge under Mao Zedong, Communist Party of China (CPC) Chairman, with the stated goal of removing traditional and capitalist elements from Chinese society in order to preserve Chinese Communism.

Soon, Chairman Mao called on young people to “bombard the headquarters” in schools, factories, and government institutions apparently in order to eliminate his rivals within the CPC.

He insisted that middle-class elements in Chinese society who wanted to restore capitalism be removed through violent class struggle.

The death of Chairman Mao in 1976 ended the Cultural Revolution.  During this ten-year period, there was an estimated death toll of somewhere between hundreds-of-thousands to 20 million, and severely damaged China’s economy and traditional culture.

Civil War started in Cambodia in 1967, and lasted until 1975.

It was a war fought between the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia under Prince Sihanouk and the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, known as the Khmer Rouge, supported by North Viet Nam and the Viet Cong.

Cambodia is in Southeast Asia, sandwiched between Thailand, Laos, and Viet Nam.

Prince Sihanouk’s policies in the early 1960s initially protected his nation from the turmoil that engulfed Viet Nam and Laos.

His balancing act eventually went awry with all the forces-at-play during that time, and ultimately the Khmer Rouge seized power in 1975, and Prince Sihanouk was exiled.

Between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia was ruled by Pol Pot, General Secretary of the Communist Party, and his Khmer Rouge party, leading to the genocide of the Cambodian people, considered to be one of the bloodiest in history, in which an estimated 1.5 – 2 million deaths occurring, in part due to Pol Pot’s goals of turning Cambodia into a socialist agrarian Republic by forced relocation of its people to labor camps in the countryside.

Many people were just taken out into fields and summarily executed, giving us the name of “The Killing Fields,” the title of a 1984 film about the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia based on the experiences of two journalists, one Cambodian and one American.

The Troubles in Northern Ireland lasted from 1969 to 1998.

Though the terms Catholic and Protestant were used to refer to the two sides, it was more of a political and nationalistic conflict that was fanned by historic events.

Though there are differences of opinion on the exact start of the Troubles, two events in August of 1969 are generally agreed to officially constitute the beginning of them.

The first occurred on August 12th of 1969 in Derry, Northern Ireland.

That was the first day of what was called the Battle of the Bogside, a very large communal riot between residents of the Bogside area, a majority nationalist-Irish-Catholic community outside the walls of Derry.

Fighting took place between the Catholic Irish Nationalists, and the Royal Ulster police, which was formed after the partition of Ireland in 1922, and Protestant Irish Unionists professing loyalty to the British Crown.

The event which provoked the onset of hostilities was the occurrence of an Apprentice Boys of Derry parade, a fraternal Protestant society founded in 1814 to commemorate the 1688 & 1689 Sieges of Derry, when there were two attempts by the Catholic King James II of England & Ireland and VII of Scotland, the first one of which was foiled by thirteen Apprentices.

When the parade ended, fighting erupted between local unionists and police on one-side and Catholic nationalists on the other side, and rioting continued for three days.

Among other things, local boys climbed onto rooves in order to bomb the police below with projectiles, which came to included stones and home-made gas bombs.

The second event was the arrival of British troops in Bogside on August 14th of 1969.

The unrest and violence of The Troubles escalated across Northern Ireland between the Irish Catholic Nationalists and Irish Protestant Unionists for thirty years to come.

Between 1971 and 1979, Idi Amin was Uganda’s President.

He was considered one of the most brutal dictators in world history, with his rule of Uganda characterized by rampant human rights abuses, and persecution of certain ethnic groups and political dissidents among other things.

The 1972 Munich Olympics are remembered for the occurrence of the Black September Palestinian terrorist attack the second week of the Olympics, in which 8 terrorists took nine members of the Israeli Olympic team hostage after killing two of the team’s members and a West German police officer.

I remember this happening very well.

I was nine-years-old at the time and enjoying watching the Olympic Games.

Then this happened.

The Palestinian terrorists demanded the release of 234 Palestinian prisoners held in Israeli jails and the West German-held founders of the German far-left militant group Red Army Faction, Baader and Meinhof.

Five of the eight Black September terrorists were killed in a failed attempt to rescue the demanded hostages.

The three surviving terrorists were arrested, but then released in a hostage exchange following the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615, a Palestinian terrorist attack aimed at securing the release of the three surviving terrorists.

When the three Palestinian Prisoners were released, the Israeli government authorized Operation Wrath of God to track them down and kill them. Two out of the three were believed to have been killed.

Looking back on the 1972 events at the Munich Olympics with what we know now versus what we knew then, I have to ask the question if this was an early false flag event.

A false flag in our modern terminology is an operation committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on a second party.

The Yom Kippur War was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab-states led by Egypt and Syria from October 6th to October 25th of 1973.

Egypt led a surprise attack into the Sinai, territory it had lost to Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967, and Syria unsuccessfully focused on ridding the Golan Heights of Israeli soldiers.

There was an Israeli counter-attack, and it didn’t happen.

On October 26th, the UN brokered a cease-fire between Egypt and Israel, ultimately leading to the first peace agreement being signed between the two countries in 1979.

Meanwhile, the cease-fire exposed Syria to military defeat and Israel seized even more territory in the Golan Heights.

Syria voted along with other Arab states in 1979 to expel Egypt from the Arab League.

Another noteworthy fall-out from the Yom Kippur War was the Oil Embargo that started in October of 1973.

The Arab-dominated Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) proclaimed an oil embargo targeted at countries that supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War, creating an international oil and gas crisis.

By the end of the embargo, in March of 1974, the price of oil had risen by nearly 300% and had many short- and long-term effects on global politics and economy.

The overthrow of the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie took place on September 12th of 1974, in a coup initiated by a Marxist-Leninist factions in the military, and marked the beginning of a 17-year-long Ethiopian Civil War, which formally ended in 1991. 

The war left at least 1.4 million dead.

The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the former ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire.

Its members were lineal descendents of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba through their son Menelik I, the first Emperor of Ethiopia.

Haile Selassie was the last Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974.

The full title traditionally of the Emperors of Ethiopia was: “Elect of God, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah and King of Kings of Ethiopia.”

The Iranian Revolution that took place in 1979 culminated in the overthrow of the last Shah of Iran, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on February 11, 1979…

…to be replaced by the Islamic Republic of Iran, with what is called a unitary theocratic-republican authoritarian presidential system subject to a Grand Ayatollah.

The revolution was supported by various Islamist and leftist organizations, as well as student movements.

So things changed considerably for the people in the Islamic Republic of Iran after 1979. This picture of the citizenry was taken in 2012…

…and these pictures were before the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran.

The Central American Crisis started in the late 1970s with the eruption of major civil wars in the Central American countries of Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.

The U. S. government was deeply involved in efforts to prevent victories by Pro-Soviet Communist forces in these countries.

The Georgia Guidestones were unveiled on March 22nd of 1980 on a rural site in Elbert County Georgia.

Engraved on each face of the four large, upright stones, in eight different languages, was a message containing ten principles, or guidelines.

The very first guideline was “Maintain humanity under 500,000,000 in perpetual balance with nature.”

What was up with that?

The remaining guidelines sound positive…but are they really?

Whoever was behind the Guidestones was unknown.

There were apparent focuses of population control, eugenics, and internationalism engraved on the guidestones.

I am happy to report that as of July 7th of 2022, the Georgia Guidestones are no more.

One was mysteriously destroyed in an explosion, and the rest were subsequently demolished.

Do the same patterns continue to emerge between 1961 and 1980 that we saw between 1945 and 1960 showing events and people being manipulated for particular outcomes benefiting the world powers at the expense of other countries and their people?

Like with the examples of partitioning one country into two, setting up two different political systems, and then instigating them to fight each other, like in the cases of Korea and Viet Nam…

…and the inherent brutality against Humanity of communism?

Among other examples, in Sudan we saw the former British colonial government arbitrarily divide the country into the primarily Muslim and Arab Northern Sudan and mostly Christian and animist Southern Sudan in 1956, and then create the conditions for protracted civil war by showing favoritism to the North and oppressing the South…

…and in Chad at the time of its independence from France in 1960, roughly half of the population was Muslim and living in the north and eastern parts of the country, and the other half was Christian and animist and living in the southern part of the country, and the conditions for civil war were created with an authoritarian and oppressive dictator who showed favoritism to the southern part of the country, and marginalized the rest of the country, in both cases leading to great suffering and death of the civilian population.

As we saw in the previous video between 1945 and 1960, at the same time India was liberated from British Rule in 1947, the country was partitioned into the Hindu-majority Union of India and the Muslim-majority Dominion of Pakistan…

…10 – 12 million people were displaced in forced mass migrations to the newly-constituted dominions, and created overwhelming refugee crises, as well as large-scale violence, thereby establishing the conditions for suspicion and hostility between these two countries that has existed into the present-day.

This movement of people started after India’s official Independence Day from Great Britain on August 15th of 1947.

Wouldn’t you think a country’s independence would be a great cause of celebration instead of a hellish nightmare?

In this video, we saw the Communists take down hereditary rulers in Cambodia and Ethiopia, also leading to great suffering and death of the civilian population…

Then the Islamic Revolution took down the hereditary Shah of Iran, to replace him with the Islamic Republic of Iran, leading to the severe repression of the civilian population in all ways.

All of this signifies that who or whatever is behind what has been taking place here does not value human life, and instead has sought to violently destroy it.

It certainly seems like there was there something bigger going on with all of these activities behind the scenes, and that they were not random occurrences.

I think we are seeing the unfolding of a plan that definitely does not have the best interests of Humanity at heart, and only benefits the power-and-control-hungry few that have been manipulating events behind scenes to control or destroy the original people and their advanced civilization.

There are three-parts to this post on “How the New World was Created from the Old World”, which is taken from a three-part series I did back in the summer of 2020.

I am expanding it now to include historical information I have come across in my research since then.

Part One is about “Trading Companies, Wars, Partitions, Conferences & Treaties;”

Part Two is on “Language, Religion, New Nobility, Corporatization, Colonization & Place Name Changes;”

And Part Three on “Maps, Globes & the Centuries of Exploration.”

Trading Companies, Wars, Partitions, Conferences & Treaties

European colonialism intentionally created divides over almost the entire landmass of the earth, creating new countries from lands that were taken, as well as divisions and discords between peoples that originally existed in harmony worldwide.

It also diagrams the means by which power and control were consolidated worldwide, mostly starting out as “trading” companies that ended up being very powerful in their respective regions, and after gaining complete control, transferring power and control of the regions to their respective European empires.

I will be providing numerous examples to illustrate how creating the New World from the Old World was accomplished.

Others means by which power and control were consolidated included partitions, wars, treaties, and conferences.

I will start with trading companies.

But before I begin talking about trading companies, it is important to discuss the meaning of “royal charters,””chartered companies,” and related-issues like “body corporate.”

This discussion will also come into play again in the subject of colonization, which I will also be touching on in part two of this post.

A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under “royal prerogative” as “letters patent.”

“Royal prerogative” is a body of customary authority, privilege and immunity recognized in common and civil law jurisdictions within a monarchy as belonging to the sovereign that becomes widely vested in government.

“Letters patent” are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published, written order issued by a monarch or other head-of-state, granting an office, right, monopoly, title or status to a person or corporation. Thus, they can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for granting city status or a coat-of-arms.

We are told Royal Charters historically were used to make public laws, like the Magna Carta of King John in 1215 AD.

Since the 1300s in our historical narrative, royal charters have been used to grant a right or power to an individual or “body corporate,”‘” the formal term for a corporation.

A “body corporate” functions as a “legal person” in law that can do the things a human person is usually able to do but are not literal people.

A “chartered company” is an association with investors and shareholders that is “incorporated,” or formed into a new corporation, and granted rights for the purposes of trade, exploration, or colonization.

Until the 19th-Century, royal charters were the only means that a company could become incorporated, other than by an Act of Parliament.

Arms are granted by the most senior heralds via the previously mentioned “Letters Patent.”

Heralds are appointed by the British Monarch and delegated to act on behalf of the Crown on all matters of heraldry, besides the granting of new Coats-of-Arms, including genealogical research and the granting of pedigrees.

The use of Arms went from individuals to corporate bodies starting in 1438 with a Royal Charter of incorporation, and the earliest surviving grant of arms, for the “Worshipful Company of Drapers,” formally known as “The Master and Warden and Brethren and Sisters of the Guild and Fraternity of the Blessed Mary the Virgin of the Mystery of Drapers of the City of London,” and since then have been made continously including, but not limited to, companies & civic bodies.

When I think of the word “draper,” curtains come to mind, I guess because of the word “drapery,” which pertains to curtains.

Come to find out, the word “draper” is defined as a retailer or wholesaler of cloth that was mainly for clothing.

Hmmm.

Why all the fanfare and fancy titles for cloth merchants?

Was that the “Mystery of Drapers” referenced in the formal title of the company?

The College of Arms was said to have been first incorporated by a Royal Charter in March of 1484 under King Richard III, and then re-incorporated in 1555 under Queen Mary I of England.

The College of Arms has been on Queen Victoria Street in the City of London in the shadow of St. Paul’s Cathedral since 1555.

This is the Coat-of-Arms for the College of Arms, with the motto “Diligent and Secret,” which interestingly the heraldry-wiki doesn’t know the meaning of.

Could it possibly mean exactly what it says – diligent and secret?

Like we don’t want you to know something, but we are sure working hard at what we are doing!

According to the “Law of Heraldic Arms,” “Coats-of-Arms” and other similar emblems may only be borne by 1) ancestral right, or descent from an ancestry through the male line; 2) or a grant made to the user under due authority, like the State or the Crown.

More to come on this in Part 2 of this post under the subject of “Colonization” with respect to “Ancestral Right.”

With regards to the “Law of Arms” as part of the general law, such armorial bearings are considered a form of property, and confer certain rights upon the grantee.

Now onto the subject of trading companies, starting with the British East India Company.

The British East India Company held a monopoly granted to it by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1600 between South Africa’s Cape of Good Hope and Tierra del Fuego’s Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America, until 1834 when the monopoly was lost.

East Indiaman was the general name of any sailing ship operating under charter or license to any of the East India companies of the major European trading powers of the 17th- through 19th-centuries.

The British East India Company ruled over parts of the Indian Subcontinent between 1757 and 1858, commencing after the 1757 Battle of Plassey, called a decisive victory over the Nawab of Bengal, Mir Jafar, after which time the Nawab ceded revenues to the what was called the “Company.”

Mir Jafar was considered the first dependent Nawab of Bengal of the British East India Company, and this was considered to be the start of British Imperialism in India, and a key step in the eventual British domination of vast areas there.

The British East India Company arrived in what came to be known as Madras in 1600, making it their principal settlement, and we are told, constructed Fort St. George in 1644.

The British East India Company was said to have come here in order to have a port close to the Malaccan Straits, the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and to secure its trade lines and commercial interests in the spice trade.

It is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.

They succeeded in securing their goals, as the British East India Company obtained the Prince of Wales Island in the Malaccan Strait.

Prince of Wales Island is known today as Penang Island, the main constituent island of the Malaysian state of Penang.

Apparently the British East India Company was able to successfully take what they named the Prince of Wales Island from the Kedah Sultanate in 1786, which became the capital of the Straits Settlements, a group of British territories in Southeast Asia established in 1826, including Melaka and Singapore.

The Kedah Sultanate was an historical Muslim dynasty located in the Malay Peninsula, said to have dated as an independent state from 1136 AD.

Its monarchy was abolished with the formation of the Malayan Union in 1909, but restored and added to the Federation of Malaya in 1963.

The Madras Presidency, or the Presidency of Fort St. George, was an administrative subdivision of British India, and established in 1652, and of which Elihu Yale became president in 1684.

Elihu Yale was a British merchant, trader, and a President of the British East India Company settlement at Fort St. George…

…who later became a benefactor of the Collegiate School in the Colony of Connecticut, which in 1718 was renamed Yale College in his honor.

At its greatest extent, the Madras Presidency included most of southern India, including the whole of the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh; parts of Odisha, Kerala, and Karnataka; and the union territory of Lakshadweep, a group of islands off India’s southwestern coast.

The Madras Presidency ended with the advent of Indian independence on August 15th of 1947.

Bareilly, in northern India, was a center of the ultimately unsuccessful Indian Rebellion of 1857.

At this time a major uprising took place in northern India, which lasted between 1857 and 1859 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown.

The last Mughal Emperor in India, Bahadur Shah Zafar, a devout Sufi, a mystic and practitioner of the inward dimension of Islam, was deposed by the British East India Company in 1858, and exiled to Rangoon in Burma.

Through the Government of India Act of 1858, the British Crown assumed direct control of the British East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new British Raj…

…and in 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India.

King-Emperor and Queen-Empress were the titles used by the British monarchs in India between 1876 and 1948.

The tribe of Bhil Minas inhabits all three islands on Dhebar Lake near Udaipur in India.

The Bhils, who speak a subgroup of the western zone of the Indo-Aryan languages, are one of the largest indigenous groups in India, as well as among the most economically deprived peoples of India.

This is interesting to note because they are among the oldest communities in India and were inhabitants of the ancient Indus River Valley civilization.

The Bhil Minas tribe was the ruling tribe before the Mewar Kingdom, forced them to hide out in the Aravalli Hills, and they were named a criminal tribe by the British government in 1924 to keep them from regaining power over the Rajputs.

They were subsequently given protection as a Scheduled Tribe after the upliftment in 1949 of the Criminal Tribe Act, which had been enacted on October 12th of 1871.

The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 criminalized entire communities by designating them as habitual criminals, and restrictions on their movements imposed, including men having to report to the police once per week.

A Scheduled Tribe is recognized by the Indian Constitution, have political representation, and yet they are legally totally or partially excluded from various types of services important for leading a healthy life, and altogether, the Scheduled Tribes of India make-up almost 10% of the population, and are considered India’s poorest people.

India was called the “Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire. and its largest, and most important, overseas possession.

Much of the British Empire was built around India, in order to provide routes to, or protection for, India.

India was prosperous and rich, in spices, silk, indigo, gold, cotton, and other products and resources.

Trade with, and eventual political dominance of large parts of India, was what provided Britain with large parts of its wealth in the 1700s through 1900s.

On March 20, 1602, Dutch East India Company was chartered to trade with India and Southeast Asian countries by the States General of the Netherlands, the Supreme Legislature of the Netherlands, granted it a 21-year monopoly for the Dutch spice trade. 

It was a megacorporation, which is defined as a massive conglomerate (usually private) holding near-monopolistic, if not monopolistic, control over multiple markets.

It was chartered to trade with Mughal India, and primarily Mughal Bengal, from where 50% of textiles and 80% of silks were imported.

It has often been labelled a trading or shipping company, but was in fact a proto-conglomerate, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities, such as international trade, ship-building, production and trade of East Indian spices, Indonesian coffee, Formosan (Taiwan) sugar-cane, and South African wine.

The first formally listed public company by widely issuing shares of stock and bonds to the general public in the early 1600s, it was the world’s most valuable company of all-time, with a worth of $7.9-trillion.

It is considered by many to be to have been the forerunner of modern corporations.

Among other places, I found the Dutch East India Company in Cape Town, South Africa, establishing the first European settlement in South Africa there in 1652, called the VOC Cape Colony.

In 1814, it became the British Cape Colony, as it was ceded to the British Crown by the Netherlands after the British successfully invaded and took-over everything from the Dutch starting in 1806.

South Africa is the world’s leading producer of copper, platinum, uranium, and vanadium.

The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company were the major players of a number of trading companies during that era.

Others included:

The French East India Company founded in 1661 to compete with first the British, and later the Dutch East India Companies, in the East Indies, the term given to the lands of South and Southeast Asia.

It was chartered by King Louis XIV for the purpose of trading in the Eastern Hemisphere, and was abolished in 1769 because it was said to have not been able to maintain itself financially.

The Swedish South Company was founded in 1626 to support trade between Sweden and its colony New Sweden.

The company established a settlement at Fort Christina, named after Queen Christina of Sweden, and is present-day Wilmington, Delaware.

Said to have been built in 1638, the first Swedish settlement in North America, and the principal settlement of the New Sweden Colony.

The activities of the Swedish South Company were finally dissolved in 1680, after New Sweden was annexed by New Netherland in 1655.

The Hudson Bay Company was granted a permanent charter by King Charles II of England on May 2nd, 1670, conferred two things on a group of French explorers:  1)  A trading monopoly with London merchants over the lucrative North American fur trade; and 2)  Gave them effective control over the vast region surrounding the Hudson Bay in Canada.

It is still in operation today as a Canadian retail business group operating department stores in several countries.

The British Northwest Company, a fur-trading business based out of Montreal in Quebec from 1779 to 1821, built their inland headquarters at Grand Portage in Minnesota in 1785, and was active there until 1802.

Grand Portage, along with Fort Niagara, Fort Detroit, and Michilimackinac in the Straits of Mackinac in Michigan, were the four main fur-trading centers of the British Empire in North America.

The Royal Company of the Philippines was established by the royal decree of King Charles III of Spain, and had a monopoly on the trading industry between Spain and the Philippines, and to exploit the natural resources of the islands.

It also opened a large access to goods from the Orient that were imported into the Philippines.

The next subject I would like to introduce is that of “Partition,” and what that actually looked like in real life.

Partition is defined as a change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community.

Here are some examples I encountered in my research.

Another one of three presidencies of British India within the British Empire was the Bengal Presidency, which was formed following the dissolution of Mughal Bengal in 1757.

The Bengal Presidency was the economic, cultural, and educational hub of the British Raj, and its governor was concurrently the Viceroy of India for many years.

In 1905, Bengal Proper was partitioned, separating largely Muslim areas eastern areas from largely western Hindu areas.

In 1912, British India was reorganized and the Bengal Presidency was reunited with a single Bengali-speaking province.

Could this first partitioning of Bengal have been a human- and social-engineering project, and a practice run for the 1947 Boundary partition of India?

The 1947 Boundary Partition divided what was British India into two independent dominion states – the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Today they are called the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

It involved the division of two provinces – Punjab and Bengal – based on district-wise non-Muslim or Muslim majorities, and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj.

The Partition of India in 1947 divided British India into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan along religious lines, displacing 10 – 12 million people and creating overwhelming refugee crises in the newly constituted dominions, as well as large-scale violence. This created the conditions for suspicion and hostility between these two countries into the present-day.

The Pashtuns are the primary inhabitants of a region in Pakistan and in Afghanistan, in a region regarded as Pashtunistan, split between two countries since the Durand Line border between the two countries was formed in 1893 after the second Anglo-Afghan War.

The name sake of the line, Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, was a British Diplomat and Civil Servant of the British Raj. We are told that together with the Afghan Emir, Abdur Rahman Khan, it was established to “fix the limit of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade.”

Well, that certainly sounds good…but what was really going on here?

The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtunistan and Balochistan regions, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns and Baloch, who live on both sides of the border.

What was the actual purpose of dividing a people in this fashion?

The Pashtun are a tribal nation of millions of Afghani and Pakistani Muslims who also have a strong oral tradition that they are descendants of lost ten Tribes of Israel, and they refer to themselves as Bani Israel. 

Here is an example of a Pashtun textile piece showing the sacred geometric shape of a star tetrahedron in the center, also known as the Star of David…

…and a recognizable symbol of what is called Judaism today, as seen on the flag of Israel.

Khorasan was a province in northeastern Iran from 1906 to 2004, but historically referred to a much larger area comprising the east and northeast of the Persian Empire, including, besides northeastern Iran, parts of Afghanistan and much of Central Asia.

While Khorasan was said to mean “The Eastern Province,”it is also said to mean “The Land of the Sun.”

During the Qajar Dynasty and Empire, of what was then called the Sublime State of Persia between 1789 and 1925, Britain supported the Afghans to protect their East India Company.

Herat in Afghanistan was separated from Persia by British in the Anglo-Persian War of 1856 – 1857, and the Persians were unable to defeat the British to take back Herat.

Persia was compelled by the Treaty of Paris of 1857 not to challenge the British for Herat and other parts of what is today Afghanistan. Khorasan was divided into two parts in 1906, with the eastern part coming under British occupation, and the western section remained part of Persia, shown here.

Another example was the Ottoman Empire, founded at the end of the 13th-century in northwestern Anatolia, and existing as a vast empire and center of interactions between east and west until the end of World War I, when it was defeated as an ally of Germany and occupied by Allied forces.

At this time, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned and lost its Middle East holdings, which were divided between the Allied Forces.

Then there is what happened to historical Armenia, much of which today is a part of Turkey.

There was a time when Armenia was considered the center of the world, as depicted in this map.

The Sumerians called Ararat “Arrata,” and they tell of this land of their ancestors in the Armenian Highlands in their epic poem of Gilgamesh.

At the end of World War I, when the victorious powers divided up the Ottoman Empire, the 1920 Treaty of Sevres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian Republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it.

Ottoman Armenia was referred to as Wilsonian Armenia because the new borders were to be drawn by U. S. President Woodrow Wilson.

The Treaty of Sevres never came into effect because it was rejected by the Turkish National Movement, which used the occasion to declare itself as the rightful government of Turkey.

Turkish Nationalist Forces invaded Armenia in 1920 from the east, ultimately forcing most of the Armenian military forces to disarm, cede back the former Ottoman lands granted to Armenia by the Treaty, and to give up “Wilsonian Armenia.”

And during the same time frame, the Soviet Eleventh Army invaded Armenia, and ultimately took complete control of the rest of it in 1921.

Thus, the Turkish War of Independence initiated under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk against the occupying powers resulted in the abolition of the monarchy in 1922, and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Ataturk was the first president of the new republic, moving the country’s seat of power from Istanbul to Ankara.

Obviously this region of historical Armenia was highly prized, and its people were persecuted and many were killed.

The next area I am going to look into specifically are wars themselves.

It is noteworthy there are so many military engagements historically that have taken place along these I have tracked, which include, but aren’t limited to, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, World War II, Viet Nam, among others.

It makes me wonder what they were really all about with regards to the ancient advanced Moorish Civilization and the earth’s energy grid system.

I find it interesting that General Charles Cornwallis, famous for being defeated at, and surrendering after the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolutionary War apparently was rewarded with knighthood in 1786, and in the same year became the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of the British Colony in India.

He commanded the army that successfully stormed Nandidurg in 1791, an ancient hilltop fortress in Karnataka State that was at one time believed to have been impregnable.

This was during a conflict in South India between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore.

Here are some examples I found from the time of the Napoleonic Wars and empire.

The French invasion of Malta in 1798, led by Napoleon himself, was part of the Mediterranean Campaign in the War of the Second Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars.

The Order of the Knights Hospitallers, the rulers of Malta since 1530, surrendered to Napoleon when the French landed there.

The island country of Malta is located in the Mediterranean Sea between Sicily and Tunisia.

We are told that during the short time Napoleon was in the capital city, Valletta, between June 12th and 18th of 1798, he reformed, among other things, national administration with the creation of a Government Commission and twelve municipalities; a public finance administration, and the organization of public education, providing for primary and secondary education.

All this before sailing for Egypt, and leaving a substantial garrison in Malta.

Huh?

All this in a week?

And why?

After the British Royal Navy destroyed the French Mediterranean fleet at the Battle of the Nile in Egypt on August 1st, 1798, the British were able to initiate a blockade of Malta, assisted by an uprising of the native Maltese against French rule. The blockade effectively ended the French Occupation of Malta in 1800, and replaced it with British Protectorate, returning control of the central Mediterranean to Great Britain.

In the 1814 Treaty of Paris, Malta officially became part of the British Empire and was used as a shipping way-station and fleet headquarters.

When the Suez Canal opened in 1869, Malta was considered an important stop on the way to India, a central trade route for the British, because it was half-way between the Strait of Gibraltar and Egypt.

Malta gained its independence from Britain in 1964.

 We are told the Union of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, also known as the Oldenburg Monarchy, existed as a dual monarchy between 1537 and 1814, with Copenhagen as its capital.

The Oldenburg Monarchy had long-remained neutral in the Napoleonic Wars.

Britain was said to have feared that Napoleon would attempt to conquer the Danish-Norwegian naval fleet, and used that as a pretext to attack Copenhagen in what became known as the Siege of Copenhagen in August of 1807, and Britain seized the naval fleet in September of 1807.

This also assured the use of the sea lanes in the North Sea and Baltic Sea for the British merchant fleet.

The “fleet robbery” drew Denmark-Norway into the war on the side of Napoleon.

Then in 1814, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Treaty of Kiel, between the United Kingdom and Sweden on the anti-French-side, and Norway and Denmark on the French-side, dissolved the Oldenburg Monarchy by transferring Norway to the King of Sweden.

The King of Denmark retained the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland.

The First Anglo-Afghan War was fought for three years between the British East India Company and the Emirate of Afghanistan starting in 1839, after the British had successfully captured Kabul, and they capitalized on a succession dispute between a current and former Emir there, at which time the British exiled the Emir at the time and installed the former Emir.

When the main British forces occupying Kabul retreated in January of 1842, they were almost completely annihilated by Afghani tribesmen. In retaliation, the British sent what was called an “Army of Retribution” to Kabul to avenge their defeat, and demolished parts of the city, recovered prisoners, and left Afghanistan, with the exiled Emir returning from India to Kabul.

Destruction that was done in retaliation for people who were defending their own land from invading foreigners who wanted to take it.

The First Anglo-Afghan War is called one of the first major conflicts of what was called “The Great Game,” the 19th-century competition for power and influence in central Asia between Britain and Russia.

During World War I, the Strait of Dardenelles in Turkey was the location of the Gallipoli Campaign, one of the bloodiest battles of the war.

There were at least 24 forts in the Strait of Dardenelles, as they were numbered.

The Gallipoli Campaign took place between April 25, 1915, and January 9, 1916. A joint British and French operation was mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (known as Istanbul since 1923) and secure a sea route to Russia. The Ottomans were victorious at the end of this campaign.

There were direct attacks on the star forts in the Strait of Dardanelles – they were bombarded, and in many cases, completely destroyed.

These are examples of some of the things that took place during World War II.

Reza Shah Pahlavi was deposed in September of 1941 as a result of the British and Soviet Invasion of Iran during World War II because he was seen as a German ally even though Iran had maintained neutrality in the conflict, which took place purportedly to secure Iran’s oil fields and the railroad used a supply route for war material for the Soviet Union along what was called the “Persian Corridor.”

The 865-mile, or 1,392-kilometer, Trans-Iranian Railroad was opened during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1939.

He was replaced as Shah by his young son, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, who was overthrown as Head-of-State on February 11th of 1979, after which time the country became the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In 1945, in the last months of World War II, the Battle of Manila brought destruction and havoc to the city of Manila and its rail infrastructure.

The Manila Tranvias fleet was damaged beyond repair, and abandoned immediately after the war.

The rails were pulled up from the city streets, and surviving streetcars were hauled away and scrapped.

This was the end of what had previously been considered one of the best street-rail networks in Asia.

In the years between the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, an alleged international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Viet Nam War, in August of 1964 and its end in 1975…

…the neighboring country in Southeast Asia of Laos had its own problems with the Viet Nam war spilling over, with Laos being bombed by American planes starting in 1964, in retaliation we are told, for the shooting down of an American plane by insurgents, and after which bombing runs over Laos intensified, with over 100,000 bombing runs on Laos’ eastern border with North Viet Nam.

The Plain of Jars in Laos…

…was heavily bombed between 1964 and 1973 by the U. S. Air Force operating against the North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao communist forces, and it was said that the Air Force dropped more bombs on the Plain of Jars than it dropped during the entirety of World War II.

These were some unexploded bombs removed from the Plain of Jars from the secret war in Laos.

Per capita, Laos is the most bombed country in history!

Why?

The next area of research I would like to get into about how the New World was created from the Old World is the subject of Congresses and Conferences.

The Congress of Vienna was said to be one of the most important international conferences in European history.

It was a meeting of ambassadors of European states held in Vienna in Austria between 1814 and 1815 in order to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon.

The stated goal was to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and in this way remain at peace, and not simply to restore old boundaries.

As a result of the Congress of Vienna, France lost all of its recent conquests, while Prussia, Austria, and Russia made major territorial gains.

Most of the discussions took place in informal, face-to-face sessions among the ambassadors of Austria, Britain, France, Russia, and sometimes Prussia, with limited or no participation by other delegates.

As such, the Congress of Vienna never met in plenary session, which means a session in which all members of all parties are able to attend.

The Berlin Conference of 1884 – 1885 was organized by the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in order to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany’s sudden appearance as a imperial power.

The outcome of the “General Act of the Berlin Conference” can be seen as the formalization of the “Scramble for Africa,” also known as the “Partition of Africa” or the “Conquest of Africa,” was the invasion, occupation, and division of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period between 1884 and 1914, the year in which World War I started.

The period of history known as New Imperialism is characterized as a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Otto von Bismarck was the mastermind behind the unification of Germany in 1871, and served as its first chancellor until 1890.

While on one hand, he was said to have skillfully used balance-of-power diplomacy to maintain Germany’s position for 20-years in a peaceful Europe, at the same time the way he unified Germany was by provoking three short, decisive wars with Denmark, Austria, and France, and by abolishing the supra-national German Confederation, an association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe that was created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the former Holy Roman Empire, and formed the German Empire, which excluded Austria.

He also annexed Alsace-Lorraine on the border with Germany, which was part of France, as a result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 – 1871.

We are told that France’s determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine, and fear of another Franco-German war, as well as British apprehension about the balance-of-power, became factors in the causes of World War I.

The last subject of this post are how treaties were used to create the New World from the Old World.

The Treaty of Utrecht, or Peace of Utrecht, was a series of what is described as peace treaties signed between April of 1713 and February of 1715 in the Dutch city of Utrecht by the belligerents in the War of Spanish Succession.

The War of Spanish Succession came about, we are told, when the last Hapsburg King of Spain, Charles II, died childless in 1700, and he named his grand-nephew Philip of France as his successor in his last will, who became King Philip V of Spain in 1700.

Philip was also the grandson of King Louis XIV of France, and also in line for the French throne.

The other major powers in Europe were not willing to tolerate the potential union of these two powerful states.

The Utrecht treaties allowed Philip to take the Spanish throne in return for permanently renouncing his claim to the French throne, and paved the way for the European system based on balance-of-power.

As an extra step, Great Britain, France, and the Dutch Republic sign the Triple Alliance as a way to maintain the Treaties of Utrecht on January 4th, 1717.

As a result of all of this treaty-making, the thrones of Spain and France were prevented from merging together, and the way was ultimately paved for the maritime, commercial, and financial supremacy of Great Britain.

The Treaty of Nanking, or Nanjing, between the British Empire and China was signed after China’s defeat, after the First Opium War in 1842.

The First Opium War was fought between Qing Dynasty of China and Britain between 1839 and 1842, a military engagement that started when the Chinese seized opium stocks at Canton in order to stop the opium trade, which was banned.

The British government insisted upon free trade and equality among nations and backed the merchants’ demands.

From 1757 to 1842, the Canton System served as a means for China to control trade with the west by focusing all trade in the southern port of Canton.

To counter this, the British East India Company began to grow opium in Bengal, in present-day Bangladesh, and allowed private British merchants to sell opium to Chinese smugglers for illegal sale in China.

As a result from these events in history, opium dens, establishments where opium was sold and smoked, became prevalent in many parts of the world throughout the 19th-century.

 Millard Fillmore was the Vice-President to President Zachary Taylor, who was said to have died of problems from something he ate several days after attending a July 4th celebration in 1850.    So he became President Millard Fillmore in 1850.

Commodore Matthew Perry played a leading role in the Opening of Japan, starting on July 8th, 1853, when he led four U. S. Navy ships ordered by President Fillmore to Tokyo Bay with the mission of forcing the opening of Japanese ports to American trade by any means necessary.

After threatening to burn Tokyo to the ground, he was allowed to land and deliver a letter with United States demands to the Tokugawa Shogun, Ieyoshi.

The Shogun Ieyoshi died a short time after Perry’s departure in July of 1853, leaving effective administration in the hands of the Council of Elders, though nominally to his sickly son, Iesada, who was the Tokugawa Shogun from 1853 to 1858.

The Tokugawa Shogunate is called the last feudal Japanese Military Government.

Perry returned again with eight naval vessels in February of 1854, and on March 31st of 1854, the Japanese Emperor Komei signed the “Japan and United States Treaty of Peace and Amity” at the Convention of Kanagawa under threat of force if the Japanese government did not open the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels.

Language, Religion, New Nobility, Corporatization, Colonization
& Place Name Changes

Next, I am going to take a close look at how modern language, religion, creation of a new nobility, corporatization, colonization and place name changes were used to create the New World from the Old World, and obscure our true history.

I am going to start with the subject of the origins of modern English, Spanish and Italian.

This is what we are told about Modern English.

It is the form of the English spoken since the “Great Vowel Shift,”, a systematic change in the pronunciation of vowels for which the causes in England are unknown, which began in the mid-1400s and was completed by 1600.

Writings from the early 1600s, like the King James Bible, originally commissioned in 1604 and first published in 1611 under the sponsorship of King James VI and I, the first King of the Union of the Scottish & English Crowns which took place in March of 1603…

…and the works of William Shakespeare, with the publication of the First Folio in 1623, are considered to be early Modern English.

The works of Shakespeare single-handedly changed the English language of this time, with things like a huge vocabulary of 34,000 words and 2,000 new words!

William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest and most influential writer in the English language, and the world’s most distinguished playwright.

There are few records of Shakespeare’s life, leading to speculation about every aspect of his life, including what he really looked like, and whether or not he was the actual writer of the works attributed to him.

With the colonization of the British Empire, English was adopted as a primary or secondary language around the world.

Early Modern Spanish was the form of Spanish used between the end of the 15th -century and the end of the 17th-century, and was marked by changes in speech sounds and grammar that transformed Old Spanish into Modern Spanish.

Early modern Spanish also corresponds to the period of Spanish Colonization of the Americas, along with the West Indies and East Indies, that I will be delving into shortly.

The first grammar text for Castilian Spanish was published in 1492 and dedicated to Queen Isabela I of Castile.

It was written by Antonio de Nebrija, a linguist and poet.

It was the first book dedicated to the Spanish language and its rules, and the first grammar of a modern European language to be published in print.

Antonio de Nebrija also published a Latin-Spanish Dictionary in 1492.

Alfonso de Palencia had published a Latin-Spanish dictionary two-years prior to Antonio de Nebrija, in 1490.

Alfonso de Palencia was a Castilian Royal Secretary who had played an active role in bringing Fernando II of Aragon to Castile and putting Isabela I of Castile on the throne.

In our historical narrative, the year of 1492 was also the year of the Fall of Granada in Moorish Spain and the year of Columbus’ first voyage. More on this shortly.

Miguel Cervantes was an Early Modern Spanish writer and widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language.

The novel Cervantes is best-known for was “Don Quixote,” considered the first modern novel and the first great novel of world literature, and originally published in two-parts – the first published in Spanish in 1605 and English in 1612; and the second in Spanish in 1615, and English in 1620.

According to Cervantes in the book’s Preface, the first chapters were originally part of “the Archives of LaMancha,” and Cervantes describes finding an Arabic manuscript written by Cide Hamete Benengeli, a Moorish historian, and brings him into the book as a narrator of the story, lending the impression that Don Quixote was a historically a real character, but the book has always been considered a work of fiction.

Despite the later fame of Miguel Cervantes, little is known about his life, including what he actually looked like, what his real name was, and what his background was.

This 1600 portrait of Miguel Cervantes by Juan de Juaregui is not only not authenticated, no authenticated portrait of Cervantes is known to exist.

With the colonization of the Spanish Empire, Spanish was also adopted as a primary or secondary language around the world.

Modern Italian, considered the closest of the Romance languages to Vulgar Latin, or the spoken form of Latin from the Late Roman Republic onwards in our historical narrative, was said to have developed in Tuscany in Central Italy, and was first formalized in the early 14th-century through the work of Florentine poet, writer and philosopher Dante Alighieri, considered the “Father of the Italian Language.”

The exact year of Dante’s birth was unknown, and much about his early life and education is not known.

Dante Alighieri’s best-known work was the “Divine Comedy,” also considered the pre-eminent work in Italian literature and one of the greatest works of world literature.

The “Divine Comedy” was a narrative poem believed to have been composed by Dante between 1308 and 1321, completed shortly before his death in September of 1321.

The poem has three parts – Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso – to which Dante journeys with a different guide for each, and the subject of the poem was the state of the soul after death, with Divine Justice being meted out as either due punishment or reward.

Dante’s first biography was written in 1348, 27-years after his death, by Giovanni Boccaccio, another Florentine whose writings established modern Italian.

Boccaccio would have been around 8-years-old at the time of Dante’s death, so he would have been a very young contemporary of Dante.

The 19th-century gave rise to a “Dante Revival,” and he was written about and translated by leading writers of the Victorian-era, like Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle in a lecture called “The Poet as Hero” and the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was the first American to completely translate the “Divine Comedy” into English.

More to come later on this type of finding in Part 3 of this post regarding the “Centuries of Exploration.”

Next, I am going to show how the subjects of religion, the creation of a new nobility, corporatization & colonization are all related to each other in how the New World was Created from the Old World.

In 1302, just a few years before Dante was said to have started writing the “Divine Comedy” about the state of the soul after death in 1308, Pope Boniface VIII issued the Unam Sanctum Papal Bull.

This Pope declared in the Unam Sanctum Papal Bull, among other things, that the Pope has the ultimate authority over all people, and that it was necessary for every human being to belong to the Catholic Church for eternal salvation.

A papal bull is an official public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by the Pope of the Catholic Church and named after the leaden seal, or bulla, used to authenticate it.

They figure prominently in the effort to authenticate what has taken place on earth in the historical narrative we have been taught, and function like the Royal Prerogative mentioned at the beginning of Part One of this video.

We are told the first Pope was the Apostle Saint Peter.

The Roman Catholic Church has played a prominent role in the history and development of western civilization as we know it.

Hold on!

Is this a statue of a Saint Peter with a dark complexion at the Vatican, or what?

Not only that, it is important to note that there are “Black Madonna” atatues found all over the world!

The Catholic Church teaches us that it is the “one, holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church,” founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to spread the Gospel to all the nations of the world, and that it practices the original Christian faith taught by the Apostles, preserving the faith infallibly through scripture and sacred tradition through the authentic interpretation of the Church.

All of this bears further examination, since this is what we are taught.

Lets look at what this looked like in our historical narrative, starting with Queen Isabella I of Castile and Leon, also referred to as “Isabel the Catholic.”

Queen Isabella was Queen of Castile starting from 1474, and through her husband Ferdinand, Queen-Consort of Aragon.

Thus they were considered to have reigned together over a dynastically-unified Spain, and together known as the “Catholic Monarchs of Spain.”

In the background of this portrait are the Coats-of-Arms for Sardinia and Aragon.

The red arrow is pointing to the “Four Moors Heads” of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

The flag of Sardinia is known as the “Four Moors Flag,” on one hand said to symbolize Sardinia and its people, and on the other hand, said to represent the four victories achieved by the Kingdom of Aragon against the invading Moors.

It is interesting to note that there was a design of the “Four Moors” flag that appeared in the early 19th-century, with the Moors blindfolded and facing in the opposite direction of the flag as it appears today.

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand established the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 to maintain Catholic orthodoxy.

The Spanish Inquisition operated not only in Spain, but in all Spanish colonies and territories, and was intended was to identify heretics among those who converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism.

The activity of the Spanish Inquisition intensifed after royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1502 forced Jews and Muslims to either convert to Catholicism or be expelled from Spain.

The Spanish Inquisition was particularly known in history for brutality, torture, and burning people at the stake for “heresy,” which is defined as an opinion or belief that is different from the orthodox doctrine of the Church.

So we are taught that all of this is normal and matter of fact in history in school, like there is nothing out of the ordinary or wrong about the Inquisition…which was, by its very nature, violating basic Human Rights and dignity, including torture and death in the name of Christianity just for having dissenting beliefs.

The city of Grenada fell on January 2nd, 1492, effectively ending Moorish rule in Spain when Muhammad XII surrendered the Emirate of Grenada to King Ferdinand and Isabella.

Then, 7-months later, Columbus left Spain on his first voyage on August 3rd, 1492, ostensibly to find a westward route to Asia. 

Initially, Queen Isabella had granted extensive authority to Christopher Columbus, but then withdrew that authority, instead putting it in the hands of her personal Chaplain, Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, in 1493.

The year of 1493 was the year that the Borgia Pope Alexander VI authorized the land-grab of the Americas in the “Inter Cetera” papal bull.

This papal bull became a major document in the development of subsequent legal doctrines regarding claims of empire in the “New World” and assigned to Castile in Spain the exclusive right to acquire territory, to trade in, or even approach the lands laying west of the meridian situated one-hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands, except for any lands actually possessed by any other Christian prince beyond this meridian prior to Christmas, 1492.

In terms of governance of the Spanish Empire, “the Indies” was the designation for all of its overseas territories, and the Trading House, also initially headed by Fonseca, was the agency which managed expeditions to the New World on behalf of the Spanish Crown from the 16th- to the 18th-century, and was organized by Queen Isabella in 1503.

The Trading House became an instrument of the Spanish Crown’s policy of centralization and imperial control.

Queen Isabella died in November of 1504.

Her remains, along with those of Ferdinand who died in 1516, were interred in the Royal Chapel of Granada, the chapel was said to have been built between 1505 and 1507 in the Isabelline Gothic architectural-style, called the dominant architectural style during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.

The Council of the Indies was created following the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521, in the historical narrative we have been given.

The Spanish West Indies and East Indies were administered by the Council of the Indies, and the Crown of Spain held absolute power over the Indies.

The Council of the Indies instituted the Archives of the Indies, which contains priceless documents that provide a key to the history of Spain’s relationships with its overseas colonies in the Americas.

When the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established in 1535, of which Mexico City was the capital and the base for its expeditions for exploration and conquest, the islands of the Caribbean claimed by Spain came under its jurisdiction.

Also known as “New Spain,” it was considered a New World Kingdom ruled by the Crown of Castile, and not a colony.

The Spanish West Indies was the collective name for the islands in the Caribbean.

The islands claimed by Spain were Hispaniola, an island in the Greater Antilles which is divided into the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic; Cuba; Puerto Rico; St. Martin; the Virgin Islands; Anguilla; Montserrat; Guadalupe; the Lesser Antilles; Jamaica; the Cayman Islands; Margarita Island; Trinidad & Tobago; and the Bay Islands.

We are told that before Columbus arrived in his first voyage on what became known as Cuba on October 28th of 1492, and claimed its islands for the new Kingdom of Spain, the indigenous inhabitants were the Taino, the Guanahatabey, and the Ciboney people, who were all farmers and hunter-gatherers.

The first Spanish settlement and capital was Baracoa, still a municipality and city to this day in Guantanamo Province, near the eastern tip of Cuba.

Cuba’s capital today, Havana, was said to have been founded in 1515 as San Cristobal de la Habana.

Due to Havana’s strategic location, it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas, and became a stopping-point, we are told, for the treasure-laden Spanish galleons on the crossings between the New World and the Old World…Treasure-laden…going from the Americas to Spain?

The indigenous peoples of Cuba were forced to work under the encomienda system, a Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people, and applied on a large-scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and Philippines and the harsh conditions of the repressive colonial subjugation, along with infectious diseases, virtually wiped-out the indigenous population of Cuba within a century.

Hispaniola was the second-largest island, and most populated, in the West Indies.

Today’s countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic are co-located on the island.

The first permanent European settlements in the Americas were founded on Hispaniola in Christopher Columbus’ first three voyages.

We are told that the city of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola is the oldest continously inhabited European settlement, and the first seat of Spanish Colonial Rule, in the New World.

The first monastery, the San Francisco Monastery, said to have been built at Santo Domingo between 1509 -1560 with the arrival of the Franciscan Fathers.

The Franciscans were members of related-religious orders said to have been founded by St. Francis of Assisi in 1209.

Three Franciscan missionaries accompanied Christopher Columbus in his second expedition in 1493, and were sent by a special commission of the Franciscan order in response from royal instructions from the Spanish Crown aimed at bringing the indigenous people of the Americas to Catholicism.

The Franciscans were at the vanguard of missionary activity in the New World, and in 1502, seventeen more Franciscans arrived.

Santo Domingo became the base of operations for countless missionary expeditions to the islands, as well as to the mainlands of North, Central and South America.

Like Cuba, the primary indigenous people on the island of Hispaniola were the Taino people.

When Columbus landed on the coast of present-day Haiti on December 6th of 1492, the Taino traded more gold with him than he had yet encountered, and learned from them much more could be found inland.

The Spanish practiced harsh enslavement practices against the Taino, for labor to search for gold, and later mining, and to grow food to feed the Spanish settlers, as well as redirecting existing food supplies to the Spanish.

We are told that precious metals played a large role in the history of the island after Columbus’ arrival.

Gold nuggets of major significance were found on the island, resulting in the quick development of two mines and the “Gold Rush” of 1500 to 1508.

By 1503, the Spanish Crown legalized the distribution of indigenous people to work the mines through the encomienda system.

In 1504, what were called the Minas Viejas pit mines became royal mines for King Ferdinand, and almost 1,000 Taino were forced to work the mines.

We are told that as a result of the encomienda system and its harsh, repressive practices, the indigenous population of Hispaniola was reduced from 400,000 in 1508, to 26,334 by 1514.

The Spanish East Indies, an overseas territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1901, governed from Manila in the Spanish Philippines including, besides the Philippines, the Marianas Islands; the Caroline Islands; Palau; Guam; parts of Formosa (now Taiwan); and Sulawesi and the Moluccas in Indonesia.

The earliest European expedition to the Philippines in our historical record was led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in the service of the King of Spain in 1521.

The next day, on March 13th, which was Easter Sunday of the year 1521, Magellan claimed possession of these lands for the King of Spain on what is believed to now be the island of Limasawa in southern Leyte.

Magellan and fourteen of his men died shortly thereafter in the Battle of Mactan in Cebu.

After Magellan’s voyage, five expeditions were sent to the islands.

Cebu City is the oldest city in the Philippines, as it was said to have been the first Spanish settlement and first capital city.

It is important to note that there was a star fort located in Cebu, called the Fort San Pedro, said to have been built by the Spanish starting in 1565.

In 1532, the Spanish Conquest of Peru is said to have started with the Battle of Cajamarca, a city in Northern Peru.

I am really curious about how the Spanish Conquest of Peru was supposed to have happened.

Cajamarca sits at 8,900 feet in elevation, or 2,750 meters.

It is generally agreed that altitude sickness typically tends to start occurring at 8,000 feet. Characterized by headache, nausea, shortness of breath and vomiting.

I went to Cusco, Peru, in 2018, and was hit with altitude sickness on the second full-day I was there.

I was absolutely miserable and not really functional.

I had difficulty breathing, and was nauseous.

Money brought to spend on memories instead got spent on portable oxygen bottles and altitude sickness medicine.

I didn’t start feeling much better until we went down in altitude several days later.

Yet, somehow Pizarro and his 128 men marched to Cajamarca from the coast of modern-day Peru, in unfamiliar terrain at high altitudes, and managed to kill thousands of Incas and capture the Inca Emperor Atahualpa?

I am having a hard time buying what they are telling us!

In 1540, Pope Paul III had issued a papal bull forming the Jesuit Order, under the leadership of St. Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman from the Pyrenees in Northern Spain.

The Jesuit Order included a special vow of obedience to the Pope in matters of mission direction and assignment.

The Jesuits worked mostly in educational, cultural & research pursuits…at least that is what we are told.

In 1542, explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo landed in San Diego Bay on behalf of the Spanish Empire, and we are told became the first European to set foot in California, exploring the California coast starting 1542.

In 1543, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and Samar “Las Islas Filipinas,” after Phillip of Austria, heir-apparent to the throne of Spain, who became King Phillip II in 1556.

 Manila is the capital of the Philippines, and the most densely populated city in the world within its boundaries.

Manila, alongside Mexico City and Madrid, is considered one of the world’s original global cities, due to Manila’s historic commercial networks connecting Asia with the Americas.

The historic walled city part of Manila is called the Intramuros, said to have been established by the Spaniards in the late 1500s.

Apparently the Intramuros is a star fort.

The first University in Manila, Universidad de San Ignacio, was said to have been established in the Intramuros by the Jesuits in 1590.

With regards to the efforts to establish one universal, hierarchical, organized religion, the main Catholic missionaries, besides the Franciscans, were the Jesuits, Benedictines, and Dominicans, and most likely involved in many activities of cultural obfuscation and obliteration, some known, and many more not known.

During the same time period that the Farnese Pope Paul III was establishing the Jesuits by Papal Bull in 1540 and sending them on their not-so-merry way, in “Merry Olde England” King Henry VIII disbanded the approximately 850 monasteries, convents and friaries in England during the “Dissolution of the Monasteries” between 1536 and 1541, at the end of which none were left.

Their income was taken and assets disposed of, and in many cases, like that of Glastonbury Abbey, the buildings on the property were left in ruins.

Monasteries were formerly the repositories of local genealogical records, and from then on, the College of Arms mentioned in Part One of this blog was responsible for the recording and maintenance of genealogical records.

With regards to evidence for the creation of a new nobility taking place during King Henry VIII’s reign, it was said that the College of Arms “…at no time since its establishment, was the college in higher estimation, nor in fuller employment, than in this reign.”

In 1530, King Henry VIII conferred the duty of “heraldic visitation” on the College, that of tours of inspection between 1530 and 1688 around England, Wales, and Ireland to register and regulate the Coats of Arms of Nobility, gentry and boroughs, and to record pedigrees.

Also, the Court of Wards and Liveries was established starting in 1540 during the reign of King Henry VIII by two Acts of Parliament – the Court of Wards Act of 1540 and the Wards and Liveries Act of 1541.

It was established around the issues of practical matters relating to the Crown’s right of wardship and livery of young orphaned heirs where their father had been a Tenant-in-Chief of the Crown, including having rights over the deceased’s estate, including income and land, so this special court also administered a system of levying and collecting feudal dues.

Does this mean that there were so many orphaned heirs that they had to establish a special court to handle them?!

I find this information about the “Court of Wards and Liveries” very intriguing, with the Crown taking over the estates and rights of orphaned heirs and would love to know more about what was going on here that is not found in the historical record – who were they and how were they orphaned, and why would this be important?

With regards to religion, the Protestant Reformation, a major movement in 16th-century western Europe that challenged the Catholic Church and Papal Authority, had gotten underway for all intents and purposes in 1517 when Martin Luther published his “Ninety-Five Theses.”e

King Henry VIII, perhaps most famous in history for his six wives, started the English Reformation when he became the head of the Church of England on November 3rd of 1534, after Parliament passed “Acts of Supremacy,” establishing the English monarch as head of the Church of England.

His schism with the Catholic Church started when the Pope refused Henry’s wish to get an annulment from his marriage to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, in order to marry his mistress, Anne Boleyn, which he was bound and determined to do.

So King Henry VIII assumed supremacy over religious matters over the Pope in 1533, and he was able to marry Anne Boleyn after English clergy judged his first marriage invalid.

The history of the Great Britain is filled with bloody conflicts between the Protestants and Catholics, starting with the Catholic Queen Mary, the daughter of Henry and Catherine, who was also known as “Bloody Mary,” for her persecution and killing of Protestants for heresy in a brief effort to restore Catholicism to England before her half-sister, Queen Elizabeth I, returned it to Protestantism and in turn persecuted Catholics who were viewed as “traitors.”

This is some historical background to illustrate what we are told was going on in England during the 1500s, and I will delve further into the roles played by religion, the creation of a new nobility, corporatization and colonization in the founding of English colonies in the New World according to what we are told.

In 1606, King James I & VI issued Royal Charters for what became known as the Virginia Company and the Virginia Company of Plymouth, with the objective of raising funds from investors in order to colonize the eastern coast of America.

The Virginia Company was responsible for colonizing the east coast between the latitudes of 34-degrees N or 41-degrees N, and the Plymouth Company between the latitudes of 38-degrees N and 45-degrees N.

This graphic breaks-down the types of colonies after a royal charter has been granted.

The Virginia Company established its first settlement of James Fort in Jamestown in May of 1607.

Jamestown was considered the first permanent English settlement in the Americas, and served as the capital of the Virginia Colony from 1616 until 1699, at which time it was abandoned when the capital was moved to nearby Williamsburg.

The Plymouth Company, officially known as the Virginia Company of Plymouth, established the Popham Colony near the mouth of the Kennebec River in present-day Phippsburg, Maine in 1607, a few months after the establishment of Jamestown.

The Popham Colony, however, was short-lived, only lasting 14-months before being abandoned due to multiple problems, from lack of funding, to lack of surviving colonists.

Fort St. George was said to have been built there during that time.

The Council for New England was established by a Royal Charter from King James I and VI as an English joint-stock company in order to to found colonial settlements between 1620 and 1635.

The Council for New England Charter provided for the establishment of colonies on land between 34-degrees N and 44-degrees N, becoming the Plymouth Colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, the New Haven Colony, and the Province of Maine and to be managed by landed gentry.

The Council for New England was largely the creation of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a military commander and Governor of the Port of Plymouth in England who was called the “Father of English Colonization in North America,” and a member & beneficiary of the the Council.

Gorges first became involved in colonization efforts in 1607, when he became a shareholder in Plymouth Company, and helped to establish the short-lived Popham Colony.

He later received a land-patent in 1622 from the Council of New England for the Province of Maine, and was influential in the early settlement of Maine.

Another member and beneficiary of the Council of New England was William Alexander, the 1st Earl of Stirling.

The Earl of Stirling was a title in the Scottish Peerage that was created by King Charles I on June 14th of 1633 for William Alexander, 1st Viscount of Stirling.

William Alexander had been granted a Royal Charter by King James I & VI in 1621, which appointed him Mayor of a large territory in Nova Scotia , which was enlarged into a lordship and barony of modern-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of the northern United States.

The Baronetage of Nova Scotia was formed in 1625 by King James as a means to settle the “plantation” of Nova Scotia by creating 100 baronets who in turn would support six colonists for two-years for a certain amount of money, and pay William Alexander a certain amount as the charter holder.

This region was contested with the French, and was returned to France by Treaty in 1632.

Though the region was lost to Great Britain for awhile, William Alexander’s settlement in Nova Scotia at Charles Fort, later Port Royal, provided the basis for Scottish claims to Nova Scotia.

So for an example from New England of how this set-up with the Council for New England worked, the Elizabeth Islands, a small chain of islands off the southern coast of Cape Cod, were formally laid claim to and settled by colonizers in the name of the British Crown in 1641, and named for Queen Elizabeth I.

That same year, in 1641, Thomas Mayhew the Elder of Watertown, Massachusetts bought the Elizabeth Islands – along with Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket – from the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges.

All of the Elizabeth Islands today, with the exception of Cuttyhunk and Penikese, are privately-owned by the Forbes family, a wealthy American family of Scottish descent long prominent in Boston.

The Forbes family’s original fortune came largely from trading opium and tea between North America and China in the 19th-century.

The first permanent colony in New England was Plymouth Colony, which at its height occupied most of the southeastern portion of Massachusetts.

The people known as Pilgrims and events surrounding the founding of the Plymouth Colony are celebrated every year as Thanksgiving in the United States.

The story that we are told in our historical narrative is that the Pilgrims were Puritan Separatists who came to the New World so they could worship according to their own beliefs without persecution.

Puritans were English Protestants who wanted to “purify” the Church of England of remaining Roman Catholic practices, as it had not fully-reformed, and was not Protestant “enough.”

The Puritan Congregation that settled the Plymouth Colony had obtained a land patent from the Virginia Company of Plymouth in June of 1619, and they sought to finance their venture through a group of businessmen known as the Merchant Adventurers, who viewed the new colony as a way to make a profit.

Officially known as the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, it had been founded in the City of London in the early 15th-century, and its main export was cloth, especially undyed broadcloth in exchange for a large range of foreign goods.

Funding obtained from the Merchant Adventurers paid for provisions and passage of members of the Congregation on the Mayflower living in England, and on the Speedwell for those living in the Netherlands, incurring a debt which needed to be repaid.

Important to note that the main source of income for the Plymouth Colony was the fur trade.

The Merchant Adventurers had also recruited a group of people known as “The Strangers” to assist the Pilgrim colonists, known as “Saints” as needed, like merchants, skilled labor, indentured servants, and several young orphans.

One of the “Strangers” was Myles Standish, the Military leader of the Plymouth Colony, and was officially designated as the captain of the colony’s militia in February of 1621, shortly after the Mayflower arrived in December of 1620.

Standish led several exploratory expeditions of Cape Cod, as well as military raids on “Indian Villages.”

Standish was credited with the design of the defensive lay-out of the Pilgrims first settlement, known as the Plymouth Fort.

The Pequot War of 1637 was the first major war in New England, and originated in 1632 with a dispute between Dutch fur traders and Plymouth officials over control of the Connecticut River Valley, with representatives of the Dutch East India Company and the Plymouth Colony claiming they had deeds showing they had rightfully purchased the land from the indigenous Pequots.

This led to a rush of English settlers to the area to beat the Dutch to it, and this led to retaliation by the Pequots and the initiation of hostilities between 1636 and 1638, and eliminated the Pequots as a viable political entity.

The other major conflict between colonists and the indigenous people of the region, was King Philip’s War, the fighting during which took place between 1675 and 1676.

Metacomet, also known as King Philip, was the younger son of the Wampanoag sachem Massasoit.

Massasoit had maintained a long-standing alliance with the colonists.

After Metacomet became sachem in 1662 shortly after his father’s death, he forsook the alliance between the Wampanoags and the colonists that had been made by his father because of repeated violations by the colonists, and he led a coalition of tribes native to the region known as New England, including the Narragansetts, against the colonists starting in 1675.

By the end of the war, the Wampanoag and their Narragansett allies were almost completely destroyed, and King Philip was killed in August of 1676.

The King Philip’s War was said to have officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Casco in 1678 in the most northern part of New England, between the Wabanaki Confederacy and the English Settlers.

There are no existing copies of the treaty or its proceedings, however, so historians use a summary of clergyman and historian Jeremiah Belknap in his 1784 “History of New Hampshire.”

The Wabanaki Confederacy consisted of the four principal Algonquin nations of the Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot of present-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Newfoundland in Canada, and present-day Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire in the United States.

The Plymouth Colony was ultimately merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691, and along with other territories, formed the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

Two noteworthy asides before I move on from the Plymouth Colony.

First, Plymouth Rock.

This is the Plymouth Rock Monument in Plymouth.

The current classical monument housing was said to have been designed in 1921 by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White.

There’s a whole long back-story to Plymouth Rock itself, including there was no record from the pilgrim fathers themselves about landing on a particular rock; attention was first brought to the rock that became Plymouth Rock in 1741 when plans were being made by the residents to build a wharf that would bury it, and an elderly man came forward and said that was the “one” based on what he had been told by his father who had been there when the Pilgrims landed; that the rock had been moved and split and all kinds of stuff; and that the current Plymouth Rock is estimated to weigh ten tons.

The other is the Pilgrim Monument in Provincetown, Massachusetts, on the northern end of Cape Cod.

It was said to have been built between 1907 and 1910 to commemorate the first landfall of the Pilgrims in 1620 and the signing of the Mayflower Compact in Provincetown Harbor.

It is a bell-tower, and the tallest, all-granite structure in the United States, and said to have been modelled after the Torre del Mangia in Siena, Italy, which is said to have been designed in 1309.

Another important figure during this time-period of the British colonization of North America was John Winthrop.

John Winthrop was a key figure in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and I did extensive research about him when I found him representing the State of Massachusetts in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol Building in Washington, DC.

John Winthrop was born in January of either 1587 or 1588 in Suffolk, England, to a prosperous, land-owning family.

The Winthrop family was granted Groton Manor after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as the Lord of the Manor had previously been the Abbot of the Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, and John’s parents moved in when he was young.

In 1613, Winthrop’s father transferred the family holdings in Groton to him, and he became Lord of the Manor at Groton, the landholder of a rural estate, enjoying manorial rights.

The Winthrop Coat of Arms was confirmed to John’s uncle by the College of Arms in 1592.

Our historical narrative tells us the religious atmosphere for Puritans to started to change in England in the mid-to-late 1620s, after King Charles I ascended to the throne in 1625, and had married a Roman Catholic.

The atmosphere of intolerance towards Puritans and this state-of-affairs led more Puritan leaders to consider emigration to the New World as means to escape persecution.

In 1629, a royal charter, which included the authority to make and use a seal, from King Charles I was received by Puritan investors known as the “Massachusetts Bay Company.”

The Royal Charter established the legal basis for the new Massachusetts Bay Colony for the governance of a land grant of territory between what became known as the Charles River in eastern Massachusetts and the Merrimack River, which starts in New Hampshire and flows southward into Massachusetts.

Puritan John Endecott led a small group of settlers to the area around this time to prepare the way for a larger migration, and he became the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1629 to 1630, and served as governor several more times over the years, for a total of sixteen years all together.

The exact connection by which John Winthrop got involved with the Massachusetts Bay Company is not known, but he had connections with individuals associated with the company.

Also in 1629, King Charles I dissolved Parliament, beginning a historical period known as “11 years of rule” without Parliament.

This worried Massachusetts Bay Company principal investors, and John Winthrop as well.

The Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company proposed the company reorganize and transport its charter and governance to the colony, and as the months went on, John Winthrop became more involved with the company, and a major supporter of emigration there.

John Winthrop was a signatory on the Cambridge Agreement, which was signed on August 29th of 1629 by company shareholders.

Under its terms, those who wanted to emigrate to the New World could purchase shares from those shareholders who didn’t want to leave home.

The Cambridge Agreement also set forth that the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, and not governed by a London-based corporate board.

The company shareholders met in August of 1629 to enact the agreement.

At this time, John Winthrop was chosen as the new Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company, and, along with other company officials, set about making all the necessary arrangements for the venture of settling in the New World.

John Winthrop was on one of four ships of the transport fleet that left the Isle of Wight on April 8th of 1630.

All together, there were eleven ships that carried roughly 700 emigrants to the new colony.

John Winthrop, with the charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in hand, and the new colonists arrived in Salem, Massachusetts, in June of 1630, and were welcomed by John Endecott.

We are told that in its early months, the new colony struggled, losing around 200 people to various diseases.

Winthrop worked alongside the laborers and servants in the work of the colony, setting an example for the other colonists to do all the work that needed to be done on the “plantation.”

Interesting to see the word “plantation” used so much even from the very beginnings of the New World.

In the history of colonialism, plantation was a form of colonization where settlers would establish a permanent or semi-permanent settlement in a new region.

Looks like the colonizers were literally “planting” themselves in a new place.

Not only were settlements and settlers being planted in a new region from somewhere else, this plantation system of the colonizers quickly laid the foundation for slavery on large farms owned by “planters” where cash crop goods were produced.

Winthrop spent a lot of time writing, including his “The History of New England: 1630 – 1649,” also known as “The Journal of John Winthrop,” which was apparently not published until 1790, and has been edited and published three times since then.

Winthrop’s Journal is considered to be the central source of information for the history of Massachusetts in the 1630s and 1640s.

For the Puritans leaving England for the New World because of religious intolerance, completely uprooting their lives and venturing into the unknown for religious freedom…they were remarkably intolerant of people with other religious beliefs, including those within their own community.

The Antinomian Controversy significantly divided the Massachusetts Bay Colony from October of 1636 to March of 1638.

It pitted most of the Colony’s ministers and magistrates against some of the adherents of the Free Grace theology of Puritan Minister John Cotton, and revolved around a theological debate concerning Cotton’s “Covenant of Grace,” which taught that following religious laws was not required for salvation, and the “Covenant of Works” of other Puritans, including John Winthrop, which taught that by doing good works and obeying the law, a person earns and merits salvation.

The outcome was that the leading advocates of Antinomianism, Anne Hutchinson and John Wheelwright were banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and their supporters were disarmed, dismissed, disenfranchised, or banished in this New World.

After her banishment, Anne Hutchison and her supporters established the settlement of Portsmouth in 1638 in what became known as Rhode Island, with encouragement from the Providence Plantations founder, fellow-banishee from the Massachusetts Bay Colony Roger Williams, in what became known as the Colony of Rhode Island and Plymouth Plantations.

Williams also established the first Baptist church in America in Providence.

It is interesting to note that in-between the founding of the Plymouth Colony in 1620 and the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, what was described as Sir Francis Bacon’s incomplete utopian novel of “New Atlantis” was first published 1626, after his death in April of that same year.

“New Atlantis” was tucked in the back of a much longer work attributed to him about natural history called “Sylva Sylvarum” that was recorded in the Stationers’ Register on July 4th of 1626.

The Stationers’ Register was established via Royal Charter in 1557 as a record book to regulate the professions of the publishing industry and an early form of copyright law. The company’s charter gave it the right to seize illicit editions and bar the publication of unlicensed books. 

It is considered a crucial resource for the literature of the English literature of the 16th and 17th-centuries, containing “factual data” and “hard data” that is found nowhere else. 

Hmmm.

At any rate, “New Atlantis” was said to portray a future vision of human discovery and knowledge, and the novel depicts an enlightened utopian land where qualities like generosity, high moral character, and honesty were commonly held by the inhabitants of a mythical island he called “Bensalem.”

There was a state-sponsored scientific institution on Bensalem called “Salomon’s House,” said to envision in the book the modern research university in applied and pure sciences.

I really think “New Atlantis” was actually describing an enlightened, advanced civilization, known also as Atlantis, that existed in our relatively recent past and not one in our future….

Another method by which the original civilization’s true history was obscured was by way of historical place name changes.

Here are several examples, of which there are many more, of this practice.

The following were all empires unified within the ancient advanced civilization, with its roots going back in the far distant past to the time of Mu, also known Lemuria.

Now I am going to skip around bring forward other examples showing how ancient countries were subjugated, and controlled, through the processes of western colonialism.

One such is example is the Kingdom of Kandy was said to have been founded in Ceylon in 1469.

Known as Ceylon since ancient times, it has been known as the island country of Sri Lanka since 1972.

In 1592, Kandy became the capital city of the last remaining independent kingdom in Ceylon after the coast regions had been conquered by the Portuguese.

From that time, the Kingdom of Kandy kept the Portuguese and Dutch East India Company at bay, but succumbed finally to British colonial rule when the kingdom was absorbed into the British Empire as a protectorate via the Kandyan Convention of 1815, an agreement signed between the British and members of the King’s court which ceded the kingdom’s territory to British rule, and the last king was imprisoned.

At this time, Ceylon became British Protectorate until its independence in 1948.

Barbaria was the name given to a vast region stretching across Northern Africa, to the Canary Islands, also known as the Barbary Coast and the Maghreb.

The people who live in that part of northern Africa became known as Berbers instead of Barbars.

What was the historical Tartarian Empire included present-day Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Tibet, and other modern Central Asian countries…

…and a large chunk of Tartaria became known as Manchuria in northeast Asia in the mid-1800s.

Persia historically was part of the vast Persian Empire, which in more ancient times, as we are told, included all of the following present-day countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Egypt, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan.

On the Nowruz, or New Year, of 1935, the Shah of Iran, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence.

This also changed the usage of the country’s national identity from Persian to Iranian.

The Kingdom, or Realm, of the Morea was the official name of the Peloponnese Peninsula of southern Greece until the 19th-century.

I just now realized that the image of the lion on the flag of the Kingdom of the Morea in southern Greece was very similar to the image of the lion on the flag of the Kingdom of Kandy in  the same as the flag of the former Kingdom of Kandy in historical Ceylon.

The powers that used-to-be didn’t rewrite history completely from scratch – they rewrote the historical narrative to fit their agenda and we have been immersed in learning their version of history from cradle to grave.

More about how they accomplished this in the third-part of this post.

Maps, Globes & the Centuries of Exploration

In the third, and last, part of this series, I will be taking a close look at how maps, globes and the sea voyages of the “Age of Discovery” tie into the creation of the New World from the Old World.

The subject matter I am going to bring forward in this post is largely about, but not limited to, “The Age of Discovery,” described as the period of European history in which extensive overseas exploration occurred from the beginning of the 1400’s to the middle of the 1600’s.

Overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and was the beginning of globalization.

I will also be looking at the various scientific expeditions of the 1800s.

I think it is important to begin this part with some information about how concepts of space and time are viewed in the present-day versus how they were viewed in the past.

The study of geodesy is the science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth’s shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field.

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters and symbols.

The coordinates are chosen so  that one of the numbers represents a vertical position, and the horizontal position, from the East-West lines of longitude.

We are told that in cartography, the science of map-making, a map projection is the way of flattening the globe’s surface into a plane in order to make it into a map, which requires a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of the globe into locations on a plane.

This is a 1482 engraving by Johannes Schnitzer of the “Ecumene,” an ancient Greek word for the inhabited world, and used in cartography to describe a type of world map used in late antiquity and the Middle Ages.

He was said to have constructed it from the coordinates in Claudius Ptolemy’s “Geography,” an atlas, and treatise of geography, from 150 AD said to compile the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century Roman Empire, and a revision of the now-lost atlas of Marinus of Tyre, a Phoenician cartographer and mathematician who was said to have founded mathematical geography, and who introduced improvements to the construction of maps and developed a system of nautical charts.

Longitude fixes the location of a place on Earth east or west of a North-South line of latitude called the Prime Meridian, given as an angular measurement that ranges from 0-degrees at the Prime Meridian to +180-degrees westward and -180-degrees eastward.

In 1851, Sir George Airy established the new prime meridian of the Earth, a geographical reference line at the Royal Observatory of Greenwich in London, and by 1884, over two-thirds of all ships and tonnage used it as the reference meridian on their charts and maps.

Previous to that, the great pyramid of Giza, located at the exact center of the Earth’s landmass, was the Prime Meridian.

Carl Munck deciphers a shared mathematical code in his book “The Code,” related to the Great Pyramid, in the dimensions of the architecture of sacred sites all over the Earth, one which encodes longitude & latitude of each that cross-reference other sites. 

He shows that this pyramid code is clearly sophisticated and intentional, and perfectly aligned over long-distances.

In October of 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference in Washington, DC, attended by twenty-five countries, in order to determine the Prime Meridian for international use.

Twenty-two of the twenty-five countries in attendance voted to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich as the zero-reference line.

With regards to maps, it is important to note that in earlier maps, ley-lines were depicted.

The Catalan Atlas of the Majorcan Cartographic School is considered the most important map of the Medieval period in the Catalan language, dated to 1375.

I encountered another old map depicting ley-lines when I was researching for information on Fernando de Noronha, an island group just off the coast of Brazil.

The Cantino Planisphere was said to have been completed by an anonymous Portuguese cartographer some time before 1502.

A planisphere is defined as a map formed by the projection of a sphere or part of a sphere on a plane.

It would seem that the Earth’s grid-lines started to disappear from maps in the 1500s, as Gerardus Mercator, a Flemish geographer, cartographer and cosmographer…

…published a world map in 1569 that is considered to be the first where sailing courses on the sphere were mapped to the plane map, allowing for a “correction of the chart to be more useful for sailors.”

Here is a close-up section of the 1569 map showing the depiction of straight ley-lines in the seas, but not on land and sea as were present on the flat projections of the Cantino Planisphere and the Catalan Atlas.

Not only that, Mercator was also a globe-maker, like this one from 1541.

Shortly thereafter, in May of 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,” offering mathematical arguments for the heliocentric, or sun-centered universe, and denying the geocentric model of the Earth-centered universe of Ptolemy, which the heliocentric model superceded, meaning that while once widely-accepted, current science considered the geocentric model inadequate.

By the end of May of that same year, Copernicus was dead.

This is the cover of Mercator’s 1578 publication of “Tabulae Geographicae,” along with the globe, and Ptolemy said to depicted on the left, and Marinus of Tyre on the right.

Notice the difference between the lines on the globe at the top of the engraving, and the globe at the bottom, and while he is pointing down to the globe at the bottom…

…and Ptolemy is holding up a geometric shape that looks like the lines on the globe at the top on the left, which looks remarkably like the shape the sacred hoops formed in the Native American Hoop Dance on the right.

The Erdapfel, which translates literally from the German as “Earth apple,” but means “potato” in German, was said to be a terrestrial globe produced by Martin Behaim, a German textile merchant and cartographer, between 1490 and 1492.

This engraving of him was said to have been done in 1886.

We are told the Erdapfel is the oldest surviving terrestrial globe.

It is a laminated linen ball, constructed in two-halves, reinforced with wood…

…and overlaid by a map painted by Georg Glockendon, pasted on a layer of parchment around the globe.

The German-English geographer and cartographer, Ernst Georg Ravenstein, who was born in Germany in 1834, but spent most of his adult life in England, wrote a book about Martin Behaim and his Erdapfel in 1908, and, as we shall see, Mr. Ravenstein’s name will come up again in more than one reference.

Only 13-years after Mercator was said to have published his world map in 1569, the linear Gregorian Calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in October of 1582, for the given reason of correcting the Julian calendar on stopping the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes, and included the addition of leap years. 

It took 300 years to implement the calendar in the west, and nowadays used in non-western countries for civil purposes.

The Mayan calendar was involved with the harmonization and synchronization of Human Beings and the development of Human Consciousness with natural cycles of time.

The Mayan calendar consisted of several cycles, or counts, of different lengths.

The 260-day count, or Tzolkin, was combined with a 365-day solar year known as the Haab’, to form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haab’, called the Calendar Round, still in use today by many Mayan groups in the highlands of Guatemala.

The Tzolkin calendar combines twenty day-names and symbols, with thirteen day numbers, which represent different-sounding tones, to produce 260 unique days.

The Mayan Long Count calendar was used to track longer periods of time.

The ancient Egyptian calendar was a solar calendar with a 365-day-year, with three seasons of 120-days each, and 5-6 epagomenal days, also known as an intercalary month, transitional days that were treated as outside of the year proper to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases in common years and leap years.

Now on to the “Age of Discovery” in the “Centuries of Exploration.”

The primary initiator of the earliest time period of maritime exploration in our historical narrative, known as “The Age of Discovery, was Prince Henry the Navigator, who was said to have been born in 1394.

The fourth child of the Portuguese King John I, he was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion.

The Portuguese Empire was composed of the overseas colonies and territories government by Portugal, existing from 1415 with the capture of the port of Ceuta, on the Moroccan-side of the Strait of Gibraltar…

…to the handover of Portuguese Macau to China in 1999, the last remaining dependent state in China and the final vestige of European colonialism in the region, we are told, after 442-years of Portuguese rule.

Macau is designated as an autonomous region on the south coast of China, across the Pearl River Delta from Hong Kong…

…where there is Moorish-looking architecture in Macau on the left that looks like what is found in Madrid, Spain, on the right.

We are told Prince Henry the Navigator took the lead role in promoting and financing Portuguese maritime exploration until his death in 1460.

He was said to have been responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes.

One more thing about Prince Henry.

Apparently no one used the nickname “the Navigator” during his lifetime, or in the following three centuries.

We are told the term was coined by two 19th-century German historians – Heinrich Schaefer and Gustave de Veer – and that the nickname was popularized by two British authors in the titles of their biographies of Prince Henry.

One was by Richard Henry Major in 1868…

…and the other was by Raymond Beazley in 1895.

Let’s see what else comes up like this.

The next Portuguese explorer to come on the scene was Bartolomeu Dias, a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household.

We are told he sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488, setting up the route from Europe to Asia later on.

He was also said to be the first European during the “Age of Discovery” to anchor at what is present-day South Africa.

Not only did I find the German-English geographer and cartographer, Ernst Georg Ravenstein, come up  in association with a biography of Bartolomeu Dias…

…Ravenstein also published “A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama” in 1898, the next Portuguese explorer of note, who made it to India in a journey between 1497 and 1499.

Ravenstein was said to have translated what was called the only known copy of a journal believed to have been written on-board ship during Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India.

We are told that Vasco da Gama’s first voyage to India was the first link to Europe and Asia by an ocean route.

He was said to have landed in Calicut on May 20th of 1498.

This is said to be a steel engraving from the 1850s of the meeting between the King of Calicut and Vasco da Gama, which apparently didn’t yield the favorable results the Portuguese explorer desired, as it failed to yield the commercial treaty with Calicut that was da Gama’s principal mission.

Regardless of the failure to secure a commercial treaty with the King of Calicut, Vasco da Gama’s voyage to and from India led to the yearly Portuguese India Armadas, fleets of ships organized by the King of Portugal dispatched on an annual basis from Portugal to India…

…and 6-years after da Gama’s initial arrival in 1498, the Portuguese State of India was founded.

Portugal’s unopposed access to the Indian spice trade routes boosted the economy of its empire, and maintained a commercial monopoly on spice commodities for several decades.

The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), a long a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, off the West Coast of Africa.

Then, 35-years later, the Treaty of Zaragoza was signed, which specified the Antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified by the Treaty of Tordesillas, defining the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia.

Pedro Alvares Cabral, a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer, was a contemporary of Vasco da Gama.

He was said to have led a fleet of thirteen ships into western Atlantic Ocean, and made landfall in what we know as Brazil in 1500.

As the new land was in the Portuguese sphere according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown.

He explored the coast, and realized, we are told, that the large land-mass was most likely a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify the Portuguese King, Manuel I of the new territory.

The land Cabral had claimed for Portugal later became known as Brazil on the continent of South America.

Interestingly, Cabral slipped into obscurity for 300 years, until the 1840s that is, when the Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II sponsored research and publications dealing with Cabral’s life and expedition through the Brazilian Historical and Geographic Institute, which was founded in 1838, and part of the emperor’s plan to foster and strengthen a sense of nationalism among Brazil’s diverse citizenry.

Ferdinand Magellen was a Portuguese explorer who organized the Spanish expedition, which started in 1519 and ended in 1522, to the Spanish East Indies, a fleet known as the “Armada de Molucca” to reach the Spice Islands, and said to have resulted in the first circumnavigation of the earth.

As mentioned previously,Magellan was killed in the Philippines in the Battle of Mactan on April 27th of 1521, and a Basque-Spanish explorer by the name of Juan Sebastian de Elcano was said to have completed the expedition after Magellan’s death, from the Moluccas and back to Spain.

I found a biography about Magellan written by an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer named Stefan Zweig, who was born in Vienna in 1881, and died, along with his wife, in Brazil in 1942, of barbituate overdoses, we are told.

Other notable explorers from the first “Age of Discovery” include:

Giovanni da Verrazzano was said to be a Florentine explorer, in the service of the French King Francis I, and being the credited with first European to explore the Atlantic Coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick between 1523 and 1524.

We are told that the book “Verrazano’s Voyage Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, 1524,” was reproduced from an original artifact that was written by Giovanni da Verrazzano himself.

It was published in 1916, with an introduction by Edward Hagaman Hall, a New York State historian who was born in 1858 and died in 1936.

Henry Hudson was said to have been an English navigator and explorer during the early 17th-century, best known for his explorations of parts of the northeastern United States and Canada.

Between 1607 and 1611, he was engaged by various trading companies to sail to the Far North to find another way to Asia, via either the Northeast Passage or Northwest Passage.

In 1609, Henry Hudson was chosen by Dutch East India Company merchants to find an easterly passage to Asia.

His attempts to go in an eastward direction were said to have been blocked by ice in northern Norway, so he decided to go west and find a northerly passage through North America.

His ship, the Half Moon, travelled down the coast from LaHave in Nova Scotia; to Cape Cod; to the Chesapeake Bay; to Delaware Bay; then New York Bay, and up the Hudson River that bears his name.

His voyage was said to have been used to establish Dutch claims to the region, and to the fur trade that prospered there when a trading post was established at Albany in 1614, and with New Amsterdam on Manhattan island becoming the capital of New Netherland in 1625.

Did Henry Hudson happen to have anything thing published about him in the late 19th-century, early 20th-century?

I found this 1909 publication about Henry Hudson by Thomas Allibone Janvier, described as an American story-writer and historian, who was born in 1849 and died in 1913.

The Lewis & Clark Expedition started on August 31, 1803 and lasted until September 23rd of 1806, with a mission to explore and map the newly acquired western portion of the country after the Louisiana Purchase.

We are told their visit to the Pacific Northwest, maps, and proclamations of sovereignty with medals and flags were legal steps needed to claim title to each indigenous nation’s lands under the Doctrine of Discovery, a concept of public international law expounded by the United States Supreme Court in a series of decisions in 1823.

Under it, title to lands lay with the government whose subjects travelled to and occupied a territory whose inhabitants were not subjects of a European Christian monarch. 

In other words, the Supreme Court ruled that the Native Americans didn’t own their land.

Chief Justice John Marshall explained and applied the way that colonial powers laid claim to lands belonging to foreign sovereign nations during the Age of Discovery, and Chief Justice Marshall noted, among other things, the 1455 papal bull Romanus Pontifex  and the 1493 Inter Cetera bull in the Court’s decisions to implement the Doctrine of Discovery.

Meriwether Lewis had returned from the Lewis & Clark Expedition in 1806; was made Governor of Louisiana Territory in 1807 by Thomas Jefferson; and had made arrangements to publish his Corps of Discovery Journals.

Lewis was initiated into freemasonry between 1796 and 1797, from where he was born and raised in the Virginia Colony, shortly after he joined the United States Army in 1795.

Being Governor of the Louisiana Territory didn’t work too well for Lewis for a variety of reasons, and on September 3rd of 1809, he set out for Washington, DC, to address financial issues that had arisen as a result of denied payments of drafts he had drawn against the War Department when he was governor…and he carried with him his journals for delivery to his publisher.

He decided to go overland to Washington instead of via ship by way of New Orleans, and stayed for the night at a place called Grinder’s Stand, an inn on the historic Natchez Trace, southwest of Nashville, Tennessee.

Gunshots were heard in the early morning hours, and he was said to have been found with multiple gunshot wounds to the head and gut.

His remains were interred here at Grinder’s Stand.

We are told that Thomas Jefferson and some historians generally accepted Lewis’ death as a suicide.

What did he know?

Who would have wanted him silenced?

What happened to his journals?

Did someone nicely get them along to his publisher for him as he had written them?

A new era of scientific maritime exploration also commenced in the 1800s.

in August of 1822, Jules Dumont d’Urville set out on an expedition to collect scientific and strategic information, and sailed to the Falkland Islands; the coasts of Peru and Chile in South America; New Guinea; New Zealand and Australia.

The expedition carried out research in the fields of botany and insects, bringing back thousands of specimens to the Natural History Museum in Paris.

Then, 1826, Dumont d’Urville departed for a three-year voyage to New Zealand; Fiji; the Loyalty Islands; New Guinea; the Solomon Islands, Caroline Islands, and the Moluccas in eastern Indonesia.

In 1837, Dumont d’Urville set out yet again for the South Orkney Islands in the Southern Ocean; the Marquesas Islands; Tasmania; along the coast of Antarctica, at which time he claimed land on January 21st of 1840 for France, considered it his most significant achievement. He named it Adelie Land after his wife Adele.

He then sailed onto New Zealand; the Torres Strait; Reunion Island; and St. Helena island, and returning to France later in 1840.

He was promoted to Rear Admiral upon his return, and he wrote a report of the expedition, which was published between 1841 and 1854 in 24 volumes.

An interesting side-note about Dumont d’Urville’s life was his death – he and his entire family were killed in the first ever rail disaster in France in May of 1842, called the Versailles Rail Accident, in which the train’s locomotive derailed, the wagons rolled, and the coal tender ended up at the front of the train and caught fire. This was said to be a painting of the incident.

The U. S. Exploring Expedition was another exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean and the surrounding lands, conducted by the United States between 1838 and 1842.

The expedition was described as of major importance to the growth of science in the United States, and that during the events of its occurrence, armed conflict between Pacific Islanders and the expedition was common, and dozens of natives were killed, as well as a few Americans.

It involved a squadron of four ships, with specialists on each including naturalists, botanists, a mineralogist, a taxidermist, and a philologist, which is someone who studies written and oral histories.

It is sometimes referred to as the “U. S. Ex. Ex.” or “Wilkes Expedition,” after the commanding officer, Navy Lt. Charles Wilkes.

The ships of the Wilkes Expedition was said to have departed from Hampton Roads in Virginia for the first stop the Madeira Islands off the coast of Africa on August 18th, 1838.

The routes of the expedition went something like this.

They arrived at and “discovered” Antarctica on January 16th of 1840, just mere days before the completely different expedition of Dumont d’Urville’s claimed land on Antarctica on January 21st of 1840.

The ships travelled together, but did break-off into pairs on occasion to explore different places in the same general location.

Then there were the voyages of the HMS Beagle, originally a gun boat of the British Royal Navy, said to have set off from the Royal Dockland of Woolwich at the River Thames on May 11th of 1820.

The HMS Beagle’s first voyage was between 1826 and 1830, accompanying the larger ship, HMS Adventure, on a hydrologic survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.

The second voyage of the HMS Beagle, between 1831 and 1832, was joined by naturalist Charles Darwin, on a second trip to South America, and then around the world.

Charles Darwin kept a diary of his experiences, and rewrote this as a book titled “Journal and Remarks,” becoming published in 1839 as “The Voyage of the Beagle.”

It was in “The Voyage of the Beagle” that Darwin developed his theories of evolution through common descent and natural selection.

The third voyage of the HMS Beagle took place between 1837 and 1843, and was a third surveying voyage to Australia, stopping on the way at Tenerife in the Canary Islands; Salvador on the coast of Brazil in Bahia State; and Cape Town in South Africa.

In 1845, the HMS Beagle was refitted as a Coast Guard watch vessel in Essex, in the navigable waters beyond the Thames Estuary, moored in the middle of the River Roach, until oyster companies and traders petitioned to have it removed in 1851, citing the vessel was obstructing the river and its oyster beds.

The Navy List shows that on May 25th of 1851, the Beagle was renamed “Southend ‘W.V. No. 7′” at Paglesham, and sold in 1870 to be broken-up.

Quite an inglorious ending for such a celebrated ship!

This ends my formal presentation about how the New World was created from the Old World.

There are several ways that I have encountered the information I have presented in this post after 4 1/2-years of extensive research that I have expressed through blogging, and making videos of each blog post, since June of 2018.

For one, I have long interested in hidden history and megaliths, and my own original research started after I found a star tetrahedron by connecting cities in North America that lined-up in lines.

I believe this star tetrahedron is the terminus of the earth’s grid system, and that everything about the advanced ancient civilization was based on sacred geometry, including how all of the physical infrastructure on the earth was laid out.

Once I found the star tetrahedron, I extended the lines out and wrote down the cities that lined up in linear and circular fashion. 

In doing the research on these cities and places in alignment with each other, I got an amazing tour of the world of places I had never heard of with remarkable similarities across countries.  

Not only that, I started to discover what had taken place here, how it was done, and who was responsible.

I also started my in-depth research work with an awareness of the Moors and the Moorish Paradigm after becoming friends with a Moorish-American man in Oklahoma City in 2013.

This was when I started learning about the Moors. and where I started seeing the ancient civilization in the environment around me.

I have subsequently found through my research the existence of one unified civilization all over the Earth, from ancient times to modern.

There is no place on Earth that this ancient civilization was not.

IThe evidence is all around us, hidden in plain sight.  Literally just outside our front doors, in our back yards, in our neighborhoods, especially in our parks, to name a few of many places.

I took these pictures of megalithic stone blocks around the block from where I lived in Oklahoma City.

Lying around everywhere with no special attention drawn to them – just there.  Taunting us but not telling us. 

And only when you start realizing they are there.  Because until you notice them, they just blend in to the landscape.

Another way I encountered this information has been through in-depth timeline research focusing on the years between 1492 and 1942, with 1717 as the midpoint year, and have found much “new” going on in our historical narrative with regards to the “New World” with this focus, as detailed throughout this post.

I also have encountered a lot of hidden history in my research of the people representing states in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol building, like John Winthrop mentioned in this post…

…and I have found it researching places viewers have suggested.

I think negative beings hijacked the timeline by deliberately causing a worldwide cataclysm, known popularly as the mud flood, and superimposing the “New World” timeline over the existing infrastructure of the Old World after digging out enough of it to restart civilization.

We are thoroughly schooled in the new narrative from the moment we are born from every aspect of our existence, so much so that we don’t even see the copious evidence of an ancient advanced worldwide civilization in the environment around us.

Based on what I have found in my research, I think that the players involved in taking down the Old World Order systematically laid the foundation for taking its land, its people, its people, and its wealth, and faked the historical narrative, not completely from scratch, but rewriting history to fit their agenda.

I suspect that at some point, not sure from what point forward, the history we learn is about their story, and what they have fabricated to cover up how things came into existence, i.e. all manner of infrastructure being attributed to “other” builders, and completely tampered with our perception of place, time and space in order to control, misdirect, and misinform us.

In conclusion, I am seeing that the Earth’s people and grid system was deliberately hijacked by dark beings with a negative agenda, who definitely don’t want us to wake up to our true history and who we really are, and that they have worked very hard to keep this from happening!

This is the first part of a new on-going series called “All Over the Place Via Your Suggestions” where I will continue to research your suggestions, and follow the many clues you all provide that helps to uncover our hidden history.

In Part 1, I will be focusing on the suggestions of Silvester Gardiner and Gardiner, Maine; photos from the area around Tulsa, Oklahoma; and California’s Channel Islands and Santa Catalina.

I am going to start out by taking a look at MM’s suggestion of Gardiner, Maine, and its namesake Silvester Gardiner, saying that there was something wrong here, as a lot of rich British people come here in the summer to hide at that old mansion on 1,700 acres.

Will get back to the old mansion in a bit.

This suggestion particularly piqued my interest because I mentioned another Gardiner, Lion Gardiner, in my last post about “Recovering Lost HIstory from the Estuaries, Pine Barrens & Elite Enclaves off the Atlantic Northeast Coast of the United States.”

Lion Gardiner was an English engineer and colonist, who in 1639 founded the first English Settlement in New York on Gardiners Island in Gardiners Bay between the North and South Forks of Long Island.

First, a little bit about Silvester Gardiner.

Silvester Gardiner was a wealthy physician, pharmaceutical merchant, and land developer of Maine, who was born in 1708 in South Kingston, in what was known at the time as the “Colony of Rhode Island and Provincetown Plantations.”

In the history of colonialism, plantation was a form of colonization where settlers would establish a permanent or semi-permanent settlement in a new region.

Not only were settlements and settlers being planted in a new region from somewhere else, this plantation system of the colonizers quickly laid the foundation for slavery on large farms owned by “planters” where cash crop goods were produced.

The word plantation first started appearing in the late 1500s to describe the process of colonization, like the Plantations of Ireland in the 16th- and 17th-centuries, during which time we are told the English Crown confiscated land from Irish Catholics and redistributed the land to Protestant settlers from Great Britain.

The British Plantations of Ireland replaced the Irish language, law and customs with those of the British, created sectarian hatred between Protestants and Catholics, and Northern Ireland is still part of Britain to this day.

After studying medicine in New York, London, and Paris, Silvester Gardiner opened his medical practice in Boston, where he lectured in anatomy and promoted the inoculation for small pox, for which he proposed and established a hospital in Boston in 1761.

Come to find out, a small pox epidemic had broken out in Boston in the spring of 1721 that lasted until the winter of 1722, in which there were around 6,000 cases of small pox reported in a population of around 11,000, with 850 deaths reported.

The use of inoculation was introduced during the 1721 small pox epidemic, and considered a milestone in the history of vaccination.

Cotton Mather, the powerful Puritan preacher who was significant in the origin of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, was credited with introducing inoculation to the colonies, and promoting it as the standard for small pox prevention during the 1721 epidemic.

Inoculation is defined as introducing into the body a dose of biological material, known as inoculum, like an infectious virus in order for the body to generate an immune response to it.

Small pox was a deadly contagious virus transmitted from person-to-person through the respiratory tract, causing flu-like symptoms and disfiguring rashes covering the body.

We are told that the naturally-occurring small pox virus was eradicated by 1980 because of a global vaccination program.

The epidemic of 1721 was the deadliest of a series of small pox epidemics in Boston throughout the 1700s.

The British physician Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine, which was for small pox, given to the first person in May of 1796. 

Jenner was a Freemason, becoming a Master Mason in 1802, and the Grand Master of his lodge from 1812 to 1813.

Okay, so there’s the small pox inoculation and apparent freemasonic connection to be found with Silvester Gardiner, as well as his connection to the pharmaceutical business as a merchant.

What else is there to find?

He was said to have been a generous contributer to the construction of King’s Chapel in Boston, said to have been built in 1754, with its uneven, unlevel appearance from front-to-back.

He also purchased over 100,000 acres, or 400-kilometers-squared, on the Kennebec River in Maine for settlement, where he founded the city of Gardiner.

Silvester Gardiner became the principal proprietor of the Kennebec Purchase through the old Plymouth Patent, which had been established by the Council of New England, an English joint-stock company that was granted a Royal Charter to found colonial settlements along the coast of North America that existed between 1620 and 1635.

Largely the creation of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a military commander and Governor of the Port of Plymouth in England who was called the “Father of English Colonization in North America, it provided for the establishment of the Plymouth Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the New Haven Colony, and the Province of Maine.

The city of Gardiner was founded as the Gardinerstown Plantation in 1754, at the confluence of the Kennebec River and Cobbosseecontee Stream, and the location quickly became utilized for water-powered mills, and Gardinerstown became the regional economic hub.

Gardiner became a city in 1849, and was a major industrial town, complete with industries like shipping, lumber, tanning, and shoe-making.

Gardiner was connected by railroad in 1851, and beginning in the 1860s, paper mills flourished, as well as a commercial ice industry between the 1880s and 1920s.

By the 1960s, Gardiner’s economy plummeted with the closure of mills.

Gardiner subsequently became a bedroom community for the surrounding population centers of Augusta, Bath, and Portland, well-known for its restored antique architecture.

In 1980, the entire downtown became a listing from Kennebec County on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is a nationally-accredited Main Street Community.

Oaklands Castle in Gardiner, Maine, is on land that was granted to Silvester Gardiner in the 18th-century, and developed by his grandson Robert Hallowell Gardiner, who was also the grandson of Benjamin Hallowell, the founder of Hallowell, Maine.

The castle was said to have been built in the Gothic-Revival-style and designed by British-born architect, and first President of the American Institute of Architects, Richard Upjohn between 1835 and 1836 in the early stages of his illustrious architectural career and credited with the promotion of the Gothic-Revival-style.

Robert Hallowell Gardiner was also a Trustee for the Gardiner Lyceum School, the first vocational trade school in the United States, and specialized in farming, agriculture and other specialized trades of the 19th-century.

The school was established in 1823, and dissolved less than 10-years later, in 1832, for financial reasons.

It was incorporated in 1822 by an Act of the State of Maine, and its Directors were associated with higher education.

There was a set of laws printed in 1825 on how the school was to be regulated, which an existing copy still held by the Library of Congress.

Just can’t help but wonder if this was a prototype for something.

One more thing before I move on to the next suggested place.

There is an interesting connection coming up between the Gardiner family and the Trinity Church, and I am interested in this from what I have found out about Trinity Church in other locations in past research.

First, Silvester Gardiner was buried under the Trinity Church in Newport, Rhode Island.

The Episcopalian Newport Trinity Church congregation was founded in 1698, and the current church said to have been designed by Richard Munday, based on Sir Christopher Wren’s designs in London, and built between 1725 and 1726.

Notable parishioners of Newport’s Trinity Church included Cornelius Vanderbilt II and John Jacob Astor VI.

Silvester Gardiner’s grandson, John Sylvester John Gardiner, was a rector of the Trinity Church in Boston from 1805 to 1830, and the “best known and most influential Episcopal clergyman of Boston.

Interesting to note the following about the prominent clergyman’s children.

His son, William Howard Gardiner, was married to the daughter of Thomas Handasyd Perkins, a wealthy merchant, smuggler, and slave-trader from a Boston Brahmin family, members of Boston’s traditional upper-class.

His daughter, Mary Louisa, was married to John Perkins Cushing of Boston, a wealthy American sea merchant and opium smuggler, and nephew of Thomas Handasyd Perkins.

Trinity Church in Boston was founded in 1733, and the current Trinity Church building said to have been built between 1872 and 1877, and designed by architect Henry Hobson Richardson.

Trinity Church in New York was established in 1697, after King Charles II approved the charter for a new Church of England in Lower Manhattan.

The construction of the current Trinity Church in New York on Wall Street was said to have been constructed between 1839 and 1846, and designed in the Gothic Revival style by Richard Upjohn, the same architect who designed the Oaklands Mansion in Gardiner, Maine, for Robert Hallowell Gardiner.

Where I am going with this is that in doing the research for the “Who is in the National Statuary Hall in the U. S. Congress” series, some prominent members of Trinity Church in different cities have come up, like physician and freemason John Gorrie of Florida.

And what came out about Trinity Church from looking at Gorrie’s story was the Corporation of Trinity Church.

The Governor of New York in 1697, Benjamin Fletcher, established the Church of England as New York’s official religion, and leased property in Lower Manhattan that was known as the “King’s Farm” to the newly established Trinity Church, and eight-years later, Queen Anne granted the entire parcel of land to the church outright, and the Episcopal parish was located at corner of Wall Street and Broadway.

With the Queen’s grant, Trinity Church became the second-largest landholder in New York, after the Crown itself, and this set-up Trinity Church to become the wealthiest in the North American colonies.

This is a scene of Trinity Church from Broadway in 1915.

Even today, Trinity Church is one of the largest landowners in New York City, now under the name of Trinity Real Estate.

In 1894, the Trinity Corporation was exposed by a New York Times reporter to have substandard living conditions on their Charlton Street properties.

And in doing the research for this right now, I found out that in July of 2018, the Walt Disney Company acquired the rights to develop 4 Hudson Square to become the new site of Disney’s New York operations from Trinity Church Wall Street.

Now, moving along to Oklahoma.

KF of Tulsa sent me a number of photographs she has taken of Tulsa and the surrounding area.

First, photos she took in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, in a neighborhood in the vicinity of the First Baptist Church of Broken Arrow and the Bass Pro Shops.

She took these photos in the Stone Wood Hills neighborhood of Broken Arrow.

And she took these from around the Bass Pro Shops…

…including this one of a strikingly pyramidal shape on the right, seen even more clearly when compared with a similar view of the Great Pyramid of Giza on the left.

She also checked out the Creek County Landfill in Jenks, Oklahoma, outside of Tulsa…

…and sent these photos she took of the view of it from the road.

This is a good place to insert my experience with Oklahoma landfills.

I was living in Oklahoma City between 2013 and 2016, and it was here during this time that I started waking up to the ancient civilization in the landscape all around me.

Everything that KF has shared with me hits home because I saw the same things once my perception of the landscape had shifted.

One day, I really noticed a massive, flat-topped shape rising in the landscape on the eastern side of the Oklahoma City, and I decided to drive to it to see what it was.

On my way to that site going east, I passed this sign at 2831 23rd Street NE, advertising Kemet Plaza.

This is the relationship between the location of Kemet Plaza, and the location of where I was going, which as it turned out, was a landfill site.

So it turned out that after I left Kemet Plaza, the site I was looking for was quite close by, at the corner of 23rd Street Northeast and Sooner Road.

On one side of it, the west side, is an energy site.

On the east, the southeast side…is a landfill operated by Waste Management.

There are two more just like this in OKC – one is in South OKC off of 240, and the other is in West OKC, in Mustang, Oklahoma. There is another one north of OKC, in Enid. Same idea.

They look like ancient earthworks that are being harvested for energy and also used for dumping trash.

Lastly for this post, MS suggested that I look into Santa Catalina Island, one of California’s Channel Islands.

First I will take a look at the Channel Islands.

California’s eight Channel Islands are located within the Southern California Bight.

Besides the Channel Islands, the Southern California Bight includes the Coronado Islands and the Isla de Todo Santos of Baja California, coastal southern California and the local portion of the Pacific Ocean.

The bight is described as a significant curvature and indentation along the coast between Point Conception to just below San Diego, at Punta Colonet in Baja California, and that the waters offshore have complex current circulation patterns, with cold, southward flowing waters seen displayed in blue in this satellite image of Sea Surface Temperature, and northward flowing warm waters in yellow and orange.

The four North Channel Islands of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz and Anacapa were said to have been a landmass at one time called Santarosae.

What we are told is that they are the remnants of an ancient landmass off the coast of present-day southern California prior to the end of the last ice age, and that Santarosae lost 70% of its landmass because the sea rose from melting glaciers, leaving a huge submerged landscape that is currently being explored by scientists.

Santarosae is called “California’s Atlantis” by some.

It is interesting to note that around 2001, a geologist discovered a lost island in the Santa Barbara Channel.

Believed to have been submerged for 13,000 years, going underwater towards the end of the last Ice Age, he named it Isla Calafia, and identified it as being located half-way between the Santa Barbara Harbor and one of the existing North Channel Islands.

It was 31-miles-, or 50-kilometers-, long; 3-miles-, or 5-kilometers-, wide, and rises 660-feet-, or 201-meters, from the bottom of the Channel.

So this information about the Isla Calafia ties-in to Queen Calafia, or Califia, the legendary Amazon Queen of the island of California, and for whom California and Baja California was named.

So what we are told about California being an island is that it was one of the most famous map-making errors in history, with the error being reproduced on countless maps during the 17th- and 18th-centuries, despite contradictory evidence from various explorers.

The legend associated with the Island of California was that it was an earthly paradise, like Atlantis or the Garden of Eden.

The first grammar text for Castilian Spanish was published in 1492.

It was the first book dedicated to the Spanish language and its rules, and the first grammar of a modern European language to be published in print.

In our historical narrative, the year of 1492 was also the year of the Fall of Granada in Moorish Spain…

…and the year of Columbus’ first voyage.

Almost 20-years later, in 1510, we are told the first known mention of the Island of California was in the fictional novel “The Adventures of Esplandian,” a novel by Castilian author Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo describing a fictional island named California that was inhabited by only black women, and ruled by Queen Calafia.

Here is a passage from the book:

“Know that on the right-hand of the Indies, there is an island called California very close to the side of the Terrestrial Paradise, and it is peopled by black women, without any man among them, for they live in the manner of Amazons.”

Where did that idea come from?

Calafia’s life and place in history is described as entirely fictional, though she is depicted as the spirit California, and symbolizes an untamed and bountiful land prior to European settlement.

Queen Calafia’s name was said to have been likely formed from the Arabic word “Khalifa,”or “Caliph” in English, for the religious state leader of a “Caliphate,” a Muslim political-religious state.

And to throw something else into the mix, the Chumash, the name of the original inhabitants of the North Channel Islands, is also a Hebrew word meaning a Torah in printed or book bound form.

So we have a reference to a Muslim political-religious state, ruled by a woman, is found in the same location as the actual word in Hebrew for the Torah given to the indigenous tribe of Central Southern and Coastal Regions of California, including the North Channel Islands, also known as Santa Barbara Group, of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel, and Anacapa.

Maybe it’s just a coincidence, but perhaps not.

If it is not a concidence, then what might this signify?

My money is on they were one and the same in the original Moorish civilization, and that those behind the New World Order separated everything out in order to create discord, division, and disharmony, and that all of the Moorish symbolism was taken over, their works and legacy falsely claimed, and/or given a darker meaning by association with certain things that were not the original meaning.

Before I go further into California’s Channel Islands, let me point out some similarities so far to what I found off the Atlantic northeast coast of the United States with what I am seeing here.

I have found the Southern California Bight on the Pacific Coast and the New York – New Jersey Bight on the northeast Atlantic Coast…

…there are underwater canyons adjacent to the Bights in both places – the Hudson Canyon on the east coast, one of the largest underwater canyons in the world, and numerous canyons off the coast of the Southern California Bight.

My question remains the same: Were this canyons always underwater?

And are they natural or man-made?

Bear in mind, the Grand Canyon in Arizona has formations with Egyptian names, like the Isis Temple, the Osiris Temple, and the Temple of Set, and that these formations and others correlate with stars in the Orion Constellation.

An article appeared in the Arizona Gazette in 1909 that an explorer in the Grand Canyon had stumbled upon Egyptian artifacts, but news about the discovery disappeared from public view shortly after it was published, and it has been called a hoax ever since.

Also, there are estuaries along both the Southern California Bight and the New York – New Jersey Bight.

Estuaries are defined as partially-enclosed, coastal bodies of brackish water, which is water that is salty, dirty & unpleasant, with one or more rivers flowing into it, and a connection to the open sea.

There is sheared-off, unstable-eroded-looking landscape in both places, like as seen on this stretch of coastal road beside the Southern California Bight on the left, and the Aquinnah Cliffs on Martha’s Vineyard, which is also where the headquarters of the Wampanoag Tribe of Martha’s Vineyard is located on their historical land.

And while the Council of New England and the Church of England were busy colonizing and settling New England starting in 1620, the Vice-Royalty of New Spain and the Catholic Church did the same thing after the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521.

Central Mexico became the base of expeditions of exploration and conquest, in what became a huge area that comprised the Spanish colonization of the Americas, including California among many other places.

In 1542, explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo landed in San Diego Bay on behalf of the Spanish Empire…

…and we are told became the first European to set foot in California, exploring the California coast starting 1542.

According to the historical narrative, Cabrillo died on Santa Catalina Island in January of 1543 from an injury to his leg that became infected and gangrenous.

Among other things bearing his name, there is a Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego commemorating his landing in San Diego Bay.

To put Cabrillo’s exploration of California into historical perspective in our timeline, in 1540, two years before Cabrillo explored California, Pope Paul III issued a papal bull forming the Jesuit Order, under the leadership of Ignatius Loyola, a Basque nobleman from the Pyrenees in Northern Spain. 

The Jesuit Order included a special vow of obedience to the Pope in matters of mission direction and assignment.

The same year, in 1542, Pope Paul III established the Holy Office, also known as the  Inquisition and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

Also in 1542, St. Francis Xavier, a co-founder of the Jesuits, landed in Goa on the Indian subcontinent, where some believe he requested the brutal Goa Inquisition, established, we are told, to enforce Catholic Orthodoxy in colonial-era Portuguese India.

The following year, in May of 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,” offering mathematical arguments for the heliocentric, or sun-centered universe, and denying the geocentric model of the Earth-centered universe of Ptolemy, which the heliocentric model superceded, meaning that while once widely-accepted, current science considered the geocentric model inadequate.

By the end of May of that same year, Copernicus was dead.

So both Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, first explorer of California, and Nicolaus Copernicus, author of the heliocentric universe, were contemporaries, and died in the same year.

Like India’s St. Francis Xavier, California had its own “Missionary Saint” in the form of St. Junipero Serra, who was credited with establishing the first Franciscan missions in Mexico and California between 1750 and 1782.

Posthumous honors for him include Sainthood in 2015 and he represents the State of California in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Congress, along with Ronald Reagan.

Serra was nicknamed the “Apostle of California” for his missionary efforts, but before and after his canonization, his reputation and missionary work was condemned for reasons given like mandatory conversions of the native population to Catholicism and atrocities committed against them.

Now, back to the Channel Islands.

Of the eight Channel Islands, five are part of the Channel Islands National Park and the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary – all of the North Channel Islands plus Santa Barbara Island, situated at the center of the Channel Islands.

Interesting to note that in 1969, the third-largest oil spil in the history of the United States, known as the Santa Barbara Oil Spill took place in this area, when an oil rig exploded 6-miles, or 10-kilometers, off the California coast inthe Santa Barbara Channel , and tides washed the oil onto all four of the North Channel Islands.

The South Channel Island group is comprised of the islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, San Clemente, and Santa Catalina.

Santa Catalina Island is the only one of the eight Channel Islands with a large, permanent settlement.

Let’s take a look at Santa Catalina Island and see what comes up.

Part of Los Angeles County, Santa Catalina Island is located 29-miles, or 47-kilometers, south-southwest of Long Beach, and west of San Diego.

The Tongva people, also known as Kizh, were indigenous to the South Channel Islands and the Los Angeles Basin.

Just like what happened on the northeast coast of the United States with Algonquin languages like Mohegan, the spoken language of the native people of the region died out in the early 1900s.

Santa Catalina’s first European contact was said to have been with Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo on October 7th of 1542…

The collapse of the Tongva society and culture of the region was initiated with the founding of the San Gabriel Mission in Los Angeles County in 1771 by the Franciscan missionary Junipero Serra.

The Spanish initiated forced relocation and enslavement of the native Tongva people under the mission system to secure their labor, and some of the nicknames of the San Gabriel Mission in San Gabriel California is the “Queen of the California Missions,” and “Mother of Agriculture in California.”

The Spanish Mission System of California is sound A LOT like the English plantation system of New England.

Back to Santa Catalina Island.

On the south-side of the East End of Catalina Island, we find places with such names as Church Rock, Silver Canyon, China Point, and a ridge seen extending out into the ocean waters, looking like there is more of the island going on underneath it.

Church Rock is a large rock jutting out of the ocean just off-shore on the East End, and is a popular dive spot.

Silver Canyon is one of the largest canyons of several on Catalina Island.

And come to find out, there were large mining operations on Santa Catalina Island, including Silver Canyon, from about 1863 (mid-way through the American Civil War) to the 1920s.

A short-distance up the coast from Silver Canyon is China Point.

Today a dive site, China Point got its name as the location of a camp on the back-side of the island for smuggling Chinese immigrants after the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by the U. S. Congress in 1882, barring all new immigration from China for 10 years.

This is what we are told about Avalon, the only incorporated city on Catalina Island.

George Shatto, a real estate developer from Grand Rapids, Michigan, was the first owner of the island to try to develop Avalon into a resort destination.

He purchased the island in 1887 for $200,000 from the Lick Estate of James Lick, a real estate investor based in San Francisco who arrived in California in January of 1848.

At the time of Lick’s death in 1876, he was the wealthiest man in California, and his real estate holdings, besides all of Catalina Island, included a considerable part of Santa Clara County, San Francisco, Lake Tahoe, and a large ranch in Los Angeles.

Shatto was credited with creating the settlement that became known as Avalon, and building the first hotel there, the Hotel Metropole, between 1887 and 1888, and that the island first opened for tourists in 1888.

By 1891, Shatto was having financial problems and defaulted on his loan payment for the island, and Santa Catalina Island was returned to the James Lick Trust.

In 1892, Shatto was said to have built the Shatto Mansion in Queen Anne-style architecture in Los Angeles.

George Shatto was the only person killed in a train crash near Ravenna, California, in 1893…

…and he was interred in a pyramid-shaped mausoleum at the Angelus Rosedale Cemetery in Los Angeles.

In 1891, the Banning Brothers purchased Santa Catalina Island from the James Lick Estate.

They were the sons of Phineas Banning, a wealthy California entrepreneur known as the “Father of the Port of Los Angeles.”

The Banning Brothers were said to have fulfilled the dream of George Shatto of making Avalon a resort community with the construction of numerous tourist facilities.

However, in 1915, a fire was said to have burned half of Avalon’s buildings, including six hotels and several clubs.

Subsequently, the Banning Brothers were forced to sell the island in shares starting in 1919.

Chewing gum magnate William Wrigley, Jr, was one of the main investors who purchased Santa Catalina Island’s shares from the Bannings.

Wrigley bought out most of the other shareholders to become the controlling shareholder in the “Santa Catalina Island Company.”

Wrigley then invested millions into building needed infrastructure for attractions to the island.

This included the Catalina Casino, which was said to have been built starting in 1928, and first opened in 1929.

The Catalina Casino houses things like a movie theater and a ballroom.

The movie theater still has its original pipe organ intact.

The acoustics are so good in the Catalina Casino’s movie theater that someone speaking on the stage can be heard without using a microphone and be heard clearly by everyone in the 1,154-seat capacity auditorium.

The Catalina Casino’s ballroom is the world’s largest circular ballroom, with a 180-foot, or 55-meter, dance floor that can accommodate 3,000 dancers.

Wrigley even brought the Chicago Cubs to Santa Catalina Island for their spring training starting in 1921, which lasted through 1951.

Santa Catalina Island in California’s Channel Islands is known as a playground for the rich and famous off the Pacific coast of southern California, like the prime and luxury real estate found around the estuaries lining the Atlantic Northeast Coast of the United States, including Martha’s Vineyard and the Hamptons of Long Island.

This fascination and interest the wealthy elites have long had with islands and estuaries on both coasts is noteworthy, leaving me to wonder why they are so obsessed with these places.

Personally, I think the wealthy globalist controllers have been and are lording and gloating over their take over of what was an ancient, beautiful, and advanced worldwide Moorish civilization that existed up until relatively recently, and they covet the very special places to this civilization.

Not only that, I think this whole civilization was what we know as Atlantis, or Atlantean, and not just found in the Atlantic Ocean, with its roots in Ancient LeMuria, or Mu, hence the name “Mu’urs” or “Moors” given to these ancient people.

I think the coastlines of the world got slammed by whatever caused earth’s landmasses to submerge, causing estuaries and wetlands like these worldwide, and that the “Sinking of Atlantis” took place much more recently in time than thousands of years ago, more like hundreds of years ago, and that it was caused by a deliberately created cataclysm or cataclysms by malevolent beings who had a plan to takeover the Earth’s original civilization for their own benefit.

There are countless examples of what I am talking about, but here are a few examples I have encountered in my research:

Up the Pacific Coast from California, in Portland, Oregon, there is a visible star fort point at the Smith & Bybee Wetlands Natural Area, which is now the location of the Bybee Lakes Hope Center for the homeless…

The Wirral Peninsula and the River Dee estuary separating northwest England and Wales, and a place where comparatively little water occupies such a large basin.

Birkenhead on the Wirral Peninsula was said to have expanded greatly as a result of the Industrial Revolution…

…and was the location of the first street tramway in Great Britain in 1860, and trams ran in Birkenhead until 1937.

The submarine Yonaguni ruins off the coast of Japan’s Yaeyama Islands.

When I first learned about Yonaguni several years ago, a few years before I started doing my own research, I distinctly remember the argument being made that these were natural formations.

Why the effort cover-up of what are clearly man-made structures?

The last example I want to provide is the chain of low islands and reefs called Adam’s Bridge, also known as Rama’s Bridge, or Ramsethu, which separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Bay between India and Sri Lanka.

The Pamban Bridge, a railway bridge, connects the town of Mandapam in Tamil Nadu with Pamban Island and Rameswaram to the Indian Railways, ending at the Indian side of Adam’s Bridge.

It was said to have been constructed between 1911 and 1914, which was the year World War I started.

Described as a masterpiece of engineering, it has a movable section midway that is raised to allow ship and barge traffic to pass through.

So, were we actually capable of engineering feats like these based on the technology we are taught existed that at those times?

In Palk Bay, you can take a ferry across, in the same general location as the sunken parts of Adam’s Bridge, to Talaimannar, on Sri Lanka’s Mannar Island, and catch the train on to anywhere you want to go in Sri Lanka.

Other examples of advanced railroad technology crossing estuaries is found in New York City’s Jamaica Bay, called a partially man-made and partially natural estuary on the western tip of Long Island, and containing numerous marshy islands.

There is a rapid transit line of the New York subway system that operates here, the IND Rockaway Line that runs between the Aqueduct Racetrack Station terminal, close to the airport, and crosses Jamaica Bay to the Rockaway Park-Beach 116th Street Station terminal.

Also, historically at the Great Egg Harbor Estuary in New Jersey, where this old postcard shows the Atlantic City and Shore Railroad crossing a two-mile, or 3-kilometer, -long trestle bridge in the Great Egg Harbor Bay, and was part of an interurban trolley system in New Jersey that served Somers Point and several other cities between Atlantic City and Ocean City in the years between 1907 and 1948.

The reason given for the end of its operation was a hurricane damaging the viaduct in 1948, and fixing it was cost prohibitive because of the decline in trolley use.

There are many more estuaries, wetlands, and undersea ruins around the world, but this should give you some examples about why I believe the “Sinking of Atlantis” was a relatively recent occurrence, and that we have been given a brand new historical narrative superimposed over the original infrastructure and civilization to tell us what happened.

I am going to end this post here, and will continue to investigate your suggestions in the on-going series “All Over the Place via Your Suggestions.”

I was taken to the area around the Great Egg Harbor in New Jersey by a viewer who suggested I look into a specific place on the Great Egg Harbor River.

Now, swamps and bogs are not the first thing that come to mind when I think of New Jersey, but those are the first things that jumped out at me when I looked up the place the viewer suggested.

This area is part of both the New Jersey Pine Barrens and the New York-New Jersey Estuary System.

I am finding a lot of noteworthy things here, and I have found that when looking at the subject of estuaries and pine barrens, there is way more to this subject than what meets the eye on a superficial glance as you will see, and I am going to make the case that these are ruined lands that were once part and parcel of a thriving and sophisticated worldwide Moorish civilization that we have not been told about, and there is an accompanying fascination and interest the wealthy elites of American society have long had with this region.

Viewer FG suggested that I look in to the Weymouth Furnace in Atlantic County, New Jersey, on the Great Egg Harbor River.

FG said that the area where it is located is now a county park.

Seeing the map of the Atlantic County Parks along the Great Egg Harbor River, I am going to expand my focus, and take a look at what is between Lake Lenape and Penny Pot Park, with the Weymouth Furnace in-between.

I will start at the Weymouth Furnace.

This is what we are told.

The Weymouth Furnace was said to have been an iron furnace built in the early 19th-Century.

The iron was produced at the furnace from “Bog Ore” mined in the surrounding swamps.

The mined “bog ore” was then transported on pole-propelled barges along canals.

Iron castings, stoves, pots, pans, pipes, cannon & cannon balls were made at the Weymouth Furnace.

The iron foundry was closed in 1862 (during the American Civil War) and replaced by a paper mill until all operations ceased around 1887.

So, for starters, the iron came from “Bog Ore” that was mined in the surrounded swamps.

Sounds suspicious to me!

What’s “bog ore?”

This article on the federal government’s National Park Service website regarding “Southern New Jersey and the Delaware Bay” says the following about iron works and bog ore:

1. Iron foundries were best located along rivers and creeks in unsettled and heavily-wooded land for the wood and charcoal needed to generate the intense heat required for iron furnaces;
2. Bog, also called meadow, ore is found throughout New Jersey, especially in the southern counties, and that it is produced from the interaction of decaying vegetation and soluble iron salts, creating bog-ore-beds that replenish themselves over time.

Just as a point of information, in case one would think that the existence of naturally-occurring iron beds is the only explanation for “bog ore,” the Iron Pillar of Delhi in India is famous for the rust-resistant composition of metals used in its construction, and said to have been made 1,600 years ago, an example of advanced knowledge of iron-work having been around for quite a long time.

What about transporting the “bog iron” on barges in canals?

Well, there are definitely canals in the Great Egg Harbor area…

…and New Jersey in general.

New Jersey’s Morris Canal, for example, was a wonder to behold.

It was hailed as an ingenious, technological marvel for its use of water-driven, inclined planes.

It was said to have been completed in 1832 to carry coal across northern New Jersey between the Delaware River and the Hudson River. It was closed in 1924.

The builders of the Morris Canal also used a sophisticated power house technology, pictured here, to power the water turbine that was set in motion to raise or lower cradled boats on the inclined planes by means of a cable.

Even with the advanced technology of the Morris Canal, mules were needed to be used to pull the canal boats in places on the Morris Canal in the historical narrative we have been given.

I need to reel myself in for a moment and focus on the Weymouth Furnace that brought me here to look because there are so many different directions I want to go off into regarding things that I am seeing here.

FG commented that the Weymouth Furnace is a 70-ft, or 21- meter, square brick chimney coming out of stream beds with no openings.

The furnace is buried below, with stone arches and span spillways that housed two water wheels.

It is a sophisticated construction, with iron pipes , bolts and combined heavy large block foundations with many brick walls.

Now to look at the Great Egg Harbor River.

The Great Egg Harbor River is a described as a major river that crosses the largely undisturbed Pinelands, also known as the New Jersey Pine Barrens, so-called because of the nutrient-poor, sandy and acidic soil that supports pine trees, orchids and carniverous plants.

It is interesting to note that the New Jersey Pine Barrens contain ruins…

… and ghost towns, like Batsto Village, which we are told was the site of a bog iron and glass-making center from 1766 to 1867, consisting of 33 buildings and structures, including a mansion, gristmill, sawmill, and workers’ homes.

Two other places in the northeastern United States have Pine Barrens – Long Island Central and Massachusetts Coastal.

More thoughts on these particular locations shortly.

Back to the Great Egg Harbor River and Lake Lenape.

This is what we are told about Lake Lenape.

The lake was formed after the construction of a dam in May’s Landing around 1847, with the land having previously been an apple orchard.

Interesting to note the megalithic stones used in the construction of the dam.

Then that in 1854, the first railroad was built in the area between Camden and Atlantic City.

Then in regards to the Lake Lenape Park, it was said to have first opened in the early 1900s.

Named for the indigenous people who lived here, Lake Lenape Park features Lakeside Manor, a popular wedding and special event venue…

…and an historic lighthouse next to Lakeside Manor.

We are told the Lake Lenape Lighthouse at May’s Landing never actually served the function of a real lighthouse, and that it was built in 1939 with hand-tools and the help of some neighborhood children.

Made of wood, is 65-feet, or 20-meters, – tall, and it was also known as the “Singing Tower.”

It may be torn-down in the near future but I could not find confirmation that this is definitely going to happen.

So that’s Lake Lenape Park on one side and Atlantic County’s Penny Pot Park and Preserve is west of the Weymouth Furnace Park on the Great Egg Harbor River.

Part of the New Jersey Natural Lands Trust, the land Penny Pot Park is on was once slated for the development of a large, corporately-owned industrial plant.

Located along the Atlantic Expressway and having access to freight train service, twenty-five acres of the were cleared and wetlands altered by ditches.

Business plans changed, and the land in the Pine Barrens that was donated in 1997 has been reclaimed by nature, turned into habitat for wildlife and plants, and a starting place for kayaking and canoeing on the Great Egg Harbor River.

The Great Egg Harbor River flows southeast from near Camden, entering the Great Egg Harbor about 5-miles, or 8-kilometers, southwest of Atlantic City.

The traditional land of the Lenape people, also called the Lenni Lenape and the Delaware Indians, was said to have included: present-day New Jersey; eastern Pennsylvania along the Delaware River watershed; New York City; western Long Island; and the Lower Hudson Valley.

According the history we have been taught, everything changed for the Lenni Lenape who lived here after Henry Hudson sailed up what is now called the Delaware River in 1609, and this painting depicts what we are taught to believe about all the original people of this land – they were hunter-gatherers living off the land, and framing the European colonizers as the builders of infrastructure and civilization in the so-called New World.

I am going to continue to give you examples from here of why that narrative doesn’t hold up under scrutiny, and also about the fascination and interest the wealthy elites of American society have long had with this region.

So let’s take a look at what they tell us about Atlantic City.

Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the location was the summer home of the Lenape.

Then in 1783, Jeremiah Leeds built the first home here.

But it was not until 1850 that the idea of this becoming a resort location was conceived, and the first hotel here was said to have been built in 1853.

What became known as “Atlantic City” was incorporated in 1854, the same year that train service began on the Camden and Atlantic Railroad mentioned previously, and providing a direct link to Philadelphia in Pennsylvania.

The first Atlantic City Boardwalk was said to have been built in 1870.

By 1874, an estimated 500,000 were coming to Atlantic City each year by the railroad, and we are told that there were so many people coming to Atlantic City by 1878 that the decision was made to build the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railroad was constructed to accommodate the increased ridership.

Then, in order to accommodate the increasing number of tourists coming to Atlantic City, massive hotels like the United States Hotel sprang up.

And all of the new railroad lines that were popping up betwixt and between these large population centers and the South Jersey shore were going right through the desolate, swampy and forbidding pine barrens.

Today there are abandoned trains and railroad lines found throughout the New Jersey Pine Barrens.

Atlantic City’s Steel Pier was said to have been built by the Steel Pier Company that first opened in June of 1898 as an amusement park built on a pier.

Called the “Showplace of the Nation,” it was one of the most popular entertainments in the United States for 70 years.

The Steel Pier continues to operate as an amusement park to this day.

Other examples of the original Moorish-style architecture in Atlantic City included the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel, which was said to have been built between 1902 and 1906, and demolished in October of 1978…

…and the Hotel Windsor, about which I can’t find any information to speak of, but presumably long gone.

This is an old postcard showing the Atlantic City and Shore Railroad crossing a two-mile, or 3-kilometer, -long trestle bridge in the Great Egg Harbor Bay, and was part of an interurban trolley system in New Jersey that served Somers Point and several other cities between Atlantic City and Ocean City in the years between 1907 and 1948.

The reason given for the end of its operation was a hurricane damaging the viaduct in 1948, and fixing it was cost prohibitive because of the decline in trolley use.

This whole area is part of the New York – New Jersey Harbor Estuary System, which forms one of the most intricate natural harbors in the world, as well as being the busiest port in the world as the Ports of New York and New Jersey are contained within it.

An “estuary” is defined as a partially-enclosed, coastal body of brackish water, which is water that is salty, dirty & unpleasant, with one or more rivers flowing into it, and a connection to the open sea.

Also known as the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, it is described as a harbor system of bays and tidal rivers where the Hudson, Hackensack, Rahway, Passaic and Raritan Rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean.

To the southeast, the Lower New York Bay that is part of the harbor system opens into the New York Bight in the Atlantic Ocean.

The New York Bight is described as a roughly triangular indentation along the Atlantic Coast of the northeastern United States from Cape May, New Jersey, to Montauk Point on the Eastern tip of Long Island.

“Bight” is the term given to a concave bend or curvature in a coastline.

The Hudson Valley Shelf, also known as the Hudson Canyon, is an underwater canyon that begins at the shallow outlet of the estuary at the mouth of the Hudson River, said to begin as a natural channel.

The size of the Hudson Canyon is comparable to the Grand Canyon, the largest known canyon off the East Coast, and one of the largest underwater canyons in the world.

My question is: Was this canyon always underwater?

And is it a natural or man-made landform?

With regards to the possibility that the Hudson Canyon was man-made, and since the Grand Canyon was mentioned in comparison to the Hudson Canyon, it is important to mention that the Grand Canyon has a few notable points of information to bring up here.

One is that the Grand Canyon has formations with Egyptian names, like the Isis Temple, the Osiris Temple, and the Temple of Set, and that these formations and others correlate with stars in the Orion Constellation.

Another is that an article appeared in the Arizona Gazette in 1909 that an explorer in the Grand Canyon had stumbled upon Egyptian artifacts, but news about the discovery disappeared from public view shortly after it was published, and it has been called a hoax ever since.

The New York – New Jersey Harbor estuary system opens to Long Island Sound to the northeast.

Long Island Sound is a tidal estuary and marine sound of the Atlantic ocean.

A sound is the term given to a smaller body of water connected to a larger sea or ocean.

From west to east, Long Island Sound is 110-miles, or 180-kilometers, -long, and runs between the East River in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound.

Block Island Sound is a 10-mile, or 16-kilometer,-wide strait that separates Block Island from the coast of mainland Rhode Island to the east, and to the west, it extends to Montauk Point on the eastern tip of Long Island, as well as Plum Island, Gardiners Island, and Fishers Island, all in New York State.

More on these places in a moment.

So those are the basics of what we are told about the make-up of the New York – New Jersey Estuary.

Now I want to connect this information to the bigger picture puzzle pieces that are coming together about this region.

The first thing I want to bring forward is the ruined looking appearance of the shoreline from the South Jersey Shore on up through the Southshore of Long Island, which is the same thing as the New York Bight mentioned previously.

Here’s a closer a look at the South Jersey shoreline up to the New York-New Jersey Estuary System, so you can get a better view of what I am referring to…

…and then what the shoreline looks like going from the New York – New Jersey Estuary System across Long Island to Montauk Point.

And in spite of the marshy and wetland quality of the landscape hereabouts, this whole area is prime and valuable real estate that is, among other things, coveted by the very wealthy in our society.

This part of the world is highly prized by those of wealth and prestige.

More about this in a moment.

I have one more big-picture puzzle piece to share before I start to break this region down into smaller parts to show you its attraction to the very wealthy, and what appears to be this area’s its role as a significant place on the Earth’s grid system.

Here is the graphic I presented previously showing the location of the Pine Barrens in New Jersey, Central Long Island, and Coastal Massachusetts.

There seems to be a linear relationship between these three Pine Barren ecosystems.

Here is the linear relationship on Google Earth when I searched for the Pine Barrens in New Jersey; the Central Long Island Pine Barrens; and the Coastal Massachusetts Pine Barrens, also known as the Plymouth Pinelands- the pin is placed where that search term for each popped up.

So I am going to start breaking down this region into smaller parts at Plymouth, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, the location of the Southeastern Massachusetts Pine Barrens Alliance.

It so happens that this is the same Plymouth that was the location of the Plymouth Colony, the Pilgrim settlement founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims after they journeyed from England to the New World on the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom, as we are taught and celebrate every year in the United States at Thanksgiving.

This is the Plymouth Rock Monument in Plymouth.

The current classical monument housing was said to have been designed in 1921 by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White.

There’s a whole long back-story to Plymouth Rock itself, including there was no record from the pilgrim fathers themselves about landing on a particular rock; attention was first brought to the rock that became Plymouth Rock in 1741 when plans were being made by the residents to build a wharf that would bury it, and an elderly man came forward and said that was the “one” based on what he had been told by his father who had been there when the Pilgrims landed; that the rock had been moved and split and all kinds of stuff; and that the current Plymouth Rock is estimated to weigh ten tons.

One more thing related to the Pilgrims before I move on is the Pilgrim Monument in Provincetown, Massachusetts, on the northern end of Cape Cod that I was made aware of by a viewer.

It was said to have been built between 1907 and 1910 to commemorate the first landfall of the Pilgrims in 1620 and the signing of the Mayflower Compact in Provincetown Harbor.

It is a bell-tower, and the tallest, all-granite structure in the United States, and said to have been modelled after the Torre del Mangia in Siena, Italy, which is said to have been designed in 1309.

Back to the Southeastern Massachusetts Coastal Pine Barrens, or SEMBP.

The Southeastern Massachusetts Pine Barren Association is headquartered at The Center at Center Hill Preserve in Plymouth.

The SEMBP on land extendeds from Duxbury to Provincetown along the Cape Cod Bay shoreline, covering Cape Cod, the Elizabeth Islands, Nantucket Island and Martha’s Vineyard, and inland includes Southeastern Massachusetts, including Plymouth and surrounding communities.

We are told the geologic foundation for the rare Pine Barren ecosystem of Coastal Massachusetts was the result of outwash from the last glacial maximum, which took place somewhere between 26,500 to 19,000 years ago, and left thick glacial deposits of sand and gravel.

This brings us to a series of noteworthy islands off the coast of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York.

First, the Elizabeth Islands, Martha’s Vineyard, and Nantucket Island off the coast of Massachusetts.

The Elizabeth Islands are a small chain of islands off the southern coast of Cape Cod, on the southern edge of Buzzard Bay, and is separated from Martha’s Vineyard by Vineyard Sound.

They were formally laid claim to and settled by colonizers in the name of the British Crown in 1641, and named for Queen Elizabeth I.

That same year, in 1641, Thomas Mayhew the Elder of Watertown, Massachusetts bought the Elizabeth Islands – along with Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket – from the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander, who was involved in the Scottish colonization of Port Royal in Nova Scotia and Long Island, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, naval, military commander, and Governor of the Port of Plymouth in England.

Gorges was known as the “Father of English Colonization in North America.

All of the Elizabeth Islands, with the exception of Cuttyhunk and Penikese, are privately-owned by the Forbes family, a wealthy American family of Scottish descent long prominent in Boston.

The family’s original fortune came largely from trading opium and tea between North America and China in the 19th-century.

Forbes family members include businessman John Murray Forbes, among other things a railroad magnate and President of the Michigan Central Railroad, and the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad in the 1850s; and John Forbes Kerry, present-day politician, and the Secretary of State in President Obama’s second administration, and currently the U. S. Special Presidential Envoy for climate.

Martha’s Vineyard, an island located south of Cape Cod, is a popular summer colony for the wealthy.

Martha’s Vineyard, along with the adjacent Chappaquiddick Island, another small island off the coast of Martha’s Vineyard called “Noman’s Land,” and the Elizabeth Islands together comprise Massachusetts’ Dukes County.

First, a little bit about Martha’s Vineyard.

Martha’s Vineyard, as of the 2010 Census, had a year-round population of approximately 17,500 people, and in the summer months the population grows to somewhere around 100,000.

In a study by the Martha’s Vineyard Commission, the Cost-of-Living on the island was found to be 60% higher than the national average, and the cost of housing 96% higher.

The origin of the name is unknown, though it is speculated that it was named after a “Martha” relative of the English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold, who led the first recorded European expedition to Cape Cod in 1602.

Also known originally as “Noepe,” the island was referred to as “Cappawock” in the 1691 Massachusetts Charter, and which is retained in the name of the “Capawock Theater” in Vineyard Haven.

Vineyard Haven was named the #1 most expensive town in the United States by Lending Tree in 2021.

When the European colonizers arrived, the island was inhabited by the Wampanoag, the Algonquin indigenous people of eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts.

There is something interesting to note about the Algonquin language.

It is extremely hard to find this kind of information because of the hunter-gatherer theme going on with indigenous peoples of North America in the narrative, but I found an example in the written language script of the Algonquin Mikmaq people of Nova Scotia, and it is that of an apparent connection to the Egyptian language script.

The Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, or Aquinnah, on Martha’s Vineyard is one of only two federally-recognized Wampanoag Tribes, the other one being the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, headquartered in Mashpee on Cape Cod.

The Wampanoag on Martha’s Vineyard are headquartered in Aquinnah on the southwest tip of Martha’s Vineyard, part of the lands where they have lived for thousands of years which were dispossessed by English settlers encroaching on their lands.

Aquinnah, which was incorporated as a town named Gay Head, between 1870 and 1997, is the location of the Aquinnah Cliffs.

The Aquinnah Cliffs, with streams of red and orange clay mixed with sand, were said to have been formed by glaciers millions of years ago.

Not buying what they are selling.

These cliffs have a sheared-off-looking quality to them, like there is much more to this story.

The Gay Head Lighthouse located here was featured in the 1975 movie “Jaws.”

There is an interesting, and lengthy back-story to the Gay Head Lighthouse.

But long story short, at one time there were more buildings here.

Then only one, which looks like there is possibly more to it under the ground.

And that in 2015, the lighthouse structure was moved because it was perilously close to the eroding cliff edge.

Chappaquiddick Island is a small peninsula that occasionally becomes an island, and part of the town of Edgartown, on the eastern end of the Martha’s Vineyard.

Well, if you ever wondered where the Chappaquiddick of the infamous incident involving Ted Kennedy and an overturned vehicle containing the body of a woman back in July of 1969, it was right here.

The small island called “Nomans Land” is located three-miles off the southwest coast of Martha’s Vineyard.

It was used as a practice bombing range by the United States Navy between 1943 and 1996.

“Nomans Land” was transferred to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1998, at which time it became a wildlife refuge, and closed to all public use.

The island of Nantucket is 30-miles, or 50-kilometers, south of Cape Cod, and together with the islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, constitutes the Town and County of Nantucket of Massachusetts, and like Martha’s Vineyard, a summer colony for the wealthy.

The name Nantucket was said to have been adapted from a similar-sounding Algonquin name for the island of the indigenous Wampanoag people.

The National Park Service cites Nantucket as being the finest example of a late 18th- and early 19th-century New England Seaport town, and was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1966.

As mentioned previously, Nantucket was a purchased by Thomas Mayhew the Elder from the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, as a “proprietary colony,” meaning it was a type of colony owned by the Crown in which charters were granted to companies, groups or indivduals, who then selected the governors and other officials of the colony.

In 1659, Mayhew kept one share for himself, and sold an interest in the island to nine other investors, for the sum of 30 pounds and two beaver hats, and each of the ten original owners was allowed to invite a partner.

The total number of shares in the island increased as they sought to attract skilled tradesmen to come and live on the island for at least three years, and European settlement of Nantucket began in earnest.

Nantucket Island was perhaps best-known for the historical importance of its whaling industry, particularly during the 18th- up to the mid-19th-centuries.

The Great Fire of 1846 devastated the downtown business hub of Nantucket, starting in a hat store and completely destroying more than one-third of the heart of the community and economy, and leaving many homeless, in poverty, and causing them to leave the island.

Great fires (and floods for that matter) destroying the central business districts of cities and towns around the world were quite common in our historical narrative, seemingly as a way to either destroy the original infrastructure, and/or take credit for the building of it afterwards, and as well as to deliberately cause disruption and displacement.

Now moving west along the Pine Barrens line, we come to Rhode Island, where we find Newport…

…and Rhode Island’s Block Island.

Newport is a seaside city in Rhode Island’s Narragansett Bay, located 33-miles, or 53-kilometers, southeast of Providence.

The Narragansett people are an Algonquin tribe of Rhode Island.

Here is an historic photo of the Narragansett.

Their language died out in the 19th-century, though the tribe has been trying to revive it using written source material.

Across the Narragansett Bay from Newport, in the town of Narragansett, we find a stone masonry building the Towers, said to have been built between 1883 and 1886 by the ubiquitous architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White as part of a Victorian-era casino and social-elite resort facility.

Also known as the “Twin Towers,” it is all that remains after a history of disasters, including fires and hurricanes.

Newport was first incorporated as a town in 1639 by a group of nine founding English colonists, after the Colony of Rhode Island had been established in 1636 by Roger Williams, and only six-years after the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established in 1630.

Bellevue Avenue in Newport is known for its “Gilded Age Mansions.”

One definition that I found of “Gilded Age” is that it was a period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in the United States from the 1870s to 1900.

Another definition is that it was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the northern and western United States.

Perhaps the most famous of these “Gilded Age” mansions, said to have been built between 1893 and 1895 for Cornelius Vanderbilt II in Newport was known as “The Breakers.”

It was said to have been patterned after a Renaissance Palace, and built with marble imported from Italy and Africa, as well as rare wood and mosaics from countries around the world.

The U. S. Navy has a significant presence here, including Naval Station Newport…

…and during the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations, Newport was the location of “Summer White Houses.”

Next, a look at Rhode Island’s Block Island, in the Block Island Sound I mentioned previously that is adjacent to Long Island Sound of the New York – New Jersey Estuary System.

It is 9-miles, or 14-kilometers, south of the Rhode Island mainland, and 14-miles, or 23-kilometers, east of Long Island’s Montauk Point.

Block Island was named for Adrian Block, a Dutch privateer who was employed by the Dutch East India Company who charted the area in 1614.

New Shoreham is the only town on Block Island.

Block Island School is the only school here, teaching students from kindergarten through 12th-grade.

It was said to have been built in 1933 to replace five, one-room schoolhouses, and still use today, with some architectural changes over the years.

Mansion Beach today is a secluded beach on the island’s northeast coast, known for its white sand and big waves.

It was so-named because there was a mansion once here, said to have been designed by Massachusetts architect Edward F. Searles as a dream home for he and his wife, the widow of San Francisco Central Pacific Railroad magnate Mark Hopkins and constructed between 1886 and 1888.

Searle’s wife, Mary Hopkins Searle, was often referred to as the richest woman in America, and shortly after they married, she bequeathed him her entire fortune.

Searles was one of those architects credited with the design of other monumental architecture, including, but not limited to, the interior design for the Kellogg Terrace, known today as Searles Castle, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, said to be one of America’s great masterpieces of gothic and Neo-Renaissance architecture built in 1883 by Stanford White of the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, the same architectural firm credited with the classical design of the Plymouth Rock Monument.

Sure looks to me like Searles Castle sits atop a star fort base, compared with Fort Loreto, a star fort in Puebla, Mexico, on the right.

Searles was credited with the design of the giant nave which still houses one of the largest pipe organs built in a residence in the United States.

At any rate, after having been abandoned for years, the Searle Mansion back on Block Island burned down in the 1960s, and was never rebuilt.

Block Island has thirteen distinct beaches.

This rocky beach is a clothing optional beach below the Mohegna Bluffs, which like the Aquinnah Cliffs back on Martha’s Vineyard, have a sheared-off-looking quality to them.

The huge rocks found here also look megalithic, like they were shaped and cut.

The island’s Southeast Lighthouse is situated atop of the Mohegna Bluffs.

The Southeast Lighthouse was said to have been built in 1874 in the Gothic Revival architectural style.

It is considered one of the most architecturally sophisticated lighthouses built in the United States in the 19th-century, and is the tallest lighthouse in New England.

Things in common with the Gay Head Lighthouse on the Aquinnah Cliffs back on Martha’s Vineyard include:

A top-heavy appearance and ground-level windows, making it look like there is more to this structure hidden underground…

…there used to be more buildings here…

…and this lighthouse was apparently moved away from the edge of the bluff due to  erosion as well.

Hmmmm.

“Curioser and Curioser,” as Alice in Wonderland famously once said.

The current Block Island North Lighthouse built of granite and iron was said to have been constructed in 1867, which would have been two years after the end of the American Civil War.

The lighthouse was deactivated in 1973 and acquired by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

After being neglected for years, in 1984, the lighthouse and two-acres of land were sold to the town of Shoreham for $1.

It was renovated and first re-lit in 1989, and a museum opened in the first-floor in 1993, and then re-lit again in 2009 after further restoration of the light itself.

Before I move on to Long Island, I want take a look at the other islands located in Block Island Sound, which are Plum Island, Gardiners Island, and Fishers Island, all in New York State.

Plum Island is an island that is part of Southold in Suffolk County, New York, and located in Gardiners Bay, off the eastern end of Long Island’s North Fork peninsula on the eastern end of Long Island.

Plum Island is owned by the United States government, and access to it controlled by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security.

We are told Plum Island was called “Manittuwond” by the historical indigenous Pequot Nation of Connecticut.

This opens up a murky area regarding the people who lived here because their true history has been suppressed in our historical narrative.

The Pequot Nation is indigenous to Connecticut.

The Pequot Nation was classified extinct by colonial authorities after the Pequot Wars that took place between 1636 and 1638, effectively decimating them as a viable tribe, as survivors were either sold into slavery to colonists in the West Indies or Bermuda, otherwise taken captive, or absorbed into other tribes.

Of 5 Pequot tribes in existence today, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe is the only one that is federally-recognized…

…and, for example, the Eastern Pequot Tribal nation is state-recognized but not federally-recognized.

Mohegan-Pequot was an Algonquin-language spoken by the Mohegan, Pequot, and Niantic people of southern New England, and the Montaukett and Shinnecock of Long Island.

The last living speaker of Mohegan-Pequot died in 1908.

We are told that historically Mohegan-Pequot did not have a writing system, and that the only significant writings came from European colonizers who interacted with speakers of the language.

I am quite sure that James Fenimore Cooper’s “Last of the Mohicans,” first published in 1826, was an early novel introducing and reinforcing the new historical narrative.

Back to Plum Island.

So what we are told is that the Montaukett Grand Sachem Wyandanch of eastern Long Island was said to have sold Plum Island in 1659 to Samuel Wyllys, the son of Connecticut’s governor George Wyllys, for “…a coat, a barrel of biscuits, and 100 fish-hooks.”

Plum Island is only 17-miles, or 27-kilometers, south-southeast of Lyme, Connecticut, the place which gave “Lyme Disease” its name.

The origin story of the disease goes like this:

A mysterious ailment afflicted a group of people in and around Lyme, Connecticut, in the 1970s, and that the cause of Lyme Disease was found to be a form of spiral-shaped bacteria transmitted by the bite of a certain kind of tick.

Lyme Disease causes symptoms like a rash, flu-like symptoms, joint-pain and weakness, among others.

Coincidentally…or not…there is a National Disease Center on Plum Island, which was established in 1954 by the United States Department of Agriculture.

The facility maintains laboratories up to biosafety-level 3, which involves microbes which can cause serious and potentially lethal disease by inhalation.

Fort Terry on Plum Island was said to have been built in 1897 as part of the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound, and used intermittently through the end of World War II.

Then in 1952, Fort Terry became a military animal and biological warfare research facility, and in 1954, moved to civilian control as mentioned previously.

The granite lighthouse on the western end of Plum Island, said to have been built and in-service in 1869, looks a lot like the North Lighthouse on Block Island, but unlike the North Lighthouse, it is not open to the public, and access to the Plum Island lighthouse is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security for community stakeholders on a case-by-case basis.

The Plum Island Lighthouse is on one side of “the “Plum Gut,” the mile-wide entrance to Long Island Sound, known for having extremely strong tidal currents.

There is another Lighthouse on the other side of the “Plum Gut,” called the “Orient Long Beach Bar Light,” at the easternmost end of the Long Island’s North Fork.

It was said to have been destroyed by fire in 1963; rebuilt in 1990; and reactivated for navigation in 1993.

Next, I am going to check out Gardiners Island in the Block Island Sound.

Gardiners Island is a small island located in Gardiners Bay between the North and South Forks of Long Island.

The island has been owned by the Gardiner family since 1659, when Lion Gardiner, an English engineer and colonist who founded the first English Settlement in New York here, and said to have purchased it from the Montaukett Grand Sachem Wyandanch, this time for “…a large black dog, some powder and shot, and a few Dutch blankets.”

Wyandanch died that same year, and after his death, the title of “Grand Sachem” went into decline and was eliminated by the colonists after they conquered the region of what was known as “New Netherlands” at the time.

What I am able to find in a search is that the title “Sachem” was the title given to a Native American Chief, in particular the chief of a confederation of Algonquin tribes.

“Sagamore” was the title given to a chief or leader of the Algonquins.

This selection from William Wood’s book was of a map showing the plantations along Massachusetts Bay, and the word or name Sagamore is showing in several places.

William Wood’s book from 1639 was entitled: “New Englands Prospect” and called “A true, lively and experimentall description of that part of America commonly called New England; discovering the state of that Countrie, both as it stands to our new-come English Planters; and to the old native inhabitants. Laying down which that which might enrich the knowledge of the mind-travelling reader, or benefit the future voyager.”

While not under the jurisdiction of the Colonies of Connecticut or Rhode Island, Gardiners Island did fall under the jurisdiction of William Alexander, the 1st Earl of Stirling, who had been given Long Island by the King Charles I of England in 1636, and who required that Gardiner gain approval of his land grant, which he did in 1639 with a royal patent giving him the right to possess the land forever, and given the title of “Lord of the Manor.”

Gardiners Island is a little over 5-square-miles, or 13.4-kilometers-squared, and has more than 1,000 acres of old growth forest, considered by some to be the largest old-growth forest on the northeast coast of the United States.

Passed down through the Gardiner family for over 380-years, the Gardiner mansion on the island is considered to be the oldest family estate in America.

The windmill on Gardiners Island was said to have been built in 1795, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Next, Fishers Island is a part of Southold, New York, at the end of Long Island Sound, located in close proximity to Connecticut and Rhode Island as well.

Named Munnawtawkit by the Pequot, it was said to have been named “Vischer’s Island” by the Adrian Block in 1614 after one of his companions.

John Winthrop the Younger, son of the Massachusetts Bay Colony – which was established in 1630 – founder and Governor John Winthrop, received a grant of Fisher’s Island in 1640.

Winthrop the Younger, who first became Governor of Connecticut in 1657, was said to have used the island to raise sheep and wool, and make bricks, and that after his death, his son leased the island to a farmer from England who established the system of cultivation on the island that was used for the next 200 years.

The island was privately held by the Winthrop family until 1863, then owned privately by others until 1879, when a joint-commission for Connecticut and New York reiterated the New York had legal title to Fisher’s Island, even though it has closer ties to Connecticut because of its proximity.

Between 1783 and 1909, brick-making was the only industry on the island because of the clay-pits there, and at its peak in the 1880s, the brickyard was believed to be the largest in the country, with a production capacity of 18-million bricks per year.

Horse-drawn railroad cars were used to transport clay produced by hundreds of miners wielding shovels to the brick presses.

Okay, so that’s what they tell us, anyway!

Since the 1920s, Fishers Island has been a playground for the social register set that includes the Rockefellers, duPonts, Whitneys, and Roosevelts, and two-thirds of the island is off-limits to everyone except residents and their guests.

The social centers of Fishers Island are two private, exclusive clubs that rarely allow outsiders in – the Fishers Island Club and the Hay Harbor Club.

The Fishers Island Club is located near the eastern end of Fishers Island, and has an 18-hole golf course, said to have been designed by Seth Raynor and opened in 1926, that was ranked in 2009 as ninth in “Golf Digest” of the top 100 golf courses in the world.

The Hay Harbor Club was established in 1909, and is on the western end of Fishers Island.

Among other things, it has a 9-hole golf course said to have been designed by George Strath and opened in 1898.

There is a good view of the Race Rock Lighthouse from the Hay Harbor Club.

The Race Rock Lighthouse is on Race Rock Reef, a dangerous set of rocks on Long Island Sound, and the site of many shipwrecks.

The light has been automated since 1878.

It was said to have been designed by American author, artist and engineer Francis Hopkinson Smith, and built between 1871 and 1878.

Smith, along with being a prolific wrter and painter, was also credited with building the foundation for the Statue of Liberty.

Fishers Island is surrounded by nine smaller islands, like the privately-owned North Dumpling Island, where the North Dumpling Island Lighthouse is located.

The North Dumpling Lighthouse was said to have been built in 1849, then rebuilt in 1871, and deactivated in 1959.

The navigational aid replacing the lighthouse is the metal tower near the lighthouse.

How about all those megalithic stones!

And are those columns I see?

There is a lot more to find here on Fishers Island, but I am going to move on to Long Island where there is a lot to find as well.

Suffolk County on Long Island’s East End is comprised of six main townships – East Hampton; Southampton, which includes Westhampton; Shelter Island; Southold; Riverhead; and Brookhaven, and includes the Long Island Central Pine Barrens.

I am only going to highlight a noteworthy thing or two found in these places as there is so much to find in eastern Long Island.

The towns of East Hampton and Southampton together are what are known as “The Hamptons,” another one of the historical summer colonies of the wealthy elite in our society.

The township of East Hampton is on the eastern end of Long Island’s South Shore.

East Hampton includes the following hamlets: Montauk, Springs, Wainscott, Amagansett, part of Sag Harbor, and jurisdiction over the privately-owned Gardiners Island.

The hamlet of Montauk is on the eastern end of Long Island’s South Fork.

The Montauk Point Light is on Turtle Hill at the easternmost tip of Long Island, and not only was it said to be the first built within the State of New York, it was said to be the first public works project in the new United States having been authorized by Congress because the port of New York City was the first in the nation in volume in foreign shipping, and shippers were said to have needed a lighthouse at the end of Long Island to guide them along the south side into New York Harbor.

It is said to be the fourth-oldest active lighthouse in the United States, and also a privately-run museum.

We are told that construction of the lighthouse was authorized by the Second United States Congress in April of 1792 under President George Washington, and that Ezra L’Hommedieu, a prominent lawyer and politician local to the area, chose the location and designed the lighthouse, and that the lighthouse was built between July and November of 1796.

The U. S. Army took over the lighthouse during World War II, and opened Camp Hero, or Montauk Air Force Station, in 1942, adjacent to the lighthouse.

The remnants of Camp Hero are said to be four gun-battery casements, emplacements and concrete fire control towers at the nearby Camp Hero State Park today.

Now, here’s something interesting.

Camp Hero on Montauk Point is alleged to be the location of the Montauk Project, a series of U. S. Government projects with the purpose of developing things like psychological warfare techniques, like MK Ultra, and time-travel research, among others.

We are entering a place on Earth where so-called “Conspiracy Theories” abound, and the Montauk Project is the first of several examples.

The Conspiracy-Theory Montauk Project was the inspiration for the Netflix show “Stranger Things…”

…which was originally billed as “Montauk.”

So far on the East End of Long Island, there was a known Biological Warfare Laboratory on tightly-controlled Plum Island just off-shore in Long Island Sound, and an alleged Psychological Warfare and Time Travel Research Laboratory at Montauk Point’s Camp Hero.

What else could there possibly be here on Long Island’s East End?

Let’s see what comes up.

Southampton, which includes Westhampton, is partially located on the South Fork, and stretches west along the coastline.

Southampton was founded in 1640 by a group of ten settlers from Lynn, Massachusetts, who obtained land from the Shinnecock Nation by signing a lease, and the town grew quickly and over the next few years, established an early whaling industry here.

The Algonquin Shinnecock Nation’s reservation is in Southampton, and we are told, among thirteen indian tribes on Long Island, largely based on kinship.

In 2005, the Shinnecock filed a lawsuit against the State of New York seeking return of 3,500 acres, or 14 km-squared, in Southampton, and billions of dollars for damages, challenging the State Legislature’s approval of an 1859 sale of 3,500 acres of tribal land.

The disputed land included the Shinnecock Hills Golf Course.

In 2006, the court ruled against the Shinnecock Nation, however, finding the lawsuit was barred by laches, or a lack of diligence or activity for making a legal claim or moving forward with legal enforcement of a right.

They did finally receive federal recognition in 2010, after a 30-year effort that included suing the Department of the Interior.

Their historic neighbors to the East on Long Island, the Montauks, or Montauketts, once resided in large numbers on the eastern end of Long Island.

In 1910, a Judge ruled that the Montauks no longer existed as a tribe and were disenfranchised from their ancestral lands.

Today the Montauk are actively working towards the reversal of this decision, as well as the revitalization of their language and culture.

Interesting to note there is a “Pharoah” surname amongst the Montauks.

This a painting of David Pharaoh of the royal family of the Montauk tribe.

He lived between 1835 and died on July 18th of 1878. He was buried in the Indian Field Cemetery on the old reservation lands on East Lake Drive in Montauk.

Princess Pocahontas Pharaoh was born on February 15th of 1878, the last Montauk born on the Montauk Reservation at Indian Field on Montauk Point, a year before the reservation was sold.

She was the youngest daughter of King David Pharaoh and Queen Maria Fowler Pharaoh of the Montauk Tribe.

The King of the tribe always came from the Pharaoh family.

Pocahontas Pharaoh was born in the middle of efforts by Arthur Benson and the Long Island Railroad to force the Montauks off their Land.

Benson purchased Montauk in October of 1879 for $151,000 and allowed the railroad to expand its rail service through it.

In 1897, King Wyandanch Pharaoh, Pocahontas’ brother went to court to try to get the Montauk land back and fought until 1910, at which time a New York court held that the Montauk Tribe was extinct and stripped the nation of its tribal lands.

Interesting side-note that at least in the Romance languages, the word for lighthouse includes the root sound of “Far”:

In Italian, the word for lighthouse is “Faro…”

In Spanish, it is the same word “Faro…”

In French, the word for lighthouse is “Phare…”

In Portuguese, it is “Farol…”

And in Romanian, “Far.”

They are spelled and sound like they are related to the word “Pharaoh,” which we are told was the common title for monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty, starting in 3,150 BC, up to the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BC.

Throwing this information in for consideration since both a lighthouse and pharaohs are found on Montauk Point.

Southampton is on the eastern side of the Long Island Central Pine Barrens, and the Central Pine Barrens Planning Commission is in Westhampton Beach, on the western side of Southampton.

…where you find the Westhampton dunes…

…considered prime land and luxury real estate for those that can afford it…

…and canals, like the Moneybogue Canal, which requires dredging to get rid of the sediment at the bottom of the waterway.

The Long Island Central Pine Barrens is called Long Island’s largest natural area and last remaining wilderness.

The Pine Barrens recharge a federally-designated sole source aquifer for Long Island’s fresh drinking water, which comes from groundwater wells.

Almost all of Long Island’s Peconic and Carmans Rivers, and their watersheds, two of the four major rivers here, are in the Pine Barrens.

The Peconic River drains an area between the Harbor Hill Moraine, flowing into Flanders Bay, and connecting to Peconic Bay, the bay between Long Island’s North and South Forks, east of Riverhead.

It originates in bogs and wetlands in Central Long Island, and is freshwater until it becomes an estuary in Riverhead, a town and township on the northern edge of the Pine Barrens.

The Harbor Hill Moraine that skirts the North Shore of Long Island was said to have resulted from advancing glaciers 18,000 years ago…

…and named for Harbor Hill in Roslyn, New York, the highest point in Nassau County, where the Harbor Hill Mansion was said to have been built between 1899 – 1902 for the telecommunications magnate Clarence Hungerford Mackay, and designed by Stanford White of the architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White.

Next, I am going to take a look at what is found near the town of Brookhaven, which borders the Long Island Central Pine Barrens to the southwest.

The town of Brookhaven on Long Island is the namesake of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in nearby Upton, a U. S. Department of Energy Laboratory.

The Brookhaven National Laboratory is located on the site of the former Camp Upton, a U. S. Army facility first established in 1917 during World War I to house troops awaiting deployment overseas, and during World War II, it was used as an internment camp for Japanese, German, and Italian citizens living in New York or serving on merchant vessels, since the U. S. was at war with these three countries.

The Department of Energy National Laboratory was established in 1947, with a stated desire to “explore peaceful applications for atomic energy” after World War II.

The Laboratory has developed a broader mission over time, including: nuclear and high-energy physics; physics and chemistry of materials; nanoscience; energy and environmental research; national security and nonproliferation; neuroscience; structural biology; and computational sciences.

The research facilities of Brookhaven National Laboratory include the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the first and one of two operating heavy-ion colliders, and only spin-polarized proton collider ever built.

It is also said to be the only operating particle collider in the United States, as physicists study the primordial form of matter that existed in the Universe after what we are told was the “Big Bang,” a physical theory about an event that describes how the Universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.

The worlds’ other operating heavy-ion collider is the Large Hadron Collider, also known as CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland.

In addition to the RHIC, the Brookhaven hosts the National Synchrotron Light Source II, designed to produce x-rays 10,000-times brighter than the original National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

We are told it supports basic and advanced energy technologies in a wide-variety of applications, from nano-catalyst-based fuel cells to economical use of solar energy in high-temperature superconductors in a high-capacity and high-reliability electric grid.

So, along with biological warfare research at Plum Island and psychological warfare and time travel research with the Montauk Project at Camp Hero, we have the Brookhaven National Laboratories on Long Island’s East End studying things likeatomic and high-energy physics.

Going in a southwesterly direction on Long Island, we come to the long and narrow Great South Bay.

The Great South Bay is described as a lagoon that is 45-miles, or 72-kilometers-, long, and has an average depth of a little over 4-feet, or 1.2-meters, and is 20-feet, or 6-meters, at its deepest.

I am sure there is a lot more to find here if I dig around, but I will share this book cover and say that during the so-called Gilded Age, the Vanderbilts, Roosevelts, Whitneys, Morgans, and Woolworths were said to have built summer mansions on the South Shore.

Southwest of the Great South Bay, we come to Jamaica Bay, called a partially man-made and partially natural estuary on the western tip of Long Island, and containing numerous marshy islands.

John F. Kennedy International Airport is on the northeast side of Jamaica Bay.

Interestingly, there is a rapid transit line of the New York subway system that operates here, the IND Rockaway Line that runs between the Aqueduct Racetrack Station terminal, also close to the airport in a short-distance, straight-line alignment, and the Rockaway Park-Beach 116th Street Station terminal.

West of Jamaica Bay, we come to Brighton Beach, where we find megalithic rocks strewn about on the beach…

…and the explanation we are given for faces amongst the rocks was that there was a mystery artist in the 1970s who carved them.

There were three major historic amusement parks with Moorish-looking infrastructure/architecture on Brooklyn’s Coney Island Peninsula west of Brighton Beach – Dreamland, Luna Park, and Steeplechase Park.

Dreamland was the third and last of the three original parks said to have been built on Coney Island in the early 19th-century, and founded by successful Brooklyn real estate developer and former State Senator William H. Reynolds as a refined and elegant competitor to the chaotic noise of Luna Park, opening in May of 1904.

The location of Dreamland was near the West Eighth Street subway station opposite Culver Depot.

Everything at Dreamland was touted to be bigger than Luna Park, including the larger Electric Tower, and four times as many incandescent lights than Luna Park.

Dreamland’s life on Coney Island was ended only 7-years after opening.

On May 27th of 1911, a fire started at the Hell Gate attraction the night before the season’s opening day, and spread quickly, completely destroying the park by morning.

Coney Island’s Luna Park was said to have opened in 1903, and operated until 1944.

We are told the park’s architectural style was an oriental theme, with over 1,000 red and white painted spires, minarets, and domes on buildings constructed on a grand scale.

All the domes, spires, and towers were lit-up at night with several 100,000 incandescent lights.

In the middle of the lake at the center of the park was a 200-foot, or 61-meter, tall Electric Tower that was decorated with 20,000 incandescent lamps, said to be a smaller version of the Electric Tower featured in the 1901 Pan American Exposition in Buffalo.

Luna Park was accessible from Culver Depot, the terminals of the West End and Sea Beach Streetcar and Railroad lines.

Over the years, Luna Park would continue under different management, with constant changes.

The end of Luna Park came with two fires in 1944, one in August and one in October, which destroyed the park, and in 1946, the whole park was demolished.

There has been a Luna Park operating near the original location since 2010 that has no connection to the 1903 park.

Steeplechase Park on Coney Island was said to have been created by entrepreneur George Tilyou in 1897.

The entrance to Steeplechase Park had a grand archway, the top of which was decorated with four horses.

The park included over 50 attractions on its midway alone.

In Steeplechase Park’s history between its opening in 1897 and closing in 1964, there were things like fires, rebuilding, rides added, and so on.

The only remaining structure from Steeplechase Park is the defunct Parachute Jump, next to Maimonades Park, the location of a minor league baseball stadium.

When I was doing research for my recent blog post “Star Forts, Gone-Bye Trolley Parks and Lighthouses of New York’s Hudson River Valley & New York Bays…”

…I found that between the entrance to the lower New York Bay at the Atlantic Ocean to the locations around the George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River alone, there were eleven historical star forts that are in pairs and/or clusters; five major historic trolley amusement parks; and eleven lighthouses.

I found a lot more up the Hudson River from here.

I even found the John D. Rockefeller Estate known as Kykuit near Tarrytown.

Situated on the highest point in Pocantino Hills, the Rockefeller Estate was said to have been built in 1913.

Continuing to track the coastline heading south down the Jersey Shore from Coney Island, we come to the Navesink Twin Lights on the headlands of the Navesink Highlands, overlooking Sandy Hook Bay, at the entrance to the New York Harbor and the Atlantic Ocean.

Navesink was also the name of the Lenape people who inhabited the Raritan Bayshore near Sandy Hook in the scenic highlands in eastern New Jersey.

Much like the other stories we have been told about these places I have looked at along the way, the story goes that the Navesink lands were sold by Navesink elders to a group of Dutch businessmen for wampum and goods in March of 1664, the first and largest land sale deal along the Jersey Shore between Native Americans and Europeans, and that the Navesink received in return for their land things like 5 coats; one gun; 12-pounds of tobacco; and 10 gallons of liquor.

The Navesink Twin Lights were said to have been built in 1862.

The American Civil War is said to have taken place between 1861 to 1865, so we are expected to believe this solid masonry structure was built during war-time.

To the west of the Navesink Twin Lights on the Highlands overlooking Sandy Hook is a town called Sayreville, located at the mouth of the Raritan River where it enters Raritan Bay in the New York – New Jersey Estuary System.

Sayreville received its final naming from James Sayre, Jr, of Newark, one of the two co-founders of the Sayre and Fisher Brick Company in 1850.

Like Fishers Island, there are extensive clay deposits in the area, and the Sayre and Fisher Company quickly became one of the largest brick-making companies in the world.

Big companies including, but not limited to, DuPont established plants in Sayreville for gunpowder production initially in 1898, and later for paint and photo products.

The Raritan River Railroad operated freight and passenger service through here between 1888 and 1980, after which time Conrail took over rail operations.

This the logo for the Raritan River Railroad…

…and this is the logo for Rolls Royce.

The similarity between these two logos tells me these two companies were likely connected in some way. Besides the fact the logos look virtually identical, it brings to mind what I found in Derby, England.

I found Derby near the Algiers’ Circle Alignment as I was tracking it through England.

Derby is the geographic center of England, and the Derwent River Valley in Derbyshire is considered the Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.

Rolls-Royce is a global aerospace, defense, energy, and marine company focused on world-class power and propulsion systems, and its civil aerospace and nuclear divisions are in Derby…

…as well as the Railway Technical Center, the technical headquarters of British Rail, and considered the largest railway research complex in the world.

There are certainly interconnecting pieces of the puzzle to be found lying around these tidbits of seemingly disconnected information.

Were they all working together to bring already existing railroad infrastructure back on-line?

Interesting to note that I found the Ames Shovel Shop in Easton, Massachusetts, several years ago when I was tracking a long-distance alignment starting and ending in Washington, DC.

In 1803, the Ames Shovel Works was established in Easton.

It became nationally known for providing the shovels for the Union Pacific Railroad, which opened the west. It was said to have been the world’s largest supplier of shovels in the 19th-century.

Brothers Oliver Ames, Jr, and Oakes Ames (b. 1807 – d. 1877) were co-owners of the Ames Shovel Shop.

Oliver was also the President of the Union Pacific Railroad from when it met the Central Pacific Railroad in Utah for the completion of the first Transcontinental Railroad in North America.

Oakes was a member of the U. S. Congress House of Representatives from Massachusetts 2nd District from 1863-1873. He is credited by many as being the most important influence in building the Union Pacific portion of the first Transcontinental Railroad.

He was also known for his involvement in the Credit-Mobilier Scandal of 1867, regarding the improper sale of stock of the railroad’s construction company.

He was formally censured by Congress in 1873 for this involvement, and he died in the same year.

He was exonerated by the Massachusetts State Legislature on May 10th, 1883, the 10th-Anniversary of the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad.

As we return to the New Jersey Pine Barrens following this linear alignment of Atlantic Coastal Pine Barrens, there are a couple of more things in this area that I would like to bring to your attention.

Ong is a ghost town that falls on the Atlantic Coastal Pine Barren alignment, keeping in mind that the places pinned are where each term came up on the Google Earth search.

Ong, or Ong’s Hat, is a ghost town in the Brandon T. Byrne State Forest, and the northern terminus of the Batona Trail, a 53.5-mile, or 86.1-kilometer, hiking trail through the Pine Barrens.

Ong’s Hat was also considered one of the earliest, internet-based, conspiracy theories.

Ong’s Hat is also listed as the first Alternate Reality Game (ARG) on many lists of ARGs.

We are told that “Ong’s Hat” was a work of alternate-reality collaborative fiction, beginning back in the 1980s and embedded in various media to establish a backstory – like bulletin boards, xerox mail art networks, and zines – and that author Joseph Matheny concluded the project.

The Ong’s Hat tale is told about a group of physics and science professors from Princeton who ran chaos theory and quantum physics experiments from an ashram there to travel interdimensionally through a device called “The Egg,” and they were camped out in another world.

“The Egg” was said to have been developed by these physicists and scientists as a sensory deprivation chamber, and used by them to determine when a wave becomes a particle.

One day “The Egg” disappeared, and the young man within explained that in the seven-minutes he was gone, he had travelled to an alternate dimension of the Earth.

According to the story about “Ong’s Hat,” these experiments continued over the years, until the military threatened their research, at which time they moved entirely in to the alternate dimension, only coming back for supplies.

“The Egg?” Great Egg Harbor? I don’t know if there is a connection. Just curious….

What we are told is that Great Egg Harbor was named “Eyren Haven” in Dutch by the Dutch Explorer Cornelius May, for whom Cape May was named sometime around 1614 for all the birds laying eggs he observed here.

Philadelphia is located in close proximity to Ong and the New Jersey Pine Barrens, so let’s take a look at the Philadelphia Experiment and see what we are told about that.

World War II started on September 1st in 1939, and ended on September 2nd in 1945 – exactly six years later.  It is considered the deadliest conflict in human history.

Almost halfway through World War II, on July 22nd, 1942, the strange Philadelphia experiment was alleged to have taken place at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. 

Did the USS Eldridge just become invisible? 

Or did it go somewhere else? 

And if it went somewhere else, where might it have gone?

What was the real purpose of the Philadelphia Experiment?

What if the USS Eldridge went back in time, and created a rip in the fabric of space-time?

Personally I think it was a deliberate manipulation of the original civilization’s energy grid system in order to create a rip in the fabric of space-time, and that a new artificial timeline was somehow inserted.

At the very least, I believe this rip allowed great evil in the form of parasitic non-human souls to incarnate in human form on the Earth, and subsequently created the conditions for the world we are living in today.   More on this in a moment.

I have postulated for several years that the years 1492 and 1942 are the boundary years of a new timeline called Rome, with 1717 as the midpoint year, and a new history was grafted on to the existing infrastructure on the Earth, and falsely attributed in the new historical narrative. 

For some reason, the conspiracy theories I have mentioned of have come back into form to be consumed by the public as shows like the previously “Stranger Things” based on the Montauk Project, or movies like “The Final Countdown,” a 1980 movie where a time-travelling naval vessel in the form of the USS Nimitz goes back in time to the day before the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th of 1941.

I think this is because the negative beings have to tell us what they are doing to gain our consent for their actions, but they don’t tell us they are telling us, and instead relying on such methods as predictive programming like this in order to gain our tacit consent (since we don’t know they are telling us something) rather than informed consent. 

Predictive programming is defined as:  Storylines, or even subtle images, that in retrospect seem to hint at events that actually end up happening in the real world.

As part of my journey going deep into this research, I was guided through a psychic friend in 2019 to look at Ireland in 1742 in my research.

As we were visiting, she received an image of Ireland that was white, cold and frozen on one side of 1742, and bright and sunny on the other.

So I searched for what happened in the year 1742 on the internet, and only two things came up.

The first was that Dublin, Ireland, was the location for the premier of George Frederick Handel’s Messiah on April 13th, 1742.

And the only other thing that came up was an extraordinary cold weather event in Ireland between 1740 – 1741, during which time, the Irish population endured 21-months of bizarre weather without known precedent that defied conventional explanation. The cause was not known.

And Handel’s Messiah premieres in Dublin right after the extremely cold, lethal weather event???!!!

So, who shows up within a few years after the Great Frost of Ireland?

Well, in 1744 Mayer Amschel Rothschild was born in Frankfurt, Germany.  He established his banking business there in the 1760s, which became the start of an international banking family.

Starting out as a dealer in rare coins, his business grew to include a number of princely patrons, and continued to expand into an international banker and profiteer from the Napoleonic Wars.

Then on February 6th, 1748, Bavarian Illuminati-founder Adam Weishaupt was born in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. He went to a Jesuit school at the age of 7, and was initiated into Freemasonry in 1777.

Weishaupt’s radical views on Illuminism got him in trouble with the ruler in Bavaria when writings of his were intercepted and deemed seditious, and he fled to the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg under the protection of Duke Ernest II starting in 1784.

Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, was born on July 15th of 1750, and was the progenitor of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha line, which seeded the lineage of the new royals, primarily through first cousins Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, but also through direct marriage of this obscure ducal line marrying directly into other European Royal families.

King George V of Great Britain changed the name of the royal house from Saxe-Coburg & Gotha to Windsor on July 17th of 1917, supposedly due to anti-German sentiment generated by World War I.

In 1839, John D. Rockefeller, Sr. was born in the United States, the progenitor of the wealthy Rockefeller family and considered to be the wealthiest American of all time. He founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870.

Shortly after I learned about the cold-weather event in Ireland, I was connected by someone to the mud flood community.

I learned about the fantastic research that is being done by people looking at their own communities and other places, around the world, at strong evidence that there was a cataclysmic event involving a massive flood of mud, as recently as 200 – 300 years ago.

It is being called a reset event, and that photographic evidence exists that buildings, canals, rail-lines, tunnels, among other things, were purposefully dug out after the event to the point where they could be used.

The explanation of a mud flood makes a lot of sense to me based on what I am finding and seeing.

A sudden cataclysmic liquefaction event creating a flood of mud accounts for how a highly advanced worldwide civilization of giants…

…could be wiped from the face of the Earth and erased from our collective memory.

I truly believe there was at least one worldwide cataclysm, but perhaps several, that was deliberately-caused by blood-line connected families.

They were shovel-ready to dig out enough of the infrastructure of the original civilization, with a free-energy-generating grid system that was perfectly aligned with the Heavens, to restart enough of that civilization so they could take control of the new civilization, its people and its resources, and then created the conditions to destroy the whole thing, which seems to be what is playing out right now in front of our eyes.

This was Paris on December 10th of 2022, after France beat England in the World Cup match in Qatar.

This journey looking at the estuaries, pine barrens & elite enclaves of the northeast coast of the United States has provided for me what appears to be tangible evidence for what I believe has taken place here, that this powerful area for the original advanced Moorish civilization got blasted through a leyline with tremendous energy artificially running through it, and this caused the land here to be ruined and sunk.

This makes me wonder if what we are told about the sinking of Atlantis took place much more recently than we have been led to believe in our historical narrative.

And it is very interesting to note how the wealthy elite are obsessed with this region and willing to live or vacation here for an exorbitant cost-of-living, even though it is in a ruined state from what it once was.

If all this sounds crazy, remember the old saying “Truth is Stranger than Fiction.”

We have been taught and told egregious lies from cradle to grave to get us to the world we live in today.

The parasitic and multi-dimensionally aware beings behind all of this want us to believe that suffering, sickness, misery, destruction, division, and death was and is our normal state of being, and not question what we have been taught about who we are.

They are the only ones who benefit because they energetically feed on Humanity’s negative emotional states, at the same time they have sucked up all the wealth of the Earth for themselves.

“Interesting Comments & Suggestions I have Received from Viewers – Volume 12” is the last volume in this multi-volume series that wraps up a lengthy compilation of work I have previously done in following the trail of clues pointing to our hidden history provided by suggestions from viewers, and before I start going all over the place once again in a brand-new series from the suggestions you all have provided, taking me to places I would not otherwise be looking or even know about to look.

CP suggested that I look into Vancouver and Long Beach, Washington.

The city of Vancouver in Washington State is located on the north bank of the Columbia River, directly across from Portland, Oregon on the south bank.

In 1806, Lewis & Clark visited the area that became Vancouver, calling it the “only desired situation for settlement west of the Rocky Mountains.”

Fort Vancouver was established as a fur trading outpost and headquarters for the Hudson Bay Company in the Columbia Department of the Pacific Northwest. in 1825.

The fort was a major center for fur-trading in the region, with supplies coming from London via either the Pacific Ocean or overland from the Hudson Bay via the “York Factory Express…”

…the main overland connection between Hudson Bay Headquarters at York Factory, established in 1864, as a settlement and was the central base of operations for the Hudson Bay Company’s control of the fur trade and other business dealings with the First Nations’ of what was known as the time as Rupert’s Land…

…and the principal depot of the Columbia Department at Fort Vancouver, said to have been built in 1824.

Today, a full-scale replica of the fort is open to the public at the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site.

The Hudson’s Bay Company is the oldest, incorporated, joint-stock merchandising company in the English-speaking world, having been chartered on May 2nd of 1670 by King Charles II on behalf of French traders who wanted to reach the interior of the North American continent via Hudson’s Bay, and British merchants and noblemen who wanted to back the venture.

The Hudson’s Bay Company was granted wide powers, including exclusive trading rights in the lands crossed by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay.

It is still in operation today as a Canadian retail business group operating department stores in several countries.

I am first going to take a look at was in situated around the old Hudson’s Bay Company Fort Vancouver and Fort Vancouver National Historic Site.

The Hudson’s Bay Company Fort Vancouver is located right next to I-5 and the Pacific Highway Interstate Bridge, a pair of steel, vertical-lift truss bridges that carries the Interstate over the Columbia River between Vancouver and Portland.

The vertical lift spans of the bridge rise vertically while remaining parallel with the deck in order to accommodate shipping lane traffic.

Construction was said to have started in 1915 and opened in 1917 as a single bridge carrying two-way traffic.

I would like to point out that would have been in the middle of World War I, which started in 1914 and ended in 1918.

Plausible?

We are told the second bridge opened in 1958.

Pearson Field is located on the other side of the old Hudson’s Bay Company Headquarters.

It is the oldest continuously operating airfield in the Pacific Northwest, and one of the two oldest continuously operating airfields in the United States.

It is in the eastern part of the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, and right next to the reconstructed fort.

The history of Pearson Field begins with the landing of a Baldwin Airship on the grounds of the U. S. Army’s Vancouver Barracks, the first Army base in the Pacific Northwest, in 1905 as part of a demonstration during the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition.

Piloted by Lincoln Beachey, a pioneer American aviator and barnstormer, the airship was launched from the shore of Guild’s Lake in Portland, and travelled a distance of 8-miles, or 13-kilometers, setting an endurance record for flight at the time.

Directly across the Columbia River from Portland International Airport, Pearson Field’s only runway located directly below the final approach to one of the runways at the Portland Airport.

I am extremely interested in the extensive track trackage, the dark ribbons on this Google Earth screenshot, that I am seeing on both sides of the Columbia River at this location.

On the Vancouver-side of the Columbia River, there is a lot of rail activity paralleling the I-5 Interstate and the Columbia River.

The historic Vancouver Station, said to have been constructed between 1907 and 1908, and is still in use by Amtrak today by three different lines for passenger service.

The Vancouver Station is situated in a triangular junction arrangement of the three rail lines with a railroad switch at each corner, along with BNSF Railway offices, which provides freight services and has major railyards in Vancouver.

The Burlington Northern Railroad Bridge 9.6 crosses the Columbia River into Portland just below the triangular junction.

The 2,807-foot, or 856-meter, -long railroad bridge, which was said to have been built between 1906 1908, has a swing-span which pivots on its base to let taller ships pass through.

The 9.6 in the bridge’s name refers to the distance between the bridge, and Portland’s Union Station, which was said to have been built between 1890 and 1896 in the Romanesque Revival architectural style.

While Portland still has a streetcar system, it is not nearly as extensive as the streetcar system that existed in 1904, the year before Portland hosted the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition.

To put this in perspective, this was a view of Portland’s 3rd Avenue in 1904.

Lots of people walking; electric streetcars and electrical lines…and horse-drawn carriages. No cars yet. Mass production of cars didn’t come along until 1908, four-years after this photo was taken.

Oh yes, and the massive and ornate heavy-masonry buildings with columns and archways, and much more.

At one time in Vancouver’s history, the neighborhood of Sifton was the terminus of an early electric trolley operated by the North Coast Power Company that also served Orchards from 1910 to 1926, as part of the Orchards-Sifton Route that in part ran along Vancouver’s Main Street.

On the Portland-side of the Columbia River, there is also a lot of railway activity showing-up in the wester part of North Portland, all around the edges of what is called the Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area.

Along with the rail-lines, the Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area is surrounded by warehouses, port terminals, and commercial areas.

It is one the largest urban freshwater wetlands in the United States, and provides habitat for a wide variety of wildlife.

Wetlands, estuaries, marsh-lands, and the like are all on my radar of things to look for when I do research because I have come to believe they are not as advertised as a natural occurrence.

For example, when I took a look around the Smith & Bybee Wetlands Natural Area, I noticed a star fort-point-shape in the landscape.

The Bybee Lakes Hope Center is located on top of it, a homeless shelter since October of 2020.

Prior to that, it was the Wapato Jail, said to have cost $58-million to built, but which was never used as a jail because Multonomah County could not afford to operate it as such.

There is one more place I want to look at in Vancouver, Washington, before moving on to Long Beach, Washington.

The House of Providence was a former orphanage and school.

We are told that it was designed by Mother Joseph Pariseau of the Sacred Heart in the Sisters of Providence order of the Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and built in 1873.

As well as the name, not a particularly feminine-looking sister.

Mother Joseph led a group of members of her congregation to the Pacific Northwest, where they established a network of schools and healthcare for American settlers to the region.

In order to raise money for the construction of the House of Providence, Mother Joseph was said to have led begging tours through mining camps.

The House of Providence functioned as a school until 1969, and is an event venue today.

Mother Joseph was credited with the completion of eleven hospitals; seven academies; five schools for native american children; and two orphanages.

It is interesting to note that Mother Joseph was one of the two individuals chosen to represent Washington State at the National Statuary Hall in the U. S. Capitol building in Washington, DC, for her accomplishments.

Per CPs suggestion, now I am going to take a look at Long Beach, Washington, which has long been touted as the “World’s Longest Beach.”

Long Beach is recorded as having been started when Henry Harrison Tinker purchased a land claim in 1880, after which time he platted the town and called it Tinkerville.

Between 1888 and 1930, the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company, a narrow-gauge railway, ran-up the whole Long Beach Peninsula.

Between the advent of the automobile and financial difficulties, the railroad was abandoned by its owners on July 12th of 1930.

By the summer of 1931, the railroad’s physical infrastructure and rolling stock had been sold to a scrapping firm in Portland, and the rails and ties ripped up from the road-bed.

In its hey-day, Long Beach became a resort for the wealthy, where besides the Tinker Hotel, there was the historic Portland Hotel, which burned down in December of 1914 and was never replaced.

There was also the Driftwood Hotel, which no longer exists, but I can’t find a reference about what happened to it…

…

…and the Crystal Waters Natatorium, which featured indoor seawater pools for swimmers.

You can still see one of the “World’s largest frying pans” in Long Beach, an attraction there since the early 1940s.

Leadbetter Point State Park is at the tip of Long Beach Peninsula, and is a nature preserve and public recreation area.

Leadbetter Farms is a private resort, and is located just outside of Leadbetter Point State Park.

The Willapa National Wildlife Refuge borders Leadbetter Point State Park to the south of it, and is described as 11,000 acres, or 45-kilometers-squared of sand dunes, sand beaches, mudflats, grasslands, and saltwater and freshwater marshes.

The Willapa National Wildlife Refuge also has old-growth forests, like the ancient cedar grove found on Long Island in Willapa Bay.

At the southern tip of the Long Beach Peninsula, we find Fort Canby at Cape Disappointment State Park.

Fort Cape Disappointment was said to have been built on the northern side of the mouth of the Columbia River between 1863 and 1864 during the American Civil War, and was later known as Fort Canby…

…along with Fort Stevens in the same time frame on the southern side of the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon, west of Astoria, Oregon…

…and Fort Columbia, just east of Fort Canby in Washington State, and said to have been built between 1896 and 1904.

We are told these three forts constituted the “Three Fort Harbor Defense System” at the mouth of the Columbia River.

Fort Clatsop is on the Oregon-side of the Columbia River, near Fort Stevens, and was where the members of the Lewis & Clark expedition built Fort Clastrop for shelter and protection, in the winter of 1805, and to officially establish the American presence there, with the American flag flying over the fort.

I looked on Google Earth to see if I could detect the remnants of a star fort on the grounds of the Fort Clatsop National Monument, which if one was there, the remnants of it are most likely covered by trees.

Next, I am going to look at Spokane at the request of DA & BM & MH69.

Several places there were suggested.

I am going to start at the Joe Albi stadium, a former outdoor athletic stadium that was primarily used for high school football, and is currently in the process of being demolished.

A middle school is planned for the former stadium site.

This is what we are told about it.

It is located on part of what was the U. S. Army’s Baxter General Hospital, a very large hospital facility which was said to have been built starting in 1942 to accommodate the expected need for military hospital services for all branches of the military, and grew to have 400 buildings and became a self-contained community.

By the end of 1945, the hospital was closed, leaving the city of Spokane with having to do something with the location, and during which time most of the buildings and equipment were sold to outside interests and removed. Part of the location became a Veterans’ Affairs hospital, and part of it was used to construct the new stadium

Taking only four-months to build, the stadium opened as the “Spokane Memorial Stadium” for high school football games.

The stadium was renamed in 1962 for Joe Albi, an attorney and civic leader in Spokane who led the fund-raising effort the construction of the stadium.

It was in use as a sporting and concert venue over the years, with its seating capacity of 28,646, until it was permanently closed in January of 2022.

The Old Flour Mill in Spokane was said to have been built in 1895, and one of a series of mills that were built along the Spokane River Falls, and described physical reminder of the importance of water power in Spokane’s history.

It didn’t become operational, apparently, until 1900, because of the property had become the subject of an international lawsuit because of issues arising from the way it had been financed.

The old flour mill was closed in 1970, renovated, and re-opened in 1973 as the office-retail-restaurant space it is today.

The Historic Davenport Hotel is still the Grandest Hotel in Spokane.

It is a luxury hotel in downtown Spokane.

The Davenport Hotel was said to have been commissioned by a group of Spokane citizens headed by Louis Davenport, the hotel’s first proprietor.

The architect who was given credit for designing the building was Kirtland Kelsey Cutter, and it was said to have been built in 1914.

Notable features included the first hotel air conditioning in the United States; a central vacuum system; and a pipe organ.

In 1985, the Davenport was closed, and the demolition of the grand building was considered.

However, a local property developer bought the building in 2000, and restored the Davenport to its former grandeur, and it reopened as a hotel in September of 2002.

The Patsy Clark Mansion in Spokane was also attributed to the architect Kirtland Kelsey Cutter, circa 1897 – 1898, having been hired by mining millionaire Patsy Clark to replace his mansion that had been burned down in the Great Fire of Spokane in 1889.

The mansion now houses a law firm and offers private rentals for small events.

The Spokesman-Review Tower in Spokane was said to have been built starting in March of 1890, and completed the following year, and became the home of the Spokane Falls Review Newspaper.

At one point, the building was home to two newspapers and a hotel, but by the economic downturn of 1893, the main newspaper became the competing “Spokesman-Review,” which continues to occupy the Review building in the present-day.

Manito Park in Spokane was established around 1904, with the Olmsted Brothers credited with the landscaping in 1913 as part of their plan for landscaping Spokane’s parks.

There was a zoo at Manito Park until 1932, when it was closed down due to funding issues created by the Great Depression.

Manito Park contains such attractions as:

Duncan Garden, said to have been designed and built in 1913 as a European-style garden, with a large granite fountain…

…the Gaiser Conservatory, a greenhouse which has one wing housing desert plants and the other tropical plants…

…and Japanese Gardens.

Next, HW suggested that I look at the Palouse geographic region, which is comprised of southeastern Washington, northcentral Idaho, and parts of northeast Oregon.

It is a distinct geographic region, and a major agricultural area, especially for wheat and legumes.

There are four main rural centers in the Palouse that are located geographically close to each other.

Three are in Washington State – Palouse, Pullman, and Colfax – and one in Idaho – Moscow.

Palouse is a small agricultural community today, with a population of 998 in 2010.

It was founded in 1874, and incorporated in 1888, the same year it was devastated by a massive fire.

Over the next decades, Main Street was rebuilt, becoming a major pioneer-era commercial district for the region.

Here are comparison photos of Main Street circa 1916 and circa 2006.

The railroad arrived in Palouse in 1888 with the Spokane and Palouse Railroad, part of the Northern Pacific Railroad.

Then in 1903, the Potlatch Lumber Company, a subsidiary of Weyerhauser bought out several mills and timber stock in the region, including the Palouse River Lumber Company.

In 1905, they brought in the Washington, Idaho, and Montana Railroad that ran from Palouse to Purdue, Idaho.

Then in 1906, an Electric Interurban line called the Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad, ran from Spokane, through Palouse, to Moscow, Idaho.

The company slowly converted to bus service, and the last electric rail service to Moscow was in 1939.

Palouse remains a rich farming area today, with main crops of wheat, barley, dry peas, garbanzos, and lentils.

Pullman is the largest city in Whitman County, Washington, and was named after industrialist George Pullman, manufacturer of the Pullman Sleeping Car.

Settlers arrived in the area in 1871, and Pullman was incorporated in 1881.

Like Palouse, Pullman is a fertile agricultural area.

It is also home to the flagship and oldest campus of Washington State University, which was established as an agricultural college in 1890, and is also one of the oldest land-grant Universities in the American West.

Pullman is situated across four major hills which divide the city into nearly equal quarters.

The four hills are:

Military Hill, which was named for the Pullman Military College that opened in 1891 and burned down in 1893…

…Methodist Hill, which is now known as Pioneer Hill, with this photo taken from it of Pullman during a flood which devastated the region in 1910…

…College Hill, the location of Washington State University…

…and Sunnyside Hill.

With the first settlers arriving in 1870, Colfax, Washington, was incorporated in 1873, and named for Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President of the United States under President Ulysses S. Grant from 1869 to 1873.

Colfax was situated at the junction of the three railroad lines, as well as the confluence of the north and south forks of the Palouse River.

The Colfax Trail is a 3-mile, or 5-kilometer, local trail converted from an old railway line.

The former St. Ignatius Hospital in Colfax was said to have been constructed in 1892 under the supervision of Mother Joseph, and served as a hospital until 1964, and then as an Assisted Living home until 2000.

The former St. Ignatius Hospital was abandoned in 2003, though opened-up for ghost tours in 2015, and under new ownership since 2021.

The Palouse River flood of 1910 significantly impacted Colfax, and other cities in the region.

Among other things, the floodwaters left Colfax and Moscow cut-off from the outside world, without train and telegraph service.

The city of Moscow in Idaho is an agricultural and commercial hub for the Palouse region.

The first permanent settlers came here in 1871, with the first U. S. post office opening here in 1872, and the old post office and federal building pictured here was said to have been built in 1911…

…and today serves as the Moscow City Hall.

Moscow is the home of the University of Idaho, the state’s only University for 71-years.

The east-facing Administration building on campus was said to have been built between 1907 and 1909…

…to replace the original Administration building, which was said to have been built in 1899 after having been destroyed by fire in 1906.

There’s much more to find here in the Palouse, but there are two more places I am going to look at in Washington State.

MB brought Snoqualmie Falls and the Ballard Locks to my attention.

First, Snoqualmie Falls.

MB said that the Snoqualmie Falls are 100-feet, or 30-meters, higher than Niagara Falls.

MB said there was an incredible underground, built in-the-bedrock power plant under Snoqualmie Falls.

He said he was inside it back around Y2K, and said it had an ancient feeling, but all the electronics were either updated or being updated.

This is what we are told about it.

The Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Plant 1 was completed in 1899, and was the first completely underground hydroelectric plant ever built in the world.

The story is that Seattle engineer Charles Baker envisioned the hydroelectric plant when he passed by the Snoqualmie Falls on the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway routinely during his work.

Baker became unemployed after the Panic of 1893, and sought to build the hydroelectric powerplant.

He received funding from his father, wealthy businessman, William T. Baker, and formed the Snoqualmie Falls Power Company, and bought falls and surrounding land in 1897.

And that’s how we are told the underground Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Plant came to be.

Plant 2 was built in 1910 on the right-bank of the Snoqualmie River.

In Seattle, the Ballard Locks, also known as the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, is a canal-lock complex in the west-end of Salmon Bay in Seattle’s Lake Washington Ship Canal, and carries more boat traffic than any lock system in the United States.

It was said to have been constructed between 1909 and 1917 by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under the direction of Hiram M. Chittenden.

The Fish Ladder was on the southside of the Ballard Locks enables the safe passage of salmon to their upstream spawning grounds from late spring to early fall.

One viewer suggested that I look into the Palacio Municipal Alamos, in Alamos in Mexico’s Sonora State.

This building is the Government Palace, said to have been built between 1877 and 1899, which houses the offices of the municipal government, as well as state and federal government. The viewer said “the preserved antiquitech tells it all!”

Often used as a flag pole, this type of rod or pole feature was typically found on historic photos of buildings, as well as tall, steeple structures, but in most cases have been removed if the historic building is even still standing, like at the Prescott Center for the Performing Arts, formerly the Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Prescott, Arizona…

…and the Grand Theater in Salem, Oregon, the building of which in 1900 was credited to the International Order of the Odd Fellows, and served also as their Chemeketa Lodge No. 1.

Today it houses retail businesses, offices, and a ballroom, and other facilities rented for special events.

Inside the entrance of Alamo’s Palacio Municipal, there is a stage, a popular space for concerts, plays, and other gatherings.

Each office entrance is framed by painted wood Corinthian columns and an archway.

I decided to look around at some of the other places in Alamos.

The Iglesia de la Purisima Concepcion is the tallest building in Alamos, and the center of spiritual and cultural life in the silver-mining town of Alamos since its dedication in 1826.

The church and tower is framed by the archway of the Moorish Kiosk in the center of the Main Square of Alamos.

There is also a Moorish Kiosk in Hermosillo, the capital of Mexico’s Sonora State, said to have been brought from Florence, Italy, to the Plaza Zaragoza in the early 1900s, and located is between the Hermosillo Cathedral on one side…

…and the Hermosillo Municipal Building on the other.

The best-known Moorish Kiosk in Mexico is in the Alameda Park in the center of the Colonia neighborhood in Mexico City.

The person who gets the credit for it was a Mexican engineer named Jose Ramon Ibarrola.   He  is said to have designed it to represent Mexico in the New Orleans International Expo in 1884 -1885.  We are told it was transported there, as well as to the St. Louis Missouri Fair in 1904, and then subsequently came back to Mexico. 

Just curious ~ by what means could they have transported this huge, highly ornate structure, twice, in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

DX suggested that I look at San Cristobal de las Casas in Chiapas, Mexico.

San Cristobal de las Casas is considered the cultural capital of Chiapas in the Central Highlands of the region.

The city’s center is described as maintaining its Spanish Colonial lay-out, with red-tile roofs, cobblestone streets, and wrought-iron balconies.

San Cristobal de las Casas was designated as a “Magical Village” in 2003, and was declared the “Most Magical of the Magical Villages” by Mexican President Felipe Calderon in 2010.

The center of the city is it’s main plaza, the Zocalo, which has this Kiosk in the center of it, which was said to have been added in the early 20th-century.

The city’s Cathedral is located north of the main plaza.

The overall structure is said to contain European, Baroque, Moorish and indigenous influences.

The Neo-Classical Style Palacio Municipal, the City Hall of San Cristobal de las Casas was completed in 1893, and said to have been the result of remodelling a building that was there previously, but had been destroyed by fire in a 1863 that had resulted from riots between imperialists and republicans.

The individual credited with the remodelling of the Palacio Municipal was Carlos Z. Flores, described as a Neoclassical Engineer,who was also said to have been involved with the building of the Santa Lucia Church between 1884 and 1892, among other places.

Now, on over to England.

MF asked me to look at Whitehall Park in Darwen in Lancashire in the United Kingdom.

Whitehall Park first opened as a public park in 1879, and was added to in 1887, 1899, and 1902.

The park occupies 16-acres at the southern end of Darwen.

Features at Whitehall Park include:

The Catlow Drinking Fountain, described as a cast-iron drinking fountain donated by John Catlow and Sons to celebrate the coronation of King Edward VII, the oldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and erected in 1906 over a natural spring.

The Lych Gate on Queen’s Road, also known as the “Wishing Well” entrance, connecting the park with the main road…

…and the Walmsey Sundial, said to have been donated in 1911, on the same day the Lych Gate was officially opened, to mark the coronation of King George V.

The Darwen, also known as Jubilee, Tower can be accessed via trails on Darwen Moors from Whitehall Park.

The 85-foot, or 26-meter-, high stone tower opened to the public on September 24th of 1898, and was said to have been built to commemorate Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee under the supervision of architect R. W. Smith-Saville.

There is even a waterfall at Whitehall Park, surrounded by, and flowing over, a curiously built-looking wall structure.

Next, JM brought “Northumberlandia” to my attention, the “Lady of the North.”

The world’s largest work of Earth Art is 10-miles, or 16-kilometers, north of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the Northumberland region of England.

The “Lady of the North” was completed in 2012, and made from one-and-a-half-million tons of Earth coming from the development of the neighboring Shotton Surface mine, as it was decided for the project to use the land excavated for the mine as a sculpture instead of returning it to the surface mine at the end of the project.

Other things you can find on the grounds of Northumberlandia include this, whatever this means.

American-born landscape designer Charles Jencks was credited with the design of the “Lady of the North.”

Jencks, who passed away in 2019, had moved to the United Kingdom in 1965.

Other landscape works attributed to him included these in Scotland:

The Garden of Cosmic Speculation in Dumfries…

…Jupiter Artland outside of Edinburgh…

…and the Crawick Multiverse in Sanquhar.

Now, bear in mind that this modern “Earthwork Art” is in a place that is covered with ancient earthworks, megalithic stone circles, and landscape art that looks just like this.

Among many others, you find it at places like Glastonbury Tor in southern England

…and Silbury Hill near the Avebury neolithic complex, called the largest prehaistoric man-made mound in Europe.

Avebury was one of the principal ceremonial sites of neolithic Britain, dating back to over 5,000-years-ago, as it was believed to have been constructed in the 3,000 BC time-period.

I find it interesting that a modern landscape designer was capable of doing exactly the same thing that ancient Britain’s builders were doing.

The “Angel of the North” is also located in Northumberland, in Gateshead. It is the largest sculpture of an angel in the world.

The “Angel of the North” is 8-miles, or 13-kilometers, south of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the opposite direction of the “Lady of the North.”

The “Angel of the North” is a contemporary sculpture that was completed in 1998.

I first learned about this sculpture several years ago, before I started doing my own research.

When I saw it, I thought it was really fugly.

It is located near the A1 & A167 Motorways, and the East Coast Main Line electrified railway, a key transportation artery between London & Edinburgh that runs parallel to the A1.

I am going to go out on a limb and say I don’t believe that all of this is coincidental. The “Lady of the North” on one-side of Newcastle and the “Angel of the North” on the other side of Newcastle, with a short-distance in-between them.

There is a hidden message/configuration going on here, and judging from the fugliness of the “Angel of the North,” I don’t think it is a benevolent one.

One more thing I want to make mention of in Northumberlandthat I thought was interesting before I depart here is that Newcastle-upon-Tyne and the cities around it are completely surrounded by national park land, to include:

Northumberland National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site which contains Hadrian’s Wall, as well crumbling castles and forts…

…the Kielder Forest Park is adjacent to the Northumberland National Park, a forestry plantation which started planting trees in the 1920s, and which also has creepy artwork going on there.

The Kielder Water is also located there, a reservoir containing the biggest man-made lake in northern Europe.

The North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) is adjacent to the Kielder Forest, and is the northernmost section of the Pennine Range which runs north-south through northern England.

Its landscape is described as open heather Moors between deep dales, upland rivers, and hay meadows.

The Yorkshire Dales National Park is adjacent to the North Pennines Area of Natural Beauty.

The extensive limestone cave system in the Yorkshire Dales National Park are a major area for caving in the UK.

The Nidderdale AONB is adjacent to the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

The area is said to contain over 6,000-years of human activity, with almost continuous human settlement over this time.

The last National Park surrounding the Newcastle-upon-Tyne area in northeast England is the North York Moors National Park.

It seemed important to bring these parks, and their relationship to the Newcastle-upon-Tyne area to your attention.

Now, over to the States.

JS suggested that I look into Excelsior Springs in Missouri, located on the East Fork of the Fishing River.

The City Hall of Excelsior Springs today used to be the called the “Hall of Waters.”

This building was said to have been built between 1936 and 1937 by the architectural firm of Keene & Simpson, which would have been in the years between the Great Depression and the beginning of World War II>

The Hall of Waters was significant as being on the location of one of the only natural supplies of irono-manganese mineral water in the U. S. that was discovered in 1880.

The Regent Spring was said to have been discovered in 1881, a second iron-manganese spring in the area.

Here’s what we are told about the Regent Spring.

The waters of the Regent Spring were one of four Spring waters bottled by the Excelsior Springs Bottling Company, and was considered to be the strongest iron-manganese spring=water in the world.

The healing properties of this water were substantial, including prompt and permanent relief of things like all kidney and bladder problems, including Bright’s Disease; Diabetes, inflammation; rheumatism; and dyspepsia.

Long story short, by 1935, the well at the spring had been capped after having been piped, along with that of nine other private wells, into the Hall of Waters, and the wooden pavilion at the Regent Spring was demolished.

Altogether, four different types of mineral water were found in downtown Excelsior Springs, with more varieties than anywhere on Earth.

From the discovery the springs starting in 1881, Excelsior Springs was said to have quickly become the largest health resort in the state, with the town having electricity, a good sewer system and fine hotels.

The Elm Hotel illustrated in this post card was said to have opened in 1912…

…is still in operation as The Elms Hotel and Spa today.

Other fine lodging places in Excelsior Springs, like the Hotel Castle Rock…

…and the Chadwick Hotel are long gone.

RW suggested that I look at Mount Inge in Texas, saying that it seems a strange hillock in the middle of a flat plain…almost like it doesn’t belong or is concealing something.

Mount Inge is described as a volcanic plug of Uvalde phonolite basalt.

Some very interesting things popped up immediately around Mount Inge.

Mount Inge is a land feature found at the Fort Inge Uvalde County Park in Texas.

Fort Inge was said to have been first established as a base for U. S. Army troops in March of 1849 to protect the mail route from Indian Raids on the San Antonio – El Paso Road.

The foundation is all that remains of a limestone building that was said to have been the fort’s hospital.

Fort Inge was closed as a military garrison in March of 1869.

The location opened as a County Park in 1961.

Four groups of springs are found along the Leona River in a 9-mile, or 14.5-kilometer, -long stretch south of the city of Uvalde, known collectively as Leona Springs.

At one time, found at higher elevations, now they are nearly all beneath the surface of the Leona River.

One group of the Leona Springs is located in the Fort Inge Uvalde County Park, where there is what is described as an old irrigation reservoir, a popular spot for fishing and picnicking.

The city of Uvalde is located in the Texas Hill Country, 80-miles, or 130-kilometers, west of downtown San Antonio, and 54-miles, or 87-kilometers, east of the Mexican border.

Uvalde is the county seat, and was originally founded in 1853 as the town of Encina, but renamed after the county was organized in 1856 after a former Spanish governor of the region.

Uvalde was a stop on the San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad, which operated from 1909 to 1956, when the railroad merged into the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1956.

The Grand Opera House in Uvalde, known as the Janey Slaughter Briscoe Grand Opera House.

The oldest functioning theater in the State of Texas, it was said to have been built in 1891, and one of Southwest Texas’ premier locations for plays, musicals, and cultural performances.

Next, SS asked me to look at Williams Lake in British Columbia.

Williams Lake is the second-largest city in what is known as the “Cariboo,” after the city of Quesnel.

The “Cariboo” region is in the Central Interior of British Columbia, and named after the caribou that were once abundant in the reigon.

While the story of Williams Lake is said to have begun thousands of years ago by the First Nations people here, the outside settlement of the area started in 1860 with the Cariboo Gold Rush.

The Cariboo Gold Rush started in 1858, when gold was discovered at Hills Bar.

Hills Bar was adjacent to Fort Yale on the Fraser River, founded in 1848 by the Hudson’s Bay Company, and today is the inhabited town of Yale.

At the time Williams Lake was being settled and organized, there were two pack trails leading to the gold mines that met in Williams Lake, which became the center of local government.

In addition to the courthouse and jail, a road house was established for the huge pack trains and freight wagon convoys that serviced the mining operations.

After the Cariboo Gold Rush days, Williams Lake was said to have been re-born in 1919 with the construction of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway.

The Roman Catholic Church established the St. Joseph’s Mission half-way between Williams Lake and the Roadhouse in July of 1867, and in 1891 it opened as the St. Joseph’s School, and Indian Residential School.

Over the 90-years it operated, St. Joseph’s became one of the most notorious of the Indian Residential Schools in Canada.

In 2013, Orange Shirt Day was established as a memorial to the victims of the Canadian Residential School system that is observed nationally on September 30th every year.

RS suggested that I check out the Wickford stone in Rhode Island.

Originally known as the Narragansett Runestone, it is inscribed with two rows of rune symbols.

Here is what we are told.

The Runestone was originally in Narragansett Bay, but in 2012, the 2 1/2 ton runestone was stolen.

In April of 2013, the State Attorney General announced that the runestone was recovered after someone came forward with information, and it was taken to the University of Rhode Island School of Oceanography for testing, which never took place for fear of damaging the stone.

In October of 2015, the runestone was moved to Wickford for long-term public viewing.

R. S. also mentioned the Great Swamp Obelisk in West Kingston Rhode Island, saying it is a huge granite obelisk in the middle of nowhere in the woods.

Called the Great Swamp Fight Monument, it is said to be a memorial to a battle that took place during King Phillip’s War in the winter of 1675 between early English settlers and the Wampanoag people of the region.

Metacomet, also known as Philip, the sachem, or ruler of the Wampanoag, with growing tensions between the settlers and the people native to the region, was angered with the violation by the English of treaties and agreements, and built a coalition of various native tribes in what became New England.

The Narragansett tribe was seeking to remain neutral, and while the sachem Conanchet pledged to remain neutral on one-hand, did not respond to demands to turn-over any of the Wampanoag people sheltering in the Great Swamp, including non-combatants.

This was used as a justification by the Puritan Forces of the Confederancy of New England to strike a fort of the neutral Narragansett in the middle of the swamp.

Ultimately on December 19th of 1675, colonial forces marched from Smith’s Castle in Kingston…

… and attacked the over 1,000 Narragansett at the fort in the Great Swamp, and were crushed in that one-day by the United Forces of the Massachusetts, Connecticut and Plymouth colonies.

ERT asked me to look at Paterson, New Jersey, where she saw what looked to be a city-wide system of castle walls, moats and obelisk structures that look like chimneys.

In 1791, the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, helped found the “Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures,” which was said to have been established to harness the Great Falls of the Passaic River in order to secure American independence from British Manufacturers.

The Society in turn founded Paterson in 1791, the cradle of the Industrial Revolution in America.

The 77-foot, or 24-meter, -high falls and a system of water raceways that harnessed the falls power for the mills in the area until 1914.

There were dozens of mill buildings and other factories associated with textiles, firearms, silk, and the manufacture of railroad locomotives.

There were numerous breweries in Paterson, including the Hinchliffe Brewing and Malting Company.

Founded in 1861, this brewery produced 75,000 barrels of beer per year until it was closed in 1920 due to Prohibition.

This is all that remains of the Hinchliffe Brewery, what was once described as a “state-of-the-art” facility at 63 Governor Street, right next to the railroad tracks.

The Hinchliffe Stadium sits above the Great Falls of the Passaic River.

It is a 10,000-seat stadium said to have been built between 1931 and 1932, and used as a sports and auto-racing venue.

Left derelict for many years, the Hinchliffe Stadium has a $94-million restoration project currently underway.

Next, SC requested that I look into his hometown of Plano, lllinois, located in Kendall County, near Chicago.

The foundation of the city’s development was said to start with the production of the “Marsh Harvester” in the early 1860s.

The Marsh Harvester was a reaper and a hand-binder on which two men rode and bound sheaves by hand.

The “Marsh Harvester” led to the establishment of the Plano Manufacturing Company in 1863.

The Plano Manufacturing Company was one of five companies that were combined as part of a merger arranged in 1902 by J. P. Morgan to form the International Harvester Company.

The four other companies were the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, the Deering Harvesting Company, the Champion Line, and the Milwaukee Harvester Company.

The Plano Molding Company is headquartered in Plano, and manufactures fishing tackle boxes, plastic containers, storage units, and “caboodle” cosmetic cases.

An agricultural city, Plano is situated along a major trade route and rail artery.

The Plano Hotel is one of the oldest buildings in Plano, and was said to have been built in 1868 in the Italianate architectural style in the downtown commercial district at the corner of Main and West Streets.

I found a reference saying the historic building sat vacant for many years and was purchased in 2018 for renovation into either luxury apartments or office space.

Now I am going to take a look at the American Swedish Institute in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at the request of MJW.

The American Swedish Institute is a museum and cultural center, dedicated to the historic role that Sweden and Swedish-Americans have played in American History.

It is housed in what is described as a turn-of-the-century mansion that was built for Swedish immigrants Swan and Christina Tumblad.

Swan Tumblad immigrated with his family to southern Minnesota in 1868, at the age of 8.

His parents were farmers, and in a rags-to-riches story, Swan left the family farm for Minneapolis in 1879, and entered the newspaper business as a type-setter for several Swedish-language newspapers.

He eventually became the publisher and sole owner of one them, and from which he became wealthy.

Swan met his wife Christina Nilsson, also an immigrant from Sweden, at an International Organization of Good Templars meeting, a fraternal organization that was part of the Temperance Movement promoting the avoidance from alcohol & drugs.

Notice the shared symbolism that the International Organization of Good Templars has with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

We are told that Swan Tumblad commissioned the building of a 33-room mansion for himself and his family in 1903, spending $1.5-million in the process.

Supposedly, the family moved into the mansion in 1908 until 1915, when they spent most of their time living in an apartment across the street.

Then after Swan’s wife died in `1929, he and his daughter moved into the apartment full-time and turned the mansion into a museum.

Hmmm. Nothing strange about that, now is there?!

The last place I am going to look at in this installment is the viewer suggestion of the Stonewall Jackson Training School, saying that it was a house of horrors where A LOT of orphans ended up.

The Stonewall Jackson Training School was in Concord, North Carolina.

Concord is just northeast of Charlotte, and is a place where distant cousins of mine live.

I can remember hearing the very noisy Concord Motor Speedway near my great Aunt Eileen’s house when my parents would visit there when I was growing up.

The Concord Motor Speedway was closed in 2019, and had the world’s fastest half-mile tri-oval.

The Stonewall Jackson Training Center was established in 1907 and opened in 1909 as the state’s first Juvenile Detention Center.

Of the original 800-acre campus, five-buildings on 58-acres are still in use today as a “Youth Development Center” and a “Juvenile Detention Center.”

The Stonewall Jackson Training School Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the designation includes 50-buildings and 71-acres.

Interesting to note that these historic buildings are in a derelict state.

The school was said to have been established to provide a place for troubled white youths separate from the adult prison population, and were generally incarcerated for minor scrapes with the law including school truancy.

In 1948, the state established a eugenics program at the school, and for the given reason of limiting feeblemindedness and improve the population, it was the site of the sterilization of six teenage boys.

North Carolina was one of the last states to perform sterilizations on people under state care.

I am starting a brand-new series called “All Over the Place Via Your Suggestions,” where I will continue to research your suggestions, and follow all the many clues pointing to our hidden history that are all around us and hidden in plain sight

I am also continuing to work on my “Who is Represented in the National Statuary Hall” series, with my research on part six of the series close to completion.

I was motivated to look into the National Statuary Hall in part because of finding historical characters like Mother Joseph Pariseau, featured in this post in Vancouver, Washington, that struck me as odd that they would even be in there, and I consider it the gift that keeps on giving as far as hidden history is concerned.

In this multi-volume series that is a compilation of work I have previously done, I am sharing suggestions and information viewers have shared with me, in their journeys and explorations, and these typically bring up related subjects that I have encountered in my own experience and research.

I am going to start with viewer recommendations of places in Tasmania.

“Walls of Jerusalem” In Tasmania?!

We are told the park got its name from geological features resembling the walls of Jerusalem.

Let’s take a tour, starting at Herod’s Gate.

Lake Salome is adjacent to Herod’s Gate.

The Pool of Bethesda is southeast of Lake Salome, between the lake…

…and what is called “The Temple” and “Mount Jerusalem.”

King David’s Peak…

…what is known as Solomon’s Buttress or Throne…

…are on the other side of the West Wall, across from Mount Herod and Lake Salome.

The East Wall runs between Mount Jerusalem and “The Temple,” to mention a few of the features of the Walls of Jerusalem National Park.

I believe the truth of the ancient civilization was hidden in plain site, and have come to believe that ancient infrastructure has been called natural in order to cover it up.

For comparison of similarity of appearance, there is a boulderfield on King David’s Peak in the Walls of Jerusalem National Park Tasmania on the left, and a feature actually called “The Boulderfield” in Long’s Peak in Colorado’s Rocky Mountain National Park on the right.

Was there a Jerusalem in more than one place?

I found a reference awhile back that said the original Jerusalem was in Peru, but that it was called Heru-salem, or Hierosolym, and was said to be built by the Egyptians as their capital, and is where they “laid the cord” in Cuzco, and that the Temple of Heru in the Egyptian language is Medu Neter was Pr-Heru.  Peru. 

And was there a hidden connection between the Egyptians and Israelites that we have not been told about?

And does “laying the cord” pertain to the “Ceque System?”

The Ceque System, of which the Coricancha in Cuzco was the center, the most important temple in the Inca Empire, involved at least 42 ley-lines radiating out from this center.

Literature available on this topic suggests that it referred to the Inca empire, which was partitioned into four divisions, and the empire called itself  Tahuantinsuyu (“four parts”), and the boundary lines separating the four also radiated out from the Coricancha itself.

A chronicler of the time, Bernabe Cobe, wrote that the ceques were conceived as straight lines diverging radially from the Coricancha, the symbolic center of the world, and extending out into the cosmos. 

This picture of me was taken at the Coricancha on a trip I took to Cuzco with a group in 2018.

Those energetic effects the camera picked up on at the Coricancha only occurred in that one room in the whole place!

ZG sent me a couple of things related to Macchu Picchu, described as a 15th-century Inca Citadel located 50-miles, or 80-kilometers, northwest of Cuzco, first visited by Europeans in the 19th-century.

He shared footage with me that he took on a four-day hike on the way to Macchu Picchu many years ago, and brought the pyramidal shape he caught on film to my attention.

ZG also shared a link with the before-and-after photos of the excavation of Macchu Picchu, with the before photo having been taken by explorer Hiram Bingham before the major excavation of the site began in 1912.

Macchu Picchu is known to have a number of astronomical alignments as well…

…which is also the case with the Pyramids and Sphinx on the Giza Plateau in Egypt.

One more thing.

It is interesting to note that the Rothschilds purchased Jerusalem, in what became Israel, in 1829, and subsequently acquired considerable land in Palestine in the 1800s and early 1900s.

Just a few things to think about what really might be going on here as opposed to what we have been told.

The other place in Tasmania that was brought to my attention by WS is called “The Candlestick.”

“The Candlestick,” a popular destination for rock-climbers, is described as a 197-foot, or 60-meter, – high dolerite sea cliff.

This photo of the Candlestick got my attention.

It sure looks like there is a solar-alignment with “The Candlestick” in-between the surrounding cliffs.

Coincidence?

Let’s take a look at some other places.

Here is the moon in alignment with what is called Cathedral Rock in Sedona, Arizona.

And another solar alignment with the Two Brothers Rock at the island group known as Fernando de Noronha off the coast of Brazil near Natal.

This is what is called Chimney Rock and Companion Rock in Colorado.

There is a major Lunar Standstill event at Chimney Rock & Companion Rock in Colorado that takes place every 18-years, with a window of a three-year period, where the moon rises on the eastern horizon, and when the moon comes as far north as it possibly can, it is framed in the gap between Chimney Rock and Companion Rock.

This cyclic event is visible from the nearby Great House.

Chimney Rock is described as a “Chacoan Outlier,” a remnant of what was named the Chaco Culture after Chaco Canyon, and was a network of archeological sites primarily in northwestern New Mexico that dominated the region between 900 AD and 1300 AD.

It is interesting to note the similarities between these structures at Chimney Rock in Colorado on the left; Sacsayhuaman in Peru, on the top right; and Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, on the bottom right.

Here is an example of a sun dagger at Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon.

There are three large stone slabs there leaning against the cliff which channel light and shadow markings on to two spiral petroglyphs in the cliff wall that form daggers of light at solstices and equinoxes.

Here are a couple of what would be considered more modern astronomical alignments.

Manhattanhenge is an annual event during which the setting sun or the rising sun is aligned with the East-West street grid of Manhattan on dates evenly spaced around the summer solstice and winter solstice. 

Recently, local historian John Fitzgerald discovered that the Basilica of St. John the Baptist in St. John’s, in the province of Newfoundland & Labrador, was positioned so that the sunrise of the winter and summer solstice align with very specific stained glass windows.

He found out that on the winter solstice, the sun rises almost directly in front of the building, and at the summer solstice, it goes down through the center window in the back of the building, behind the altar.

JP, who lives in Estonia’s island of Sauremaa that divides the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Riga, provided me his findings of a triangulation between the island of Sauremaa; the island of Fernando de Noronha off the coast of Brazil; and Port Victoria, the capital of the island Republic of the Seychelles, located of the East Coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean; and in the center of the triangle is a volcano in N’Djamena, the capital of the African country of Chad.

I found a triangulated relationship awhile back between the islands of Bermuda and Fernando de Noronha in the Atlantic Ocean, and the Channel Islands in the English Channel.

All three places have a high-concentration of star forts for their small sizes.

SC suggested that I look into Bisbee, Arizona.

Bisbee is located 11-miles, or 18-kilometers, north of the border with Mexico.

Bisbee was founded as a mining town in 1880 that grew around the Copper Queen Mine in the Mule Mountains, the most productive copper mine in Arizona in the early 1900s.

The Copper Queen Mine was acquired by Phelps-Dodge in 1885, when the import-export company was expanding into the western frontier of North America in search of metals needed for industrialization.

Phelps-Dodge operated mines and railroads to carry its products.

This building was the Phelps-Dodge Headquarters in Bisbee, and today is the Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum.

Phelps-Dodge was behind the Bisbee Deportation on July 12th of 1917, in which approximately 1,300 striking miners, their supporters, and citizen bystanders were illegally kidnapped by a posse of 2,000, and deported 200-miles, or 320-kilomters, away to a location in New Mexico, where they were unloaded and warned not to return to Bisbee. They were relocated with the help of the U. S. Army.

The reason was presented as decreasing threats to U. S. interests during World War I because the demand for coppper was high.

Though an investigation conducted in 1917 by a presidential mediation commission concluded the deportation was illegal and without any authority in law, no convictions ever took place.

An interesting side-note from past research.

Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr, was the President of the Remington Arms Company, a company started and owned by his grandfather Marcellus Hartley, and a family member associated with the Phelps-Dodge.

Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr married Geraldine Rockefeller, the daughter of William Rockefeller Jr, a co-founder of Standard Oil, and she was estimated to have her own fortune of $100 millon, and were said to be the wealthiest newlyweds in the country upon their marriage.

Other things of note in Bisbee.

Compare the similarity in appearance of Main Street in Bisbee on the top left; the Casbah in Old Algiers in Algeria on the top right; Stone Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan on the bottom left; and Hilgrove Street in St. Helier, the capital of Jersey in the Channel Islands, on the bottom right.

The “Annual Bisbee 1000 – The Great Stair Climb” in October every year involves a 4.5-mile, or 7.25-kilometer course featuring 9 staircases, totalling over 1,000-steps connected by winding roads.

It is the only outdoors stair-climb in the United States, and considered to be one of the most unusual events in the world.

The Works Progress Administration during Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Era programs during the Great Depression were given the credit for building the stairways over old mule paths worn into the terrain from the town’s mining past.

Tombstone is located just north of Bisbee.

Tombstone is called the “Most authentic western town left in the United States…”

…where lawmen Wyatt Earp, Virgil Earp and Doc Holliday faced off against cowboy outlaws Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury in the Gunfight at the O. K. Corral…

…and where the losing side lay buried in Tombstone’s Boot Hill.

While Tombstone today looks like a Hollywood movie set…

…historic photos seem to tell a different story, with the historic courthouse in Tombstone said to have been built in 1882, showing a tall rod at the top.

While the building still stands today as part of Tombstone Courthouse State Historic Site, the tall rod isn’t there any more.

This an historical photo of the interesting-looking Cosmopolitan Hotel in Tombstone back-in-the-day, with folks standing on what appears to be small make-shift balconies beside outside second-floor doors with otherwise nowhere else to go.

The year given for its opening was 1879…

…and the Cosmopolitan Hotel burned down in Tombstone’s devastating fire of 1882, which destroyed the town’s business corridor…for the second time in two years.

I also found this historic photo of the old Birdcage Theater, said to have first opened in December of 1881, and operated as a theater until it closed in 1892, during which time it gained a reputation as one of the wickedest theaters between New Orleans and San Francisco.

Today, the Bird Cage Theater building still stands, and is a popular tourist attraction in Tombstone, where you can take self-guided tours during the day, and guided ghost tours at night.

This photo was taken in 1939 in front of the offices for the “Tombstone Epitaph,” the oldest continually published newspaper in Arizona , founded in January of 1880.

The definition of epitaph is a phrase or form of words written in memory of a person who has died, especially as an inscription on a tombstone.

Just have to wonder if there is a double-meaning hidden here.

Interesting to note that the King Solomon Lodge #5 has had a presence in Tombstone since at least 1881, in the largest standing adobe structure still in existence in the southwest United States, and which also served in its history as an opera house, theater, recital hall and community meeting place.

The next place I am going to look at is a place suggested by EL – the uninhabited Wayag Islands.

They are part of what is called the Raja Ampat Regency of the West Papua Province of Indonesia, which straddles the equator…

…and which forms part of the Coral Triangle in the tropical waters around Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste.

The Coral Triangle contains the richest marine biodiversity on Earth.

EL visited there on a liveaboard scuba diving trip, in which they crossed the equator, and upon entering the “island” group, she said it felt like she was in an ancient city, that there was something not natural about these islands.

She said it’s very protected inside the islands and oceanic mantas use it as a nursery.

When I was looking for information about these islands, I encountered descriptions of them, like “lush vegetation clung to all but the steepest slopes of the towering islands,” and their “near vertical walls hung over the sea,” and “a challenging climb up steep, limestone cliffs.”

Outside of what you can expect to see and do on a day-trip to these islands, like sharks, barracudas, mantas, the vegetation, coral, scuba-diving and guided hikes, there isn’t much information out there on what we could actually be seeing here, so like everywhere else, we have to read between the lines and decide for ourselves what might be there.

I have discovered in my own field research that going to a place and experiencing it yields much more information than what can be found in an on-line search.

One thing I do know is that the colonial powers were very intersted in this part of the world, and Indonesia became part of the Dutch East Indies starting in the early 1800s, which had been formed from the nationalized trading posts of the Dutch East India Company and was one of the most valuable colonies under European rule.

The Dutch East India Company was the world’s most valuable company of all-time, worth $7.9-trillion as a stand-alone company.

Next, JM suggested that I check out South Bass Island and Gibraltar Island in Lake Erie.

Both Islands are part of Ohio’s Put-In Bay Township in Ottawa County, Ohio.

Put-In Bay is the largest township in Ohio, with an area of 108,344-acres, but with a population of only 763 people in the 2000 census.

South Bass Island is a popular recreation destination.

The island has a small airport, and is otherwise accessed by ferries and charter boats.

JM had drawn my attention to Hotel Victory on South Bass Island.

This is what we are told about it.

The construction of the Hotel Victory was started in 1892, and first opened in 1896, its launch having been covered in newspapers across the United States.

It was touted as the biggest hotel in America, and had 625 basic guest rooms and 80 suites.

It had elevators, an indoor swimming pool, efficient steam heating, and electrical lighting, with 3,000 incandescent light bulbs.

Hotel Victory had two dining halls that each could serve 1,200 guests in one sitting.

For a variety of reasons, the Hotel Victory closed and re-opened numerous times during its short existence, as on August 14th of 1919, a fire broke out on the third-floor and quickly spread throughout the whole building.

The local fire department raced to the scene, only to find-out, we are told, that they were outmatched by the immense blaze and unable to contain the fire, resulting the building’s total loss.

Today, all that remains of the once-grand hotel are parts of the swimming pool’s concrete foundations…

…and the thirteen-foot, or 4-meter, -tall Victory Statue that once stood at the Hotel’s entrance went to the scrap metal drives of World War II.

Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial is found on an isthmus on South Bass Island.

The world’s tallest Doric Column, it was said to have been constructed by a multi-state commission between 1912 and 1915 after having been selected as the winning design from an international competition.

According to our historical narrative, the memorial was established to honor Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, who successfully commanded those who fought in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812, and to celebrate long-lasting peace between the United States, Great Britain, and Canada.

Gibraltar Island is a small neighbor to South Bass Island.

Gibraltar Island was said to have been named for its resemblance to the Rock of Gibraltar.

I don’t see it, but Okay!!!

Gibraltar Island’s Cooke Castle was said to have been constructed starting in 1864 by American financier Jay Cooke, who financed the Union-side during the Civil War, and developed railroads in the United States in the northwest after the war.

Jay Cooke was considered to be the first major investment banker in the United States.

The former Cooke Estate on Gibraltar Island hosts the Stone Laboratory of Ohio State University,the oldest freshwater field research stations in the United States.

QS suggested that I look into the Anza Borrego Desert State Park in California, where there are ancient shell reefs at the Ocotillo Wells…

…where there is the State Vehicular Recreation Area, an area used for off-road driving…

…and a 4 x 4 training course.

It is from formations with sea-shells like these that people surmised there was an ancient western interior seaway in what is now America’s Heartland.

The largest state park in California, it occupies one-fifth of San Diego County and parts of Riverside and Imperial counties.

Other features of the state park include Split Mountain, described as having been split in half by numerous earthquakes and the power of erosion from the Fish Creek Wash.

The Wind Caves are located close to Split Mountain.

The Wind Caves, with at least one of them having a nice solar alignment, are described as an awesome sandstone formation full of wind-eroded pockets.

The Arroyo Tapiado Mud Caves are also found here, in the southern part of the park, and only accessible by a 4×4 vehicle.

Entering the caves is described as dangerous, and it is not advised to go after it rains.

Mud…caves?!

There is a rock feature called the “Pumpkin Patch,” which is located near the park, just outside of Ocotillo Wells, a geologic phenomenon which resulted in rocks that look like pumpkins.

The process which created this was described as follows: these are concretions, which form when layers of sediment build-up around a nucleus, like a pebble or shell, and then erosion from wind and water expose these rocks.

And what is that I see in the background behind the Pumpkin Patch?

The Village of Borrego Springs is completely surrounded by the state park.

As an International Dark Sky Community, Borrego Springs has no stop lights, and limited lighting at night.

This is the Lutheran Church in Borrego Springs…

…for which I can’t seem to find a construction date and history.

During World War II, the U. S. Navy & Army had a joint-training center east of Borrego Springs, called the “Borrego Valley Maneuver Area,” where there were bombing stations, training stations, and rocket targets on what is described as barren desert, barren mountains and badlands.

This article came out in the San Diego Union Tribune in December of 2009, reporting on a project of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineer that would have taken place starting in 2010, to look for and remove unexploded bombs and artillery shells in hundreds of square miles of desert.

Also, according this map, the bombing practice area was located between the village of Borrego Springs and the Salton Sea and its Military Reservation.

The Naval Auxiliary Air Station Salton Sea was commissioned in 1942 and decommissioned in 1946, and little remains of it.

The Salton Sea, California’s largest lake, was a vacation spot in the 1950s & 1960s, with people coming here for swimming, sunbathing, waterskiing and fishing at a place known as “the fishing capital of the world.”

The Salton Sea went from being a lush vacation resort to an environmental disaster starting in the 1970s, when things started to go wrong, like floods that destroyed homes and businesses along the shore; uncirculating water turning saltier than the ocean; and algae blooms killing off the fish.

There is a restoration effort planned costing hundreds of millions of dollars that is getting underway this year, in 2022.

JI suggested I look into Adolph Sutro, and attractions he “founded” in San Francisco.

Adolph Sutro was a German-American engineer, politician and philanthropist who was the Mayor of San Francisco from 1895 to 1897.

He emigrated from Prussia in 1850, and moved to San Francisco in 1851, and left for Virginia City in Nevada in 1860.

He made a fortune in connection with the Comstock Lode in Virginia City, the first major discovery of silver ore in the United States.

He returned to San Francisco around 1879, and increased his wealth by large real estate investments in San Francisco, including Mount Sutro…

…Blue Mountain, which is today’s Mount Davidson…

…and Land’s End, in the Golden Gate Recreational Area today.

This is what we are told in our historical narrative.

Adolph Sutro opened his private estate to the public, building the Sutro Baths between 1894 and 1896…

…of which all that remains today of the Sutro Baths is seen here…

…and in 1897, Sutro was said to have built the second Cliff House in existence at this location, after the first one burned down in 1894, and the second-one burned to the ground in 1907…

…and that the Cliff House was rebuilt for the third time, and completed in 1909.

The building still stands today, but the Cliff House was closed at the end of 2020.

Other things you will find in the Golden Gate Recreational Area at San Francisco’s Land’s End include:

The Fort Miley Military Reservation…

…of which Battery Chester is a part…

..the Octagon House, said to have been built in 1927 as a lookout station.

…and Mile Rock Beach.

This location at San Francisco’s Land’s End is very close to the Presidio, the Golden Gate Bridge, and the Palace of Fine Arts.

The Presidio, a park and outdoor recreation hub today, was formerly a U. S. Army post…

…and the Palace of Fine Arts was said to be the only remaining building from the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exhibition, with nine other palaces said to have been built for the Exhibition having been demolished long ago.

SB suggested that I look into the history of San Anselmo in California’s Marin County.

Marin County is across the Golden Gate Strait from San Francisco.

I’ll start at San Anselmo, and then take a look around other places in Marin County.

In 1874, the North Pacific Coast Railroad added a spur line from San Anselmo to San Rafael, and a year later the railroad completed a line that ran between Sausalito and Tomales, and north to Cazadero by way of San Anselmo, which was known on railroad maps as Junction until 1883.

In 1907, the Northwestern Pacific Railroad took over the regional rail-lines, and there was electrified interurban between cities, including San Anselmo, and which was abandoned after the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937.

In San Anselmo, the tracks were replaced with roads, creating what has been described as one of the most haphazard intersections to drive in California.

All of the original Northern Pacific Coast (NPC) Railroad trackage has been abandoned.

This, for example was a former tunnel of the NPC Railroad, north of Keys Creek near Tomales.

SB gave me some noteworthy places to check-out there, including the Montgomery Memorial Chapel on the campus of what was the San Francisco Theological Seminary, and what today is the University of Redlands-Marin Campus.

Montgomery Hall and Scott Hall were said to have been completed in 1892 for the seminary, and are called West Coast examples of the Richardsonian Romanesque architectural-style.

SB also mentioned Red Hill.

Red Hill was the meeting point of three 1840s Mexican land grants.

Red Hill was owned by Dr. Henry Dubois, who was said to have paid Chinese laborers to cut the zig-zag roadway, known as “Dubois’ Folly…”

…up and over to the Tamalpais Cemetery & Mortuary in San Rafael on the other side of Red Hill which he also was said to have built and completed in 1879, after an ordinance was passed prohibiting burials within the town limits.

Interestingly, Dr. Dubois, born to a wealthy East Coast family, and a grandson of John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, wrote in 1880 that he believed there were going to be many burials from San Francisco taking place here.

That’s interesting ~ I wonder why he believed that?

Like the Tamalpais Cemetery, the Marin Civic Center is located in San Rafael.

Frank Lloyd Wright was credited with the design of the main building, but that he died before construction started in 1960, and the construction of it was completed by 1962 under the guidance of his protege, Aaron Green.

Within the Civic Center complex, a Hall of Justice, Veterans’ Memorial Auditorium, and Exhibit Hall were added in the following years, with all completed by 1976.

The front entrance to the Civic Center is controlled by a vertical-gate of gold-anodized metal.

Mount Tamalpais is the highest peak in the Marin Hills in Marin County.

It is next to the Golden Gate Recreation area.

Most of the Mountain is in protected lands, including the Mount Tamalpais State Park…

…the Muir Woods National Monument, known for its towering old-growth Redwood Trees…

…and contained within it is the location of a place Cathedral Grove…

…as well as the notorious Bohemian Grove.

The last place I am going to look at in Marin County is Sausalito, which is adjacent to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Mount Tamalpais.

Before the Golden Gate Bridge opened to traffic in 1937, Sausalito was a terminus for rail and ferry transportation.

The development of Sausalito was promoted by William Richardson, an English mariner who arrived in the area in 1822.

Richardson petitioned the Mexican governor at the time for a rancho in the area, which was granted with clear title in 1838.

Richardson got himself into financial trouble, and ended up signing the title of his land over to an attorney as trustee, in the 1850s, and Richardson was dead by 1856, from the given reason of mercury poison prescribed by his physician for rheumatism.

The attorney ultimately maintained control of the Rancho Sausalito, and sold the land in the 1860s to a consortium of San Francisco businessmen, who partnered to form the Sausalito Land & Ferry Company.

In 1868, the Sausalito Land and Ferry Company began running ferry service to San Francisco, with Sausalito serving as the southern terminus and ferry connection to San Francisco for the North Pacific Coast Railroad.

The original ferry service operated from 1868 until 1941.

Commuter ferry service was started up by Golden Gate ferries in 1970, along with the start of bus services to the ferry terminal.

I am going to end “Places & Topics Suggested by Viewers – Volume 11” here in Sausolito.

More to come!

This is volume 10 of a compilation of work I have previously done presented in a multi-volume format. in which I am highlighting places, concepts, and historical events that people have suggested to me.

First, I want to revisit some suggested places I talked about in “Interesting Comments & Suggestions I have Received from Viewers – Volume 5” because of a place in Turkey that came up in my feed that looked like two places I compared for similarity in Indiana and Australia.

Karain is 19-miles, or 30 kilometers, away from Antalya Province in Turkey.

It is described as one of the largest natural caves in Turkey.

Archeological excavations have been carried out here since 1946.

Karain Cave is said to have been used as a settlement 500,000 years ago.

What really got my attention when I saw the information about Karain Cave come up on my feed is the similarity of its appearance inside to Nawarla Gabarnmung in Australia…

...and I had compared the similarity in appearance between Nawarla Gabarnmung to the Seven Pillars in Peru, Indiana, in Volume 5 of this series.

Nawarla Gabarnmung is believed to go back 44,000 years as far as human habitation goes, making it among the oldest radiocarbon dated sites in Australia.

It is described as a rock shelter made by tunneling into a naturally-eroded cliff face, with thirty-six pillars supporting the roof created by natural erosion of fissure lines in the bed rock.

The Seven Pillars in Peru, Indiana, are held sacred by the Miami Nation of Indiana, which owns land on the south bank of the river directly across from The Seven Pillars, where they hold sacred ceremonies and heritage days.

The Seven Pillars are described as having been created over the centuries as wind and water eroded the limestone, carving the rounded buttresses and alcoves.

In Turkey, the Karain Cave, also known as the “Black Cave,” is located on the the east slope of Mount Katran in the Western Taurus Mountains.

It is described as a complex of limestone caves consisting of three main chambers, separated by calcite walls and narrow and curving passageways, which includes rock-cut steps.

There are also springs at the Karain Cave Complex, described as fine water springs where the travertine plain meets the mountains.

Travertine is type of limestone.

The Travertine terraces in Pamukkale in southwestern Turkey are called one of the most spectacular natural heritage sites in the world, and we are told made from the sedimentary rock deposited by mineral water from the 17 hot springs in the area.

Back at the Karain Cave complex, human habitation is believed to go back 150,000 to 200,000 years, to the Paleolithic Age, from the finding of part of a neanderthal cranium there…

…and a documented continuous human presence for 25,000-years, from the Mesolithic Age dated from 10,000 BC to 8,000 BC, to the Bronze Age, which is considered to have lasted from 3,300 BC to 1,200 BC.

The Greek inscriptions carved at the entrance to the cave complex are attributed to the Greek colonization of Asia Minor during the Iron Age, between 1200 B.C. and 600 B.C.

Other archeological sites found in the neighborhood of the Karain cave complex in Antalya include:

The Upper and Lower Duden Waterfalls.

Interesting to note the Antalya Airport is located between the Upper and Lower Falls…

…and that the Karain Cave Complex is right next to an elliptical track.

Personally, I think these were all components of an ancient energy grid, but we have been conditioned to think of them all as either 1) naturally-made, or 2) recently-built infrastructure.

Termessos is also close-by, considered one of the best-preserved of the ancient cities of Turkey, described as a Pisidian city.

Pisidia was a region of Asian Minor that corresponds roughly to the modern-day province of Anatalya in southwest Turkey.

Termessos was said to have been built on a natural platform at a height of 5,463-feet, or 1,665-meters, in the Taurus Mountains, and which includes a megalithic stone amphitheater, what are described as tombs of the western necropolis cut right into the rock face of Mount Solymos…

…and a rock-carved relief of Alcetas, with a missing face, known to history as a general who had served in Alexander the Great’s army, who was recorded as dying in Termessos in 320 BC.

The faceless carving of the general is interesting to me because it brings to mind Petra in Jordan, which was attributed to the Nabateans, an ancient Arabian people.

Like Temessos, Petra is known for it’s rock-carved tombs, and temples, in this case carved right into pink sandstone cliffs.

Was the rock-carving civilization of Jordan actually the same as the rock-carving civilization in Turkey, and not actually separate and arising independently of each other?

…and which also has faceless statues.

They are on the front of what is called “The Treasury” in Petra, which was perhaps best-known as a filming location for the Holy Grail Temple at the end of “Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.”

Is this natural wear-and-tear over the centuries…or intentional disfigurement because there was something there we weren’t supposed to know about?

Like, perhaps, the Great Sphinx in Egypt with its missing nose?

Next, EC in California did a quick map search of the prisons in California, and she found star fort foot-prints everywhere!

Like both prisons in Delano, the North Kern…

…and Kern Valley State Prisons…

…the Avenal State Prison in Avenal California…

…at San Quentin, the oldest prison in the State, first opening in 1852…

…the Folsom State Prison in Folsom, California, which opened in 1880, and is the second-oldest prison in the state after San Quentin…

…and the prison Johnny Cash was referring to in his signature “Folsom Prison Blues” song from 1955 and from where he performed live in 1968…

…Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California…

…Lancaster State Prison in Los Angeles County…

…Wasco State Prison in Wasco, California…

…Corcoran State Prison in Corcoran, California…

…Pelican Bay State Prison in Crescent City, California, the only supermax prison facility in the State of California, primarily for violent male criminals…

…and Salinas Valley State Prison, in Soledad, California.

While I am in California, AD asked me to check out Paso Robles.

Paso Robles was historically known for its healing hot springs.

AD said there was a a massive bath house downtown where a city parking lot is today.

It would have been right next to where the Carnegie Library today, which is right across Spring Street from the Paso Robles Inn today.

The Carnegie Library in Paso Robles was said to have been built between 1907 and 1908 from a $10,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation.

The original Paso Robles Inn featured a 7-acre garden; 9-hole golf course; library; beauty salon; barbershop; several billiard and lounging rooms; along with its famous spa, which attracted the luminaries of the day.

But, alas, tragedy struck this grand hotel in December of 1940.

A spectacular fire completely destroyed the “fire-proof” El Paso de Robles Hotel, though miraculously the guests staying the night escaped unharmed, with the exception of the night clerk, J. H. Emsley, who suffered a fatal heart attack after sounding the alarm!

This has been the Paso Robles Inn since 1942…

…which is also advertised as a haunted venue.

The Paso Robles Springs and mud baths were known at one time to be among the most healing on earth, from things like psoriasis and arthritis among other ailments.

This is a photo of the municipal mud bath in 1905…

…and the candy store that is at the same location today, with no mud baths to be found!

AD said the San Simeon earthquake cracked open the hot springs underneath the parking lot next to the City Hall and library, and they started flowing again.

Then the cover-up began all over again!

Next, DB suggested I look at Battery Point, a suburb that is immediately south of the Central Business District in Hobart, the capital of Tasmania.

First, let me say that growing up in the United States, the first, and for many years, only, reference to Tasmania in my life was this guy on Looney Tunes cartoons on television – the Tasmanian Devil.

The Tasmanian Devil was a cartoon character based on the real life Tasmanian Devil, the world’s largest carnivorous marsupial and native to Tasmania.

The Tasmanian Devil has been classified as an endangered species since 2008.

Like kangaroos, mom carries her babies in a pouch.

Tasmania is an island state of Australia, located 150-miles, or 240-kilometers, to the south of the Australian mainland, separated from it by the Bass Strait.

This is what we are told about Tasmania.

Tasmania got its present name from the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who first sighted the island on November 24th of 1642, when he was exploring in the service of the Dutch East India Company.

It’s European first name, however, became Van Diemen’s Land, when Tasman honored his patron Anthony van Diemen, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies at that time.

The island was inhabited by aborigines from at least 40,000 years prior to the arrival of Europeans, when they settled the island starting in 1803 as a penal settlement of the British Empire, allegedly to prevent claims to the land by the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.

The aboriginal population of the island was almost completely wiped out within 30-years from the time of European settlement, during a period of conflict between the 1820s and 1832 known as the “Black War,” as well as the spread of infectious diseases.

These are typical of the kinds of paintings of the Australian Aborigines that have come down to us in our historical narrative.

Let’s see what we find in Hobart and Battery Point.

First, I have known for awhile that there was an International Exhibition held in Hobart, which took place in 1894.

It was said to have been built on 11-acres starting in 1893, for a cost not more than 10,000 pounds because that was all the money that was available, for the International Exhibition that was held there between 1894 and 1895, and that the builders of it never meant to last, having been built of hardwood…and plaster and concrete to make it look more elegant, and it is long gone!

The Hobart Cenotaph is located on the Queen’s Domain, a hilly-area northeast of the Central Business District.

The Cenotaph is on what was at one time called the Queen’s Battery.

More on Hobart’s historical Batteries in just a moment.

The Hobart Cenotaph today is the main commemorative military monument for Tasmania, and is described as an Art Deco reinterpretation of a traditional Egyptian obelisk.

It was said to have been designed by Hobart architects Hutchison and Walker after the firm won a design competition for it in 1923.

While we are told it was originally designed to memorialize Tasmanians who died during World War I, it was later modified to honor those who died in all military conflicts.

Here is a Google Earth Screenshot showing the location of the Hobart Cenotaph and Queen’s Domain, in relationship to other nearby places.

Battery Point is just across a small harbor from where the Hobart Cenotaph is located, and south of the Central Business District.

It was said to have been named after three batteries of guns established there in 1818 as part of the Hobart Coastal defenses.

These guns were subsequently decommissioned, we are told, after an 1878 review of Hobart’s defenses found its location would draw enemy fire on the surrounding residential neighborhood, so the location was turned over to the Hobart City Council for recreation and amusement.

They were located in what is called “Prince’s Park” today, where there are a few above-ground remnants…

…but mostly underground.

Like the Paso Robles Inn, also reputed to be haunted.

The Alexandra Battery, on a point of land further down from Battery Point and also said to have been built as part of the Hobart Coastal Defenses, still has much of its original structure intact, and is still accessible to visit by the public.

The Kangaroo Bluff Battery was directly across the Derwent River from Battery Point in Hobart.

The first railroad lines on the island were established starting in 1871.

I think these were pre-existing, and the dates we are given was when they became operational after being made serviceable.

Today, there is only freight railroad transport in Tasmania, with the main cargo being cement, and no passenger services in operation.

Why would this be the case?

Today, in much of Tasmania, including Hobart, you can only experience the old rail trails by biking or hiking.

The next place I am going to take a look at was suggested by AP, which is Queen Victoria Building in Sydney, Australia.

The Queen Victoria building is described as a 5-story, late 19th-century building in Sydney’s Central Business District, said to have been designed on the “Scale of a Cathedral” by the architect George McRae, and constructed between 1893 and 1898.

…with its over 20 domes…

…and cathedral-style windows.

During its history, it has had some different uses, but primarily as retail space, which it is today…

…though the Queen Victoria building has been threatened with demolition at various time over the years, starting as early as 1959.

Makes sense, right?

More like make it make sense!

FM suggested that I look at the St. Pancras Renaissance Hotel in London.

It is the front part of the St. Pancras Railway Station, which is a main terminal in London.

The architect credited with the design of the building, first known as the Midland Grand Hotel, was George Gilbert Scott, who won a design competition held for it, we are told, in 1865, and that it’s construction was completed by 1876, with four floors.

This is an illustration of the hotel showing 5-floors, which we are told it was planned to have, but not built to save on construction costs.

It is interesting to note in this photo of this massive building, you can see the slanted street and unlevel building features from the side-view.

The hotel has a grand grand staircase…

…and stately hallways.

Each room had a fireplace, yet at the same time rooms did not have bathrooms, which we are told was a convention of the times.

Apparently the original hotel closed in 1935 due to “outdated and costly utilities, and the need for an army of servants needed to carry things like chamber pots and tubs, and instead became office space for British Rail, who had plans to demolish the building until it was saved by a preservation campaign, though it sat abandoned for awhile starting in 1988.

The building was restored, and reopened as a hotel and apartments in 2011.

You too can have an apartment in the St. Pancras clock tower for only 4.6-million pounds.

LR suggested that I look into Dulwich College in London.

Dulwich College is a public school for boys, which includes day schools and a myriad of boarding schools.

Dulwich College was founded as a charity in 1619 as the “College of God’s Gift” by Elizabethan actor and businessman Edward Alleyn.

In 1605, Alleyn became the owner of the estate of Dulwich, and somewhere in there decided to establish a hospital for poor people and provide for the education of poor boys.

Between 1613 and 1616, a chapel, schoolhouse, and twelve almshouses were said to have been built.

The Lord Chancellor at the time, Sir Francis Bacon, objected to Alleyn getting the patent of incorporation necessary to be considered a college, and which he ultimately received from King James I, and which allowed the College of God’s Gift to be set-up as an endowment, so it was able to establish and aggregation of assets to support its educational mission forever.

The charity originally was comprised of a Master, a Warden, four fellows, six poor brothers, six poor sisters, and twelve poor scholars that were orphans ages 6 and up.

Known as “Members of the College,” together were legal owners of Alleyn’s endowment of the Dulwich manor and lands.

The business of the charity was conducted on behalf of these thirty members by the Master Warden, and four fellows, consisting of a chaplain, schoolmaster, usher and organist.

The Archbishop of Canterbury became the official Visitor, or overseer of the charitable institution who can intervene in the internal affairs of the institution.

Interesting stipulations made by Alleyn included that the Master and Warden be unmarried and of Alleyn’s surname, and blood if possible.

The Dulwich College Act of 1857 dissolved the original corporation.

For one thing, it went from being called the “College of God’s Gift” to “Alleyn’s College of God’s Gift.”

Another, it was divided into an educational part and a charitable part, overseen by a joint Board of Governors.

I am going into the details about this part of Dulwich College’s history because it seems very odd to me, and makes me wonder what was really going on with this charitable institution that we are not being told.

Dulwich College took on its present form when it moved to its present location in 1870.

Next, DC asked me to take a look at the Solent and Portsmouth in the south of England.

The strait between the Isle of Wight and Great Britain is known as “The Solent.”

It is a major shipping lane and recreational area for yachts and other water sports.

The Hurst Spit projects into the Solent Narrows, and is the location of Hurst Castle.

The Hurst Castle was said to have been built by King Henry VIII in the 16th-century, during the years between 1541 and 1544 as part of  part of a coastal protection program against invasion from France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.

Then there are the Palmerston Forts on the Isle of Wight, called a group of forts and associated structures that were built during the Victorian Era in response to a perceived threat of French invasion.

They are called the Palmerston Forts due to their association with Lord Palmerston, the Prime Minister during that time who was said to have promoted the idea.

There were approximately 20 of these Palmerston structures along the west and east coast of the Isle of Wight.

Like Fort Victoria was said to have been built in the 1850s to guard the Solent…

…and is located on the Isle of Wight in a position opposite from Hurst Castle on the mainland’s Hurst Spi

In addition to all the forts and batteries located on the Isle of Wight, other forts associated directly with the Solent include Spitbank Fort, which was turned into a luxury spa hotel with nine rooms from 2012 and until its closure in 2020…

…Horse Sand Fort, said to have been built between 1865 and 1880, and was sold to a private buyer in October of 2021…

…No Man’s Land Fort, said to have been built between 1867 and 1880, and also repurposed into a luxury hotel that opened in 2015 and it is apparently still operating as one today, unlike Spit Bank Fort…

…and St. Helens Fort, said to have been built between 1865 and 1878. It is privately-owned and not open to the public.

It is interesting to note that periodically the tide is low enough to reveal an old causeway, and typically when this happens, there is a mass walk of people out to the fort and back.

All of which were said to have been Palmerston constructions resulting from the 1859 Royal Commission on the Defense of the United Kingdom, a committee formed to inquire into the ability of the United Kingdom to defend itself from an attempted invasion.

The coastal areas of the Solent are estuaries and have status as protected lands, like the New Forest National Park on one-side of the Solent, which interestingly includes the Exbury Gardens & Steam Railway…

…and the Exbury Gardens are world-famous for the collection of Rhodedendrons and Azaleas of its Rothschild owners.

The Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is on the other side of the Solent.

The Solent is known for having a double high-tide, having four tides a day, as opposed to two tides under normal conditions.

It is also at the midpoint in the English Channel, between Dover and Land’s End, and when Dover is at low tide, Land’s End is at high tide, and vice versa.

Portsmouth is an island-city located on the northeast corner of the Solent.

The only island-city in the UK, Portsmouth is located mainly on Portsea Island, a flat, low-lying island that is 9.5-square-miles, or 24.5-square-kilometers, and is the most densely-populated city in the UK.

The oldest part of the city, Old Portsmouth, is located on the southwest part of the island.

The Anglican Portsmouth Cathedral is located in the center of Old Portsmouth.

This is what we are told about it.

A wealthy Norman merchant gave land around 1180 AD to built a chapel to honor St. Thomas of Canterbury, a Christian martyr who had been assassinated around ten years previously.

Then the chapel became a parish church in the 1400s…and a cathedral in the 1900s.

We are told that in 1932, a sketch plan was submitted by architect Charles Nicholson that would extend the church to a size of a cathedral, and that he chose a “Neo-Byzantine,” and that by 1939, the outer aisles for the choir; the tower; the transepts; and three bays of the nave had been completed.

Then with the Fall of France in 1940, work on the “extension project” stopped, and during the course of World War II, the building sustained minor damage.

Then work began again in 1990 to finish the project, and that between 1990 and 1991, the fourth bay of the nave; western towers; tower room; rose window; gallery; and so forth were completed and the Portsmouth Cathedral was consecrated in the presence of the Queen Mother Elizabeth in November of 1991.

Portsmouth Cathedral has two organs.

The Nicholson Organ was said to have been installed in 1994, the pipes of which had been taken from an organ made in 1861 by John Nicholson originally for the Manchester Cathedral.

Then West Great Organ was added in 2001 to provide music into the separate space of the Nave.

The Portsmouth Cathedral is a short-distance from Gunwharf Quay.

The Old Gunwharf started out as an ordnance yard in 1706 on land that had been reclaimed from the sea.

Then the site was extended by reclaiming further land from the sea, to create the New Gunwharf around 1800.

Reclaimed from what, I wonder?

The definition of reclamation is an act or process of reclaiming, such as reformation, rehabilitation…and restoration to use.

Known now as the Vulcan Building, the Grand Storehouse of the New Gunwharf was completed in 1814, where a wide-range of ordnance weaponry were stored, including gun carriages, cannons, and cannon balls, etc.

Today it is Aspex Portsmouth, the leading contemporary art gallery in Portsmouth.

All of those pyramids on the front lawn are really interesting to me!

Today, “Gunwharf Quays” it is a shopping center.

Portsmouth is the location of HMNB Portsmouth, the largest Royal Navy base, home to, among many other naval-related things, two-thirds of the United Kingdom’s surface fleet.

The Royal Dockyard in Portsmouth was said to have been founded in 1495 by King Henry VIII, and are said to have the world’s oldest dry-docks dating from this time-period.

Dry-docks are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships and other water-vessels.

So, the Royal Navy Base and the Gunwharf Quays-turned-shopping center are bringing Hamilton, Bermuda to mind from past research.

This map shows the location of the Royal Navy Dockyard that was located there.

We are told it was built by the British Royal Navy in 1795, and was once home to Britain’s largest naval base outside of the United Kingdom until it closed permanently as a naval base in 1995.

Now it is the home of the Clocktower Mall, hosting a variety of shops, boutiques and restaurants. 

I know there is much more to find here in Portsmouth, but now I am going to take a look at a place that was in Amsterdam in the Netherlands that was suggested by another viewer.

This was the “Palace of Industry.”

Described as a large exhibition hall inspired by the Crystal Palace in London, it was said to have been constructed between 1859 and 1864.

To put this into perspective, this would have been in the same time frame as the 1859 Royal Commission on the Defense of the United Kingdom that resulted in the construction of the Palmerston forts in the Solent and on Isle of Wight, and the American Civil War, which began in 1861 and ended in 1865 in our historical narrative.

There was even a large organ there that we are told was installed there in 1875 by the famous French constructor of organs, Aristide Covaille-Coll.

But alas, it was destroyed by fire in April 1929.

While buildings surrounding the Palace of Industry were spared from destruction by the fire, like the gallery, shops, and apartments, the main building was destroyed and never reconstructed.

The next place I am going to look at was suggested by JMG, which was the Fort Washington Avenue Armory in Manhattan.

The Armory is considered to be the world’s premiere indoor track and field facility.

The Armory is known for having the fastest track in the world, with more world records being set here than anywhere else.

It was said to have been constructed in the Neoclassical Style in 1911.

It was home to the 22nd Army Corps of Engineers; used to give licensing exams to architects, engineers, nurses and so on; and even used as a homeless shelter.

The campaign to renovate the building started in 1992, and since then it also houses the National Track and Field Hall of Fame besides the New Balance Track and Field Center, and hosts the largest number of high school and college invitationals in the world.

I wonder what it is about the Armory Building that makes it such a phenomenal track and field venue?!

Viewer JB suggested that I take a look at Beaver Dam, Wisconsin.

Beaver Dam was said to have first been settled in 1841 by two men, and that the population had grew to 100 in two years, and that it received its name from an old beaver dam nearby.

The city was incorporated in March of 1856, the same year we are told the Milwaukee Railroad reached the area.

This depiction of Beaver Dam was circa 1867…as seen from the air?

How could that be possible given the technology we have been told existed at the time?

This is the Beaver Dam Community Library.

It first opened as the Williams Free Library.

The story about it goes like this.

In April of 1890, John Williams, a wealthy local businessman, offered to pay $25,000 to construct the library if the city paid for the land.

Done deal, and it first opened in July of 1891.

The library’s design was said to have been inspired by Henry Hobson Richardson.

I first encountered the Richardson Romanesque style of architecture in tracking a long-distance alignment through Easton Massachusetts, where I encountered the Ames Free Library.

Henry Hobson Richardson himself wasi said to have designed the Ames Free Library in Easton.

It was said to have been commissioned by the children of Oliver Ames, Jr, after he left money in his will for the construction of a library.

The building we are told took place between 1877 and 1879.

Henry Hobson Richardson was also said to have designed the Oakes Ames Memorial Hall which is right next to the Ames Free Library, said to have been commissioned by the children of Congressman Oakes Ames as a gift to the town of Easton, and built between 1879 and 1881.

The Ames Brothers, Oliver and Oakes, were an interesting pair.

Among many other things, they were co-owners of the Ames Shovel Shop in Easton.

It became nationally known for providing the shovels for the Union Pacific Railroad, which opened the west. It was said to have been the world’s largest supplier of shovels in the 19th-century.

Why would shovels have been so important for constructing the railroad tracks to open the west?

What if…the tracks were already there and just needed to be dug out?

The architect that gave his name to Richardsonian Romanesque, Henry Hobson Richardson, was said to have never finished his architecture studies in Paris due to the Civil War.

He also is said to have died at the age of 47, after having a prolific career in the design of mind-blowingly sophisticated and ornate buildings of heavy masonry.

Horicon Marsh is described as a silted-up glacial lake that is a national and state wildlife refuge.

I really think places like marsh-lands and estuaries were mud-flooded places that were ruined for civilized use.

You can see straight channels in this aerial photo of the Horicon Marsh in Wisconsin…

…just like you see straight channels in the Mississippi River Delta south of New Orleans.

I found this photo of what was called a drainage ditch in the Horicon Marsh circa 1914.

These Drumlins are found south of Horicon Marsh.

Drumlins are the grooves in the landscape, said to be hills formed by a retreating glacier around 12,000-years-ago.

The drumlins in Wisconsin brought to mind Malham Ash, described as a limestone pavement, in the Yorkshire Dales National Park in northern England.

The definition of the word pavement is this: 1) a hard, smooth surface, especially of a public area or thoroughfare, that will bear travel; and 2) the material with which such a surface is made.

Malham Ash is at Malham Cove.

Malham Cove is described as a huge, curving cliff formation of limestone, with a vertical cliff face of 260 feet, or 79 meters, high, and was said to have been formed by a waterfall carrying glacial melt-water, also over 12,000 years ago like the Wisconsin drumlins.

Wayland Academy in Beaver Dam is a private, college prep boarding school, with a student population of 125 in the 2021 – 2022 school year.

It was chartered by the then-Wisconsin Territory Legislature in 1847 as the Beaver Dam Academy.

Originally Baptist school, it was renamed Wayland Academy after Baptist Minister Francis Wayland, who was also an educator and economist.

Wayland Academy Residence Hall looks like it might have had a steeple-like structure at one time, and there are below-ground windows at the front of the building.

Examples of architectural component removal that I have come across include the Grand Theater in Salem, Oregon, which was said to have been built in as an opera house in 1900 by the Odd Fellows, and owned by them, and today also has retail space, office space, and a ballroom as well as being still used as a theater venue.

…and the Old Lewis Hotel in McGregor, Iowa, only it’s now called the Alexander Hotel, minus the domes it had originally.

The Wayland Academy Field House is located directly across the street from the Residence Hall.

The circular Wayland Academy Field House sports a beautiful domed roof.

When I saw the term Wayland Academy Field House used to describe a sporting venue, it brought Cole Field House at the University of Maryland back to my memory. I grew up in Maryland.

This image of Cole Field House on the left definitely reminds me of an airplane hangar as seen on the right.

Historical photographs of airships in hangars are easily findable in an internet search.

This is what we are told about airships in our historical narrative.

Australian inventor William Bland sent designs for his “Atmotic Airship” to the 1851 Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace in London where a model was displayed.

This was an elongated balloon with a steam engine driving twin propellers suspended underneath.

Then, in 1852, Frenchman Henri Giffard was credited as being the first person to make an engine-powered flight when he flew 17-miles, or 27-kilometers, in a steam-powered airship, and airships would develop considerably over the next two decades.

The era of the airships in our historical narrative was somewhere between 1900 and 1940.

The 1908 military science fiction book of H. G. Wells entitled “The War in the Air” was about entire cities and fleets destroyed by airship attack…

…and airships were used as bombers in military conflicts starting in 1912 and during World War I.

We are told their use decreased as their capabilities were surpassed by those of airplanes.

Sounds like the story we are about the superior capability of trains causing the use of canals for transportation to become obsolete.

Then, we are told the decline of airships was accelerated by a series of high-profile accidents, including the 1937 dramatic burning of the German Hindenburg passenger airship, which changed the narrative.

Now they were not safe way to travel, so of course they had to get rid of them for public safety!

This is a good lead-in to the viewer suggestions of the so-called Fantasy Arts of Steampunk and Capriccio.

Steampunk Art is described as a vision of the Victorian Age that never was, where airships fill the skies and steampower and clockwork make everything possible, combined with futuristic technological concepts.

Capriccio art is described as architectural fantasy in which buildings, archeological ruins, and other architectural design elements are combined in fictional and fantasical ways.

On the top left is an actual photograph of the view of Budapest and the Hungarian Parliament in the background from the Budapest Castle Funicular iand the top right is the Hungarian Parliament building.

The bottom left is a Capriccio Art depiction of London, with a view of St. Paul’s Cathedral in the background, and the bottom right is St. Paul’s Cathedral.

Interesting side-note that the Hungarian Parliament Building in Budapest and St. Paul’s Cathedral in London are oriented in the same direction.

My guess would be they are oriented to the cardinal directions, like the Pyramids of Giza as an example.

You even see this example of a beautiful fantastical-looking city-scape included in this official portrait from the 1950s of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip.

I truly believe the true history of the Earth is being shown to us through these artworks.

Next, RG shared information about the sinking of the Lady Elgin, saying it is so similar to the sinking of the Titanic and that the Lady Elgin passenger manifest was lost, so the exact number on-board was unknown.

The Lady Elgin, a side-wheel steamship, was said to have been built in Buffalo, New York, in 1851.

For almost a decade, the elegant steamship took passengers between Chicago and other cities on Lake Michigan and Lake Superior.

Apparently during the years she was in operation, the steamship was involved in a number of accidents, including, but not limited to, things like striking a rock in 1854 and being damaged by fire in 1857.

Then On September 6th of 1860, the Lady Elgin was rammed below the water-line by the wooden Schooner Augusta, and her sinking has been called the “one of the greatest marine horrors on record.”

The Lady Elgin was on its return trip to Milwaukee, sailing against gale force winds, when she was rammed by the Augusta.

The Lady Elgin’s captain ordered that cattle and cargo be thrown over-board to lighten the load in order to bring the hole above-water.

All of the efforts to try to keep the ship from sinking came nothing, as within twenty-minutes, the ship broke apart and sank quickly.

Of those 300 people, most were from the Irish community of Milwaukee, including nearly all of Milwaukee’s Irish Union Guard.

The Irish Union Guard was an Irish militia based in Milwaukee’s Third Ward, and who were at odds with the Wisconsin governor’s position.

The members of the Irish Union Guard had chartered the Lady Elgin for a quick-trip to Chicago.

It was said that so many Irish-American political operatives died that day that it shifted the balance-of-political-power in Milwaukee from the Irish to the Germans.

Well, there certainly seems to be some parallels between the sinking of the Lady Elgin in 1860, and the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, that resulted in changing the course of history.

The story goes that the RMS Titanic passenger liner sank on its maiden voyage in the North Atlantic Ocean on April 15th of 1912, after striking an iceberg, and it broke apart and sank 2 hours and 40 minutes later.

More than 1,500 people died of the estimated 2,224 passengers that were on-board, resulting in the deadliest peace-time sinking of a super-liner or cruise ship.

Also, prominent people opposed to the creation of the Federal Reserve were on board, including John Jacob Astor IV, Benjamin Guggenheim, and Isidor Strauss.

Then on December 23rd, 1913, the Federal Reserve Act Passed Congress, signed into law by Woodrow Wilson. 

It created and established the Federal Reserve System, and created the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (commonly known as the US dollar) as legal tender.

Food for thought.

ES put together a folder of images and information for me about Ottawa, Illinois.

The city of Ottawa in Illinois was incorporated in 1853, and is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers.

He said this town has some strange and/or important history.

Like, the city’s Washington Square being the location of the first debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debate on August 21st of 1858.

The park was said to have been platted in 1831, and besides having a fountain and reflecting pool with life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas situated in a plaza surrounded by limestone…

…the LaSalle County Civil War Soldiers Monument is located there, said to have been erected on September 21st of 1873.

J. O. Glover was the Mayor of Ottawa in 1858 when the first Lincoln-Douglas Debate took place.

This is a picture of his home, where supporters of Abraham Lincoln were said to have carried him on their shoulders after the debate in Washington Square.

Glover’s home on Columbus Street is no longer there, having been replaced by a parking lot.

Here is another photo from the time of the 1858 debate.

It was of what was known as the Eames Home, with Lincoln and Douglas appearing in it, where it was located at the corner of Superior and Paul Streets.

This particular house was said to have been moved from this location to a new location at 118 East Lafayette Street, which is actually right across the street from Washington Square where the debate was held.

At least this is what they tell us!

William Dickson Boyce was said to have built a home in Ottawa in 1913.

Who was he?

Newspaper & Magazine publisher William D. Boyce was the founder of the Boy Scouts of America, which was established in 1910.

The story goes that he was lost in a fog in London when he was approached by a young English boy scout who led him to his destination, and Boyce was so intrigued that he went on to found the Boy Scouts in America.

ES said there are countless old world buildings and Victorian-era style homes, though it seems much of it was destroyed or heavily modified from its original ornate design.

ES said the captions alone given in these images raise some eyebrows with some common themes like fires and war fundraisers, etc.

He included an obituary he found for the man his relatives told him owned the largest home in town (now demolished) and the local department store, Sidney Stiefel.

It seems his Stanley Stiefel’s father started the business in 1899 and before that his grandfather was a clothing manufacturer in Germany.

The fact that he was a Shriner and also an Elk caught ES’s attention, especially since each group has a lodge right in the heart of downtown.

This is a photo of the Ottawa Knights Templar circa the 1870s.

Knight Templar is the highest-degree in the York Rite of Freemasonry.

The photo of the Ottawa Knights Templar was said to have been taken in front of the Opera House.

Since a year is not specified for the photo, it is interesting to note that the first Opera House in Ottawa was said to have been built in 1872 and burned down in 1874.

Then the second opera house was said to have been completed in 1875. It was demolished at some point after this photo was taken in 1893 as part of a series of photos showcasing Ottawa.

This was a framed photo ES saw in a local funeral home of the Civil War General George B. McClellan showing the masonic pose of the Hidden Hand.

The Hidden Hand refers to the Freemasonic pose in this illustration, signifying “Master of the Second Veil.”

ES shared several other photos at the funeral home.

This photo is of an odd Civil War mourning dress ritual of the Order of the Confederate Rose.

The Order of the Confederate Rose is described as an historical organization whose purpose was to support the Sons of Confederate Veterans in their service to the South.

It was named after Rose O’Neal Greenhow, a successful Confederate Spy who lost her life by drowning in 1864.

And another was a group photo of the “Improvement Council.”

If ES had to guess, he said this Improvement Council was a controlled demolition/narrative group that decided who worked on things like getting the trolleys from horse drawn back to electric.

Electric streetcars started operating in Ottawa in 1889 and by 1901, there was an Interurban streetcar system running between towns.

Interesting to see this undated photo of the streetcar in Ottawa on a dirt-covered street.

We are told when the Federal Highway Act was passed in 1916, it marked the beginning of the end of the Interurban systems.

With the construction of paved highways and the mass production of automobiles, we are told that electric rail service decreased in popularity, and that by 1934, all interurbans were halted.

One last historical photo I would like share from ES was that of the Clifton Hotel.

Interesting to note what it says about the long porch with seating to view the Fox River…and the drain-pipe dumping sewage into the Fox River.

Next, PS suggested that I look at Skeleton Lake in India’s Uttarakhand State of India in the Himalayas.

Also known as Roopkund and Mystery Lake, it is a high-altitude of 16,040-feet, or 5,020-meters.

It is surrounded by glaciers covered by rocks and mountains-topped by snow.

It is called Skeleton Lake because there were hundreds of human skeletons found in 1942 at the edge of the lake.

The remains of approximately 300 people have been identified.

Studies of the remains showed head injuries, caused by round objects from above, so the cause of death has been attributed to which have been attributed by researchers to a sudden hailstorm.

Regardless, who they were or how they died remains an unsolved mystery in the present-day.

Going on to the next place.

SL encountered a Step Pyramid in Death Valley near Rhyolite Ghost Town in Nevada.

Rhyolite was a boom town that sprung-up after the discovery of high-grade gold ore there in 1905, and its last resident died in 1924.

Today, it is a place where ghostly-looking statues depict things like a Grim Reaper Last Supper.

DA wanted me to check out Spokane in eastern Washington State, eighteen-miles west of the Idaho border near Coeur d’Alene.

It is known as the Birthplace of Father’s Day because the idea was proposed by Spokane resident Sonora Dodd in 1909.

The Northwest Company’s Spokane House was established in 1810, a fur-trading post that was the first long-term settlement in what became Washington State…

…and the Northern Pacific Railway first brought settlers to the Spokane area in 1881.

The Northern Pacific Depot in Spokane pictured here was said to have been built in 1890, after the Great Fire of 1889.

The 1889 Great Fire of Spokane was a major fire in August of that year which affected downtown Spokane, destroying the downtown commercial district of the city.

Some of the things that we are told about it was that due to a technical problem with the pump station, there was no water pressure in the city when the fire began, and that firefighters demolished buildings with dynamite in a desparate bid to starve the fire.

After the fire, architect Kirtland Kelsey Cutter was credited with designing many of the city’s older Romanesque Revival-Style buildings, like the First National Bank…

…the Rookery Building…

…the Spokane Club…

…and the Davenport Hotel and Restaurant.

Spokane’s Riverfront Park occupies 100-acres, or 40-hectares along the Spokane River, encompassing the Upper Spokane Falls.

Officially opening in 1978, Riverfront Park is said to be located on the site of a former railyard.

Attractions include the Great Northern Clocktower.

The Clocktower is all that remains of what was the Great Northern Depot, which was levelled to make room for the Expo ’74 that was held in Spokane.

The Great Northern Depot and Clocktower was said to have been built between 1892 and 1902.

The Clocktower was almost levelled too, but was saved by a successful preservation effort.

The Monroe Street Bridge is a deck-arch bridge that spans the Spokane River, and was said to have been built in 1911 by the City of Spokane, and designed by city engineer John Chester Ralston.

Just a sample of the many things Spokane has to offer the historical narrative that jumped right out at me.

The last place I am going to look at is Barrow-in-Furness in Lancashire, England, a place EK brought to my attention.

It was first incorporated as a municipal borough in 1867.

The Barrow-in-Furness Townhall and Clocktower was said to have opened in 1887.

The Furness Railway opened in 1846, and by 1850, extensive hematite deposits were found of sufficient size to open a steel mill.

That led to the creation of the Barrow Hematite Steel Company, a major iron and steel producer based here between 1859 and 1963.

By the beginning of the 20th-century, it was the largest steel mill in the world.

With Barrow’s location and steel supply, the Vickers Shipyard here developed into a significant producer of naval vessels, including submarines.

Vickers also was credited with making the first rigid airship known as R1, or “Mayfly,” in 1908.

But, unfortunately, it was destroyed by mishandling in the process of being moored.

By 1921, there had been 80 dirigibles constructed here.

In 1930, land for the construction of a second airship facility had been purchased on Walney Island.

It was turned into an airfield in 1940 with onset of World War II, with multiple uses by the Royal Air Force, including those involving airships.

The Walney Airfield was used extensively during World War II, after which time it fell into disuse until it was the 1980s, when it was used for passenger service by different airlines on-and-off again until March of 1992.

I am going to end “Places & Topics Suggested by Viewers – Volume 10” here on Walney Island in Lancashire, and more to come!