I am in the process of organizing my recent blot post “On the Trail of Giants – In Appalachia and Beyond,” into the four main themes that are interwoven throughout the original post that I want to bring forward separately for your consideration.

This is the first segment that is ready-to-go, with the featured theme of “Robber Barons and Resetters.”

I take a very close look at this region and its official history in this video, which among other things, was important to the settlement and industrialization of America, and also the wealthy and influential men behind it all.

The other three segments will feature the following main themes of the original video: ”Giants;” “The Energy Grid;” and “The Cataclysm.”

I have been researching aspects of what I am presenting in this post for years, but this subject came about as an in-depth research topic for me right now because a viewer, Aaron, suggested that I look into this particular topic. 

My starting point for the research in this post are places in Pennsylvania that Aaron sent me that he had identified as looking like megalithic stone structures

Like “Boxcar Rocks,” also known as the “Chinese Wall,” and the “High Rocks,” on Gold Mine Road in Cold Spring Township in Lebanon County.

We are told that they are a natural geologic formation a little over a half-mile, or .8-kilometers, long, and 60-feet, or 18-meters, high, described as a long line of stacked boulders that were likely left over from melting glacial deposits during the last Ice Age.

Yet here are images that Aaron sent me where the stone blocks of Boxcar Rocks look like they have been cut-and-shaped!

Cold Spring Township was incorporated in 1853, and In 2010, there was a population recorded of 52 people.

Most of the Township is part of “Pennsylvania State Game Lands #211,” who manage the lands for the purposes of hunting, trapping, and fishing.

The Appalachian Trail runs through “Pennsylvania State Game Lands #211” in Swatara State Park.

This is Lock #5 of the old Union Canal on the “Bear Hole Trail” of Swatara State Park.

This section of the Union Canal was said to have been closed after the dam holding the reservoir was washed away by a devastating flood in 1862, and the rest of the Union Canal was said to have been closed to use in 1885 because it could not compete with the “efficiency of the railroad.”

The 82-mile, or 132-kilometer, -long Union Canal in southeastern Pennsylvania between Middletown, Pennsylvania to Reading, Pennsylvania, was said to have been built between 1792 and 1828, until it closed in 1885.

We are told the American Canal Age was between 1790 and 1855, and started in Pennsylvania, where the first legislation surveying canals was passed in 1762.

The construction of the Union Canal was said to have started under the administration of President George Washington in 1792, and was touted as the “Golden Link” in providing an early transportation route for shipping anthracite coal and lumber to Philadelphia.

The “Main Line of Public Works,” of which the Union Canal was a part of, was passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1826.

It funded various transportation systems, including canal, road, and railroad.

Next, Aaron drew my attention to the World’s End State Park is in Forksville, Pennsylvania, a small village of about 200 people in the Loyalsock State Forest.

World’s End State Park is situated around the s-shaped bends of Loyalsock Creek.

These locations are in Pennsylvania’s “Endless Mountains,” a region of northeastern Pennsylvania that are not considered true mountains, but a dissected plateau on the Allegheny Plateau.

We are told the “Endless Mountains” are comprised of sedimentary rocks of sandstone and shale that were part of a lowland that collected sediments from mountains to the southeast that eroded millions upon millions of years ago.

This region was historically inhabited by the Susquehannock, Iroquois, and Munsee-Lenape peoples.

Here are some pictures from the “World’s End State Park,” in the “Endless Mountains.”

Beartown Rocks can be found in Clear Creek State Forest near Sigel, Pennsylvania, in Jefferson County.

With a population a little bit larger than Forksville, Sigel has a small population of a little over 1,100 residents at last count.

This is what we are told.

Clear Creek State Forest was formed because of the depletion of old-growth forests by lumber and iron companies that took place in the mid-to-late-19th-century.

The forests were clear-cut, and wildfires caused by the sparks of passing steam kept the formation of new-growth forests from occurring.

Conservationists became alarmed that the forest would never re-grow, so they lobbied the state to purchase the land from the lumber and iron companies, which they were happy to sell because they had been depleted of resources.

The land that became the Clear Creek State Forest was purchased in 1919, at the end of the “lumber-era” that had swept through the Pennsylvania Mountains, by the end of which, Pennsylvania was stripped of its old-growth forests.

The entire park was established on three tracts of land in five Pennsylvania counties – Jefferson, Venango, Forest, Mercer, and Clarion.

Beartown Rocks in the part of the park in Jefferson County near Sigel are described as a beautiful rock formation consisting of “house-sized” boulders, that are spread out far enough they have road-like spaces in-between them, making it feel like a “rock city.”

In the section of the park in Venango County, I found references to an historic railroad that ran along-side the curvy Allegheny River in the Kennerdale Tract of the Clear Creek State Park in Venango County that is now part of the hiking trail system here.

The Clear Creek State Park is very close to West Hickory, Pennsylvania.

As a matter of fact, these other places I am looking at are close to West Hickory too!

More on this as we go.

West Hickory is where the tallest recorded skeleton in North America was found, at 18-feet, 5.5-meters.

Aaron also directed my attention to Panther Rocks in Moshannon State Forest, with its main offices in Penfield, Pennsylvania in Clearfield County’s Huston Township.

In the 2020 census, the population of Huston Township as a whole was recorded as a little under 1,300 people.

At one time in Penfield’s history, it was a company town for the logging and coal mining industries in what was a local resource extraction economy, and the railroad came through here at one time.

Immigrants from Europe settled in the area to work the deep mines scattered through the Benzette Valley here.

There’s not much left to speak of in Penfield, but there are recreational activities nearby at Moshannon State Forest, Bilger’s Rocks Park, Black Moshannon State Park, and Parker Dam State Park.

We find the same story at Moshannon State Forest that we found at Clear Creek State Forest – it was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that happened in the mid-to-late 19th-century, when lumber and iron companies clear-cut the forests and sparks from passing steam-locomotives caused wildfires from the remnants of the forest-lands, preventing the growth of new forests.

The land that became Moshannon State Forest was purchased by the State in 1898.

The old-growth forest was gone by 1921, with a second-growth forest replacing it since then.

Interesting to note that a tornado in 1985 tore through the forest and destroyed an estimated 88,000 trees.

Panther Rocks at Moshannon State Forest are described as a small rock city made of several large sandstone blocks, complete with streets, overhangs, channels, crevices and a short tunnel

They were said to have formed more than 300-million-years ago in the by sediments deposited in streams and rivers.

The nearby Bilger’s Rocks in Clearfield County’s Bloom Township near the town of Grampian, and is larger stone-city than what is found at Panther Rocks.

The creation of Bilger’s Rocks was also said to have taken place more than 300-million-years ago, formed by sediments deposited in streams and rivers.

Bilger’s Rocks has many examples of what appears to be toolmarks, and linear patterns that look like they were carved or molded, and has the same rock-city-like qualities of these other places we have been looking at tucked away in the Pennsylvania Park system.

Parker Dam State Park is surrounded by the Moshannon State Forest.

The Park was said to have been constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression.

The original dam here was said to have been constructed by William Parker as a splash dam for the movement of lumber after he leased lumbering rights at some point after lumber harvesting began here in 1794, and the CCC was said to have built the current dam there to replace it as part of the improvements the otherwise unemployed, unskilled young men made when they came to work on the park.

There was much logging going on from this region, so the “Susquehanna Boom” was said to have been built in the 1850s across the West Susquehanna River at Williamsport, a system of cribs and chained logs designed to catch and hold floating timber until it could be processed, and logging railroads built to transport the lumber, to the tune of 45-cars per day until logging ended here in 1911, when all the trees were gone.

The lumbermen left a barren landscape that was devastated by fires, flooding and erosion more many years, until the CCC came in the 1930s and started replanting trees after the State of Pennsylvania bought the deforested land from the Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company in 1930.

The Civilian Conservation Corps CCC operated from 1933 to 1942 in the U.S. for unemployed, unmarried men to do manual labor related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments.

Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was eventually expanded to ages 17–28. 

In the nine-years of its operation, the CCC employed 3,000,000 young men.

Black Moshannon State Park is largely surrounded by the Moshannon State Forest.

It is located in Rush Township in Centre County, and surrounds a lake formed by another dam, also said to have been constructed by the CCC, on Black Moshannon Creek at the site of a former mill-pond dam.

Black Moshannon State Park is the home to the largest reconstituted bog in Pennsylvania, a wetland that accumulates peat as a deposit of dead plant materials, which contains carnivorous plants, orchids, and species typically found further north.

Black Moshannon State Park is is 9-miles, or 15-kilometers east of Phillipsburg on Pennsylvania Route 504.

Philipsburg Borough was founded in 1797 by one Henry Phillips, who purchased 350,000 acres on the western side of the Allegheny Mountains for $173,000, and the proceeded to auction the land off on the streets of Philadelphia for two-cents per acre.

The region developed around the lumber and coal-mining industries.

The “Snowshoe Rails to Trails” is near Philipsburg and Black Moshannon, and is seen here in the top-left-hand corner, right next to the Moshannon River where the arrows are pointing.

The “Snowshoe Rails-to-Trails” has 19-miles, or 31-kilometers, of abandoned railroad bed along 37-miles, or 60-kilometers, of legalized Snowshoe Township Roads for ATVS/UTVs.

We are told that it was originally the route of the Beech Creek Railroad between the South Jersey Shore and Mahaffey Borough, Pennsylvania, and part of the Susquehanna and South Western Railroad, and used for coal mining services in the region starting in 1884.

This railroad ran near State College, home of Penn State University, and not far from Altoona, Pennsylvania.

More on State College and Altoona to come in this post.

Mahaffey Borough, first incorporated in 1841, was located on U. S. Route 219, at the junction of the New York Central Railroad and the Hudson River Railroad.

The arrows point to where railroad tracks ran along s-shaped river-bends. on this section of Route 219 going through Mahaffey Borough.

This railroad project in Pennsylvania was said to have been backed and financed by William H. Vanderbilt, President of the New York Central Railroad.

The New York Central Railroad was said to have begun operating in 1853 with the consolidation of earlier independent companies running between Albany and Buffalo. This graphic depicts the New York Central rail system as of 1918.

We are told extensive trackage existed in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts, and West Virginia, plus additional trackage in Ontario and Quebec, and by 1925 operated 26,395-miles, or 42,479-kilometers, of track.

William H. Vanderbilt had developed a plan to facilitate railroad access to enter the “Clearfield Coalfield,” a large, juicy coal-mining area in Clearfield County, which would have been otherwise exclusively accessed by the Pennsylvania Railroad.

It was said to have been constructed starting at the end of 1882 to high-standards, including extensive curvature, bridges, and a tunnel, and became operational in November of 1884.

Eventually, this railroad line provided passenger service and used as such until 1990.

In 1994, the right-of-way was acquired by the Headwaters Charitable Trust for the “Snowshoe Rail-to-Trail Project” and the rail went away.

Like Black Moshannon State Park, the Cranberry Glades Botanical Area in West Virgina is an area of boreal bogs located near US Route 219.

This is the same U. S. Route 219 we saw in connection with Mahaffey Borough, located on U. S. Route 219 at the junction of the New York Central Railroad and the Hudson River Railroad.

The Cranberry Glades Botanical Area is located close to both the New River Gorge National Park and Preserve, and White Sulphur Springs.

First, New River Gorge National Park and Preserve.

The New River Gorge is one of the few places that I know of that still has a railroad operating right along beside the s-shaped New River.

The Amtrak Cardinal still runs through the New River Gorge 3 days/week – on Sundays, Wednesdays and Fridays.

Besides the railroad line that runs along the New River through the New River Gorge in West Virginia, there are things found in the gorge like historic coal mines, waterfalls, and hydro projects.

We are told that after the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway opened up this rugged wilderness in 1873, coal was carried out of the New River Gorge to the ports in Virginia and to cities in the Midwest.

As a result, by 1905, thirteen cities sprang up between Fayette and Thurmond, which was 15-miles, or 24-kilometers, upstream, and provided the West Virginia coal that contributed greatly to the industrialization of the United States until the 1950s.

After the coal seams were exhausted and mines closed, these company towns like Fayette were for the most part completely abandoned, with the possible exception of Thurmond which had a very small population of 5 in 2010.

Aaron sent me information about the Red Ash and Rush Run Coke Ovens near Thurmond.

The Rush Run Coke Ovens were said to belong to the Rush Run Mining Company, and there were believed to have been up to 180 of them at this location, which borders the railroad tracks.

Coke ovens are described as being made of brick, or some kind of heat-resistant material, and used to separate the coal-gas, coal-water, and tar.

Coke is formed when the coal-gas and coal-water fuse together, and is used primarily in steel-production.

Rush Run was established as a coal-mining community in 1889 when the post office first opened, and boomed until the post office closed in 1939.

The mine there continued to operate until it was closed in the 1940s.

The nearby Red Ash coal camp was developed by the Red Ash Coal and Coke Company in 1891, for a high-quality coal that burned with a “fine red ash.”

There were estimated to be 80 coke ovens here at one time, and the mine was exhausted by the 1950s.

So, the typical pattern seen throughout this whole region known as Appalachia is communities and railroads coming on-line only for a short-time in order to extract resources until they are exhausted, and then they are gone.

We’ve seen multiple examples of this pattern, and we will continue to see it throughout this video.

Also, there’s a service tunnel at the location of the Red Ash Coke Ovens.

The fine brick-work found at the Red Ash facilities reminds me of the fine brickwork I have seen in tunnels all over the place, including what is called the Great Tunnel of the C & O Canal in Allegheny County, Maryland, and part of the Paw Paw Bends section of the Potomac River as it is winding its way through West Virginia and Maryland.

Built using more than 6,000,000-bricks, this tunnel has been described as the “greatest engineering marvel along the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.”

The Paw Paw Tunnel was said to have been built between 1836 and 1850 for the C & O Canal to by-pass the bends in the Potomac River near Paw Paw, West Virginia, with no work having been done on it between 1841 and 1847 due to construction and financial problems.

The C & O Canal closed to canal boats in 1924.

Canals, like the railroads, were found running next to rivers, and the Potomac River is a good example of this, like here where the canal and the railroad run side-by-side at Point of Rocks, Maryland.

We are told that the C & O Canal, and other canals, were made obsolete because the railroad was so much more efficient and canals couldn’t compete with them.

Such as the Wabash and Erie Canal, which was said to have been built during roughly the same time period as the C & O Canal.

Canals like the C & O Canal subsequently became a popular hiking, biking and canoeing venue, as we are seeing with the Rails that quietly became trails when no one was paying attention.

It is interesting to note that at one time in its history, Thurmond was a prosperous railroad town that was the largest, revenue-generating stop on the C & O Railroad, where passenger and coal trains rolled through here throughout the day.

Today, a visitor center for the National Park Service operates here in the old railroad depot.

CSX Transportation, formerly the C & O Railroad, has freight transportation operations in and through historic Thurmond, and the Amtrak Cardinal passenger route goes through here, the second-least-used Amtrak station in the nation.

So whereas the railroad that runs alongside the New River in the New River Gorge is still operational for freight and passenger service, the railroad that used to run beside the New River in Galax, Virginia, to the southwest of the New River Gorge, was abandoned in 1985, and the former railroad right-of-way became the New River Rail Trail.

Starting at the North Bend State Park in Cairo, West Virginia, northwest of Cranberry Glades and northeast of the New River Gorge, there is the 72-mile, or 116-kilometer, – long hiking corridor known as the “North Bend Rail Trail.”

What is now the North Bend Trail was at one time one of the most distinguished railroad lines in United States History.

During its prime, it hosted the B & O Railroad’s premiere passenger train, the National Limited, between New York City and St. Louis, Missouri.

Eventually the rail-line that was part of the North Bend Rail Trail became freight-only, and the line was abandoned and dismantled in 1988. 

The trail, completed between 1991 and 1996, has beautiful, red-brick tunnels along the way.

Now I am going to take a look at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, which is roughly 24-miles, or 39-kilometers, to the southeast of the bogs at Cranberry Glades.

White Sulphur Springs was said to have been settled in 1750, and developed as a health spa in the 1770s, as the story goes after a woman was healed of rheumatism after bathing in the springs, and calls itself “America’s Resort since 1778.”

The springs are on the grounds of the Greenbrier Hotel, which was said to have been built by the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Company in 1913.

Even today, the same Amtrak Cardinal Line that runs through the New River Gorge has a station at White Sulphur Springs.

The Greenbrier Resort was at one time a Presidential getaway, with President Eisenhower the last President in office to have stayed there, with 27 presidents having stayed at the hotel before him.

The Presidents’ Cottage is a museum today.

A top-secret, super-sized underground bunker was said to have been constructed there in the 1950s during the Eisenhower Administration to serve as a relocation point for the U. S. Congress in the event of a nuclear war, but when the secret came out in 1992 in a newspaper article, it was decommissioned.

It had features like:

–A 25-ton blast door that opened with only 50-lbs of pressure

–It’s own power plant with purification equipment, and the capacity for 75,000-gallons of water storage, and 42,000-gallons of diesel fuel

–Every kind of medical care one would ever need

–Sleeping, meeting, and eating facilities for over 1,000 people.

It was kept stocked with supplies for thirty-years but never used as an emergency location.

In 1995, the government ended the lease agreement with the Greenbrier, and it was opened to the public for tours, which it offers to this day.

Today’s Amtrak Cardinal Line runs between New York and Chicago, by way of Washington, DC; through White Sulphur Springs, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis, on its meandering route.

The Amtrak Cardinal Line was once a part of, among others, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway.

It was formed in 1869 from several smaller Virginia Railroads under the guidance of Collis P. Huntington, in order to connect the coal reserves of West Virginia with the new coal piers that were built in Hampton Roads and Newport News, Virginia, and first opened in 1873, forging a rail link to places like Chicago in the Midwest.

The city of Huntington in West Virginia was named for him.

Huntington was said to be one of the first American cities to have electric streetcars, with service believed to have started around the end of 1888, and ran until the 1920s, during which time the Ohio Valley Electric Railway had organized a gas-powered bus service, which by November 1937 had completely replaced all of Huntington’s former electric streetcar lines.

Collis P. Huntington was one of the Big Four of western railroading, along with Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins and Charles Crocker.

Then in 1888, Huntington lost control of the railroad to J. P. Morgan, an American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street during the Gilded Age between 1877 and 1900, and William K. Vanderbilt, who managed the Vanderbilt family’s railroad investments.

William K. Vanderbilt was was the grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt, one of the richest Americans in history, who was an American magnate, and who built his family’s fortune in shipping and railroads.

The process continued on for the C & O Railroad to consolidate and merge railroads, and, for example, to gain access to productive coal fields throughout the region, through the 1920s.

The Greenbrier River Trail is located between the Greenbrier Resort in White Sulphur Springs and Lewisburg on Interstate 64, and was also a former railroad bed and right-of-way.

Lewisburg is located near the junction of Routes 219 and and Interstate 64, just to the south of Cranberry Glades

What is now the Greenbrier River Trail was gifted to the State of West Virginia in the late 1970s and opened as a recreational, multi-use trail in 1980.

It runs between North Caldwell, which is 3-miles, or 5-kilometers, east of Lewisburg on U. S. Route 60/Interstate 64,and Cass in Eastern West Virginia.

Cass, West Virginia, was founded as a company town in 1901 for the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, and named for Joseph Kerr Cass, the Vice-President and co-founder of the pulp and paper company.

Interestingly, this information on Joseph Kerr Cass on the “My Genealogy Hound” website from the “History of Allegheny County,” published in 1889, shows the following.

His great-grandfather was Revolutionary War Major Jonathan Cass, and Jonathan Cass was the father of Lewis Cass, who represents the State of Michigan in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol.

Lewis Cass, among other things, was President Andrew Jackson’s Secretary of War from 1831 to 1836.

As President Jackson’s Secretary of War, Lewis Cass was central in implementing the Indian Removal policy of the Jackson administration after Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830.

The Indian Removal Act was directed specifically at the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States – the Cherokee, Creeks, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw – though it also affected tribes in Ohio, Illinois and other areas east of the Mississippi River.

Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska.

Lewis Cass was the grandfather of Lewis Cass Ledyard, a New York City lawyer, personal counsel to financier J. P. Morgan, and a President of the New York Bar Association.

Most of the town named for Joseph K. Cass, and its buildings, were bought by the State of West Virginia in 1961 after the pulp and paper mill closed in 1960, and it became the Cass Scenic Railroad State Park.

The Cass Scenic Railroad State Park continues to offer trips to Whittaker Station; the ghost town of Spruce; and Bald Knob, the highest point of the Back Allegheny Mountain in Pocahontas County.

The logs for the pulp mill in Cass came from the nearby Cheat Mountain, which were brought by rail to the mill for processing until the mills closure.

Cheat Mountain, which is next to the Back Allegheny Mountain, was once the home of the largest red spruce forest south of Maine.

The Cheat River runs along this section of West Virginia between the state’s border with both Pennsylvania and Maryland.

Aaron sent me this reference to giant skeletons having been uncovered in the location of the Cheat River.

We are told that during the American Civil War, Cheat Mountain was of strategic importance during the early part of the Operations in West Virginia Campaign.

The Battle of Cheat Mountain, also known as the Battle of Cheat Summit Fort, took place between September 12th to 15th of 1861, and was the first battle that General Robert E. Lee led troops into combat.

The Battle of Cheat Mountain was a Confederate attempt to regain the Union occupied Fort Milroy on top of Cheat Mountain, but they were unsuccessful and “lost” the battle.

Aaron also provided me with recorded references to giant skeletons that were found in Marion County, that is tucked in-between West Virginia’s borders with Ohio to the West; Pennsylvania to the North; and Maryland to the East.

Fairmont is the seat of Marion County.

The location of “Pricketts Fort” is a short distance north of Fairmont.

Pricketts Fort State Park is at the confluence of the Monongahela and Pricketts Creek.

What the historical narrative tells us is that it is was a reconstructed “refuge fort,” built on Jacob Pricketts’ homestead, to defend local settlers from hostile indian raids, and these days commemorates life on the Virginia frontier in the late 18th-century.

A couple of interesting things to note about the Picketts Fort location.

First is that the site of the fort is located on a river-bend, right next to an old railroad bridge that is now part of the Marion County Rail-Trail, and there are railroad tracks right next to the Monongahela River, still in use by the Fairmont Subdivision, a railroad from Grafton to Rivesville that is owned and operated by CSX Transportation on what used to be part of the B & O Railroad Mainline.

The Marion County Rail Trail runs for 2.5-miles, or 4-kilometers, from the Pricketts Fort State Park, along Pricketts Creek through rural Marion County, to Fairmont, including a long, lighted tunnel, said to have been built in 1914 by the Monongahela Railroad.

Fairmont is located just above the confluence of where the West Fork and Tygart Valley Rivers meet to form the Monongahela River.

I couldn’t help but notice all the s-shaped riverbends going on around here!

I searched for more information on Fairmont’s railroad history and this is what I found.

First, the Fairmont & Clarksburg Electric Railroad was an inter-urban electric streetcar system that served the Fairmont and Clarksburg areas, linked by a main-line, and several other communities and coal camps, starting in 1901.

Again, we are told that now the electric streetcar services just couldn’t compete with the advent of automobiles, and this interurban streetcar system was abandoned by 1947, when the system went entirely to bus services.

In time, the Fairmont & Clarksburg Electric Railroad was managed by the larger West Penn Railway system of electric streetcars that was headquartered in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, and was said to be part of the regions power-generation utility.

It was operational from 1904 to 1952.

Next, the Fairmont, Morgantown & Pittsburgh Railroad starting in 1894 once connected Fairmont to Uniontown in Pennsylvania, a distance of 56-miles, or 17-kilometers.

We are told the importance of this line waned as the coal mines along the route closed, and in 1953, passenger service ended.

By 1991, most of the line between Fairmont and Uniontown was abandoned, with the exception of two short stretches that are still in use today.

This map of the Industrial Heartland Trails Coalition’s Parkersburg to Pittsburgh (P2P) Corridor shows its plan to have a fully-connected recreational rail-to-trail between the two cities, with the proposed segments overlaid in red.

I have put a blue box around the Fairmont to Uniontown segment of the former railroad line, and a red box around the section between the West Fork River Trail, which starts just outside of Fairmont, and goes to Parkersburg, and includes the previously mentioned North Bend Rail- Trail.

Before I leave West Virginia, and head back up to Pennsylvania, there’s a few more things I would like to mention about Cranberry Glades.

Hillsboro, the town closest to Cranberry Glades, is just 30-miles, or 49-kilometers, up U. S. Route 219 from Lewisburg.

So Cranberry Glades is located near U. S. Route 219; it is very close to the Greenbrier River Trail, that ends in Cass and near Cheat Mountain; and is also very close to West Virginia’s Beartown State Park.

We already saw another Beartown Rocks earlier in Clear Creek State Forest near Sigel, Pennsylvania.

Beartown State Park in West Virginia is located 7-miles, or 11-kilometers, southwest of Hillsboro, on the Eastern Summit of Droop Mountain, and right in the middle between Cranberry Glades and White Sulphur Springs.

There’s a couple of things to unpack here – one is Beartown State Park, and the other is the Civil War Battle of Droop Mountain.

First the rock formations at Beartown State Park in West Virginia are described as having “unusual rocky formations, massive boulders, overhanging cliffs, and deep crevices,” with the deep crevices having a regular criss-crossed pattern making them appear like the streets of a town.

This is very similar to how the Beartown Rocks back in Pennsylvania, were described, which was as ” a beautiful rock formation consisting of “house-sized” boulders, that are spread out far enough they have road-like spaces in-between them, making it feel like a “rock city.”

The Battle of Droop Mountain was said to be the largest battle, and last major battle, of the Civil War to take place in what was to become West Virginia.

It took place on November 6th of 1863.

This is what we are told.

Troops under Union Brigadier General William Averill defeated a smaller Confederate force under Brigadier General John Echols and Colonel William “Mudwall” Jackson, though it was actually considered a tactical victory for the two Confederate Commanders, since the Confederate Army was not eliminated in Lewisburg, and the railroad was not disturbed.

Interesting to note that the following year, on May 9th of 1864, Union troops under Brigadier General George Crook, successfully destroyed a large bridge across the New River on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad during the Battle of Cloyd’s Mountain in southwestern Virginia, several more bridges along the railroad line and the depot at Dublin, Virginia.

This “victory” was said to sever one of the Confederacy’s last vital lifelines and only rail connection to Tennessee.

Now, I’m going to return to the area around the bog of Black Moshannon State Park and take another look there for the purposes of comparison to the area around Cranberry Glades.

Black Moshannon State park is 22-miles, or 35-kilometers, from State College, Pennsylvania, which is only a difference of 2-miles, or 4-kilometers, of the distance between the bogs at Cranberry Glades and the community of White Sulphur Springs, with its luxurious and exclusive Greenbrier Resort.

State College, Pennsylvania, is the home of Penn State University.

It is connected to Phillipsburg and Black Moshannon State Park via Pennsylvania U. S. Route 322.

Penn State was founded in 1855 as the Farmers’ High School of Pennsylvania, and in 1863, it became the state’s first land-grant university.

State College is surrounded by many different highway routes and by s-shaped water courses, like Spring Creek, Buffalo Run, and Slab Cabin Run.

First a word about the United States Numbered Highway System, also known as the Federal Highway System, called an “integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid across the contiguous United States,” and first approved in 1926.

Drawn up in 1913, by the National Highway Association, this map was said to be the first proposed U. S. Highway Network map.

The red roads were delineated “Main” National Highways; the blue roads “Trunk” National Highways; and the yellow roads were “Link” National Highways to connect all the “Mains” and “Trunks.”

The Nation’s first Federal Highways would not be adopted until 1926, when the American Association of State Highway officials approved the first plans for the numbered highway system, with this section showing Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi.

I have blue arrows pointing to major cities that are the central point of at least five highways – Dallas, Texas; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Little Rock, Arkansas; Memphis, Tennessee; Nashville, Tennessee; and Birmingham, Alabama.

What we see happening with the highway system of certain cities being the central point of multiple highways, is also seen with rail-lines.

This Civil War era-example shows that Petersburg in Virginia, just south of Richmond, was a central point of multiple rail-lines emanating from it in all directions.

Petersburg was the focal point of the railroads that supplied Richmond during the Civil War, and was the primary target for the Union Army in Virginia from the last half of 1864 until April of 1865.

The third major Civil War fire was the April 2nd of 1865 Burning of Richmond, the capital of Virginia, and of the Confederate States of America.

Also known as the “Evacuation Fire,” and the “Fall of Richmond,” Richmond was set on fire on the night of April 2nd by Confederate forces after Confederate President Jefferson Davis was said to have ordered the burning of warehouses and bridges after Union General Ulysses S. Grant had taken nearby Petersburg.

This is a lithograph depicting it by Currier & Ives.

The huge classical temple-like building on the left was the Exchange Bank of Richmond, and said to have been damaged by the fire, and on the right is another view of Richmond and its State Capitol Building in the middle of the picture, as seen from above the Canal Basin in Richmond after the 1865 fire.

LIke Lewis Cass, the enforcer of the Indian Removal Act, the former President of the Confederacy and the man who ordered the burning of Richmond, Jefferson Davis, is also in the National Statuary Hall, representing the State of Mississippi.

In our historical narrative, the Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Grant days later, on April 9th of 1865, after his final defeat at the Battle of Appomattox Court House that same day.

There’s a very similar configuration between Petersburg Rail-lines of the Civil War-era, and the highways around Richmond and Petersburg today.

Back to State College in Pennsylvania.

As I mentioned previously, besides many highway routes, State College is also surrounded by s-shaped water courses, like Spring Creek, Buffalo Run, and Slab Cabin Run.

And, yes, there is a railroad history to be found in the area around State College too.

Whereas West Virginia was mined exhaustively for its coal, this part of Pennsylvania came to be mined exhaustively for its iron ore.

Andrew Carnegie had begun mining iron ore in Scotia in 1881 for his steel mills in Pittsburgh, and by 1887, we are told that a new era of iron-making in the Nittany Valley began, with the opening of the Nittany and Bellefonte Furnaces along Buffalo Run near its junction with Spring Creek, and three railroads that were said to have been constructed to haul the iron ore to them – the Bellefonte Central (BFC), Central Railroad (CRR) and Nittany Valley Railroad (NV).

By 1911 both of these furnaces had been shut-down.

By 1950, all the railroads that had once served the area, either for the iron-related industry or passenger service, including the Pennsylvania Railroad lines, circled in blue, were no longer in service.

The only historic rail here that became operational again was a portion of the Bellefonte Central after the Bellefonte Historical Railroad was organized as an excursion line in 1985, and occasionally offers runs as a tourist attraction.

Now I am going to take a look at Altoona in Pennsylvania just down the road from State College.

Altoona is only 43-miles, or 70-kilometers southwest of State College.

Altoona was said to have been established by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1849.

Aaron drew my attention to Altoona with information he sent me about the nearby “Horseshoe Curve.”

The “Horseshoe Curve” is a three-track railroad curve that is described as one of the world’s most incredible engineering feats, and was accomplished by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1854.

It was said to have replaced the original Allegheny Portage Railroad, which was said to be the first railroad constructed through the Allegheny Mountains in 1834, and connected to the Pennsylvania Canal, all of which was said to have been built as part of the transportation by the “Main Line of Public Works” that was mentioned at the beginning of this post after it was passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1826.

Considered a technological marvel in its day and critical to opening the way to commerce and settlement past the Appalachian Mountains, the original Allegheny Portage Railroad consisted of a series of five inclines on either side of the ridge-line to Cresson Summit alongside what is called the Little Conemaugh River to where it meets the Conemaugh River at Johnstown.

Interesting things to note that along the historic route of the Allegheny Portage Railroad are as follows:

After leaving the main canal location of Hollidaysburg and going up towards Cresson Summit, we first come to the lopsided-looking “Skew Arch Bridge,” called the “only purposefully built bridge on the Portage” and crossed over the railway.

It was said to have been built in the 1830s as part of the early road system.

Today, the “Skew Arch Bridge” is preserved in the middle of “Old U. S. Route 22” and the new “U. S. Route 22.”

U. S. Route 22 is an East-West Numbered Highway from 1926 that runs from Cincinnati in Ohio to Newark in New Jersey, and passes through West Virginia and Pennsylvania on the way.

The next landmark n the Allegheny Portage Railroad’s journey through the Allegheny Mountains is the summit at Cresson, a borough (which in Pennsylvania is a municipal entity like a town or small city) on top of the Eastern Continental Divide. 

US Route 22 is one of the highways that accesses Cresson.

Back in the industrial heyday of the late 19th-century and early 20th-century, there were lumber, coal and coke-yard industries located here.

Wealthy Pittsburgh businessmen like Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick and Charles Schwab, all connected to each other through the steel industry, had summer residences here, like Carnegie’s Braemar Cottage in Cresson.

Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant to America, who came to Pittsburgh in 1848 with his parents at the age of 12, got his start as a telegrapher, and who by the 1860s, had investments in such things as railroads, bridges and oil derricks, and ultimately worked his way into being a major player in Pittsburgh’s steel industry.

I couldn’t find a picture of Andrew Carnegie as a freemason, but I could find a reference to him being a “famous freemason” on a masonic website.

His first steel mill was operational by 1874, the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, named after the President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, with his partners, one of whom was Henry Clay Frick, the owner of a coke manufacturing company, a product used in making steel.

They subsequently acquired other steel mills, and in 1892, the Carnegie Steel Company was formed, of which Henry Clay Frick became chairman. and in 1897, Charles M. Schwab, who had gotten his start as an engineer at the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, became President of the Carnegie Steel Company in 1897.

In 1901, Charles M. Schwab helped negotiate the sale of Carnegie Steel with a merger involving it with Elbert Gary’s Federal Steel Company, and William Henry Moore’s National Steel Company to a group of New York City Financiers led by J. P. Morgan.

After the sale of Carnegie Steel, Andrew Carnegie surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American at the time, and Charles M. Schwab became the first President of the newly minted U. S. Steel Company.

Now back to Cresson.

Cresson was known for its therapeutic mineral springs, and we are told that in 1881, the Pennsylvania Railroad opened the Mountain House Resort Hotel.

Carnegie’s Braemar Cottage is still standing on the 400-acre property, which had 32-lots for private-cottages.

Alas for the Mountain House Resort Hotel and Cresson Springs, just like canals falling by the wayside for railroads, and railroads the same for automobiles, America’s appetite for “mountain” or “inland” resorts began to decline in favor of beach resorts.

The Mountain House Resort Hotel had ceased operations by the early 1900s, and in 1916, it was completely razed to the ground, and the original hotel building was gone.

Interesting to note, that unlike the luxurious Mountain House Resort Hotel that got razed to the ground, the likewise spacious building of the former Cresson Sanitorium and Prison is still-standing, albeit in pretty rough shape these days!

This is what we are told.

Cresson Sanitorium was built on land that was donated by Andrew Carnegie in 1910, and first opened in 1913 in order to provide hospital and long-term care facilities for individuals and families with tuberculosis and other health conditions.

In 1956, it was incorporated into the Lawrence F. Flick State Hospital for people with mental illness.

In 1983, it was converted to a State Correctional Facility, and operated as such for the next 30-years, until its final closure in 2013.

The building is located on Old Route 22.

After the former Allegheny Portage Railroad left the summit at Cresson, on its downward descent in elevation into Johnstown, along the Little Conemaugh River, we come to South Fork of the Little Conemaugh River and what was the former location of the South Fork Dam.

The famous Johnstown Flood on May 31st of 1889, the worst flood in the United States in the 19th-century, was caused by the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam, and was the second major disaster the American Red Cross responded to, after the Michigan Thumb Fire, which started on September 5th of 1881, with hurricane-force winds and hot and dry conditions this was less than four months after the establishment of the American Red Cross in May of 1881.

John D. Rockefeller was amongst several that donated to create a national headquarters for the American Red Cross near the White House in Washington, DC, said to have been built between 1915 and 1917.

The South Fork Dam was said to have been an earthwork built between 1838 and 1853 as part of a canal system as a reservoir for a canal basin in Johnstown by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

But then, after spending 15-years building the dam, it was abandoned by the Commonwealth, and sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, who turned around and sold it to private interests.

In 1881, speculators had bought the abandoned reservoir and built a clubhouse called the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club and cottages, turning it into an exclusive retreat for 61 steel and coal financiers from Pittsburgh, including Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, Andrew Mellon, Philander Knox, John Leishman, and Daniel Johnson Morrell.

The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club was a Pennsylvania Corporation and owned the South Fork Dam.

Henry Clay Frick was a founding member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, and was actually said to have been largely responsible for the alterations to the South Fork Dam that led to its failure.

Interesting to note that I did find this reference on the website of the Pleasant Valley Masonic Center in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, that Henry Clay Frick was a freemason in its King Solomon’s Lodge #346 from 1872 to 1877 , at which time he resigned as an active mason, but from what this entry says, his masonic lodge continued to enjoy the benefits of his generosity long afterwards, as well as that of his daughter.

What we are told is that the South Fork Dam failed after days of unusually heavy rain, and 14.3-million-tons of water from the reservoir of Lake Conemaugh devastated the South Fork Valley, including Johnstown 12-miles, or 19-kilometers, downstream from the dam, killing an estimated 2,209 people and causing $17-million in damages in 1889, which be $490-million in 2020.

Though there were years of claims and litigation, the elite and wealthy members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club were never found liable for damages.

In 1904, the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club corporation was disbanded and assets sold at a public auction by the sheriff, and there were permanent exhibits in many places, like Atlantic City, depicting the horrors of the Johnstown Flood experience for public consumption, billed as a “Thrilling Account of the awful floods and their appalling ruin.”

The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club building and the nine-remaining of sixteen club member cottages still stand today, and are under the auspices of the National Park Service as part of the Johnstown Flood National Memorial.

The Conemaugh Viaduct was located between the South Fork Dam and Staple Bend Tunnel on the descent into Johnstown.

This is what we are told in the official narrative about what happened here.

The Conemaugh Viaduct was originally built in 1833 as part of the Allegheny Portage Railroad where it crossed the Little Conemaugh River, and that it was often described as the most beautiful railroad bridge in the world.

We are told that it was a massive stone structure, over 70-feet, or 21-meters, in height, with a single arch.

We are told this massive stone structure was ultimately no match for what had become a 90-foot, or 27-meter, – high wave of water coming from the failed South Fork Dam, and was destroyed after a few minutes of holding the flood waters back.

We are told that it was essential that the bridge be replaced immediately to bring in help in the aftermath of the flood, so railroad workers came in from New York and Pennsylvania, and in the short-time of 2 1/2-days, built a temporary railroad trestle, and that on June 14th, roughly 2-weeks after the horrifying flood on May 31st, the Pennsylvania Railroad resumed service.

Then we are told that same year, in 1889, the Pennsylvania Railroad rebuilt the Conemaugh Viaduct to replace the temporary wooden structure and original viaduct.

The Staple Bend Tunnel is located just a short distance from the location of the viaduct in the vicinity of Mineral Point, a town just 1-mile, or 1.6-kilometers, down from the Conemaugh Viaduct, which was completely destroyed by the flood. 

The Staple Bend Tunnel was said to have been constructed between 1831 and 1834 for the Allegheny Portage Railroad, and was the first railway tunnel constructed in the United States, and the third tunnel of any kind, after two canal tunnels, also in Pennsylvania.

At 901-feet, or 275-meters, in length, we are told the tunnel was rock-bored and stone-lined by workers – being paid $13/month plus room and board for 12-hour days, 6-days/week – who hand-chipped away and blasted through solid rock.

So what was really going on here?

Paying workers meager wages for hard labor in the early 1830’s hand-chipping and blasting away through solid rock to bring a brand-new tunnel into existence…or chipping and blasting away through whatever material was obstructing a pre-existing tunnel?

In 1994, the Staple Bend Tunnel was declared a National Historic Landmark, and in 2001, it became part of the “Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site,” and like the Johnstown Flood National Memorial, administered by the National Park Service.

So now we come to Johnstown, which is located 57-miles, or 92-kilometers, east of Pittsburgh.

It is at the confluence of the Conemaugh and the Stonycreek Rivers.

The is a map of the 1889 Johnstown Flood direction from the National Park Service map.

“Mass of debris” is marked at the Stone Bridge location.

The Stone Bridge is a 7-arch railroad bridge that was said to have been constructed by the Pennsylvania Railroad between 1887 and 1888.

The Stone Bridge itself survived the flood, but it trapped all kinds of debris, including miles of barbed wire, that had been swept away by the raging floodwaters.

The debris at the bridge caught on fire burned for three days, and killed many people that were trapped in the debris.

If the failure of the South Fork Dam, and the subsequent catastrophic Johnstown Flood was deliberately caused by prestigious members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which evidence in the narrative suggests was the case, then apparently these men had had no care or concern for the death, destruction and suffering for which they were never held accountable that they caused downriver.

From 1834 to 1854, Johnstown was a key transfer point on the Pennsylvania Main Line Canal.

At the head of the canal’s western branch, canal boats were transported over the mountains by the Allegheny Portage Railroad to continue the trip by water to Pittsburgh at the “Forks of the Ohio” and on to the Ohio River Valley.

We are told that when the Pennsylvania Railroad became connected to Johnstown in 1854, with the completion of the main-line, the same year we are told the amazing Horseshoe Curve in Altoona came into  existence, the Pennsylvania Canal became obsolete, and Johnstown grew rapidly as a major producer of steel via the Cambria Iron Company, and at one time was the country’s leading producer of steel.

It operated under this name until 1898, and was under different management two more times, before it closed permanently in 1992.

Though the Cambria Iron Company’s facilities were said to have been badly damaged during the flood, the company was able to reopen on June 6th of 1889, a week after the flood, and continued to operate.

Both Johnstown on the one side of the Allegheny Portage Railroad and the Horseshoe Curve near Altoona on the other side, might have operational remnants of the original incline railway system, though that’s not what we are told about them.

The Johnstown Inclined Plane was said to have been designed by Hungarian-American engineer Samuel Diescher, and completed in 1891 to serve as an escape route from floods in the valley at the confluence of the Conemaugh and Stonycreek Rivers, and to connect Johnstown with the Borough of Westmont on Yoder Hill.

Samuel Diescher was also credited with the design of four of  Pittsburgh’s seventeen original Inclines, of which only two remain, the Monongahela and Duquesne Inclines on Mt. Washington.

Billed as the “World’s steepest vehicular inclined plane,” it’s slope has a grade of 71.9%, and it takes 90 seconds for it to travel in-between the two stations.

The Johnstown Incline is closed for rehabilitation work, now projected to be completed in 2024.

The Inclined Plane Railway back at Horseshoe Curve near Altoona was said to have been built in the 1990s to take tourists up to the park above to get a gscenic view of the incredible engineering feat by the Pennsylvania Railroad circa 1854 of the Horseshoe Curve and its three-tracks that eliminated the need for the Allegheny Portage Railroad’s 10-incline planes.

Like the one at Johnstown, this incline has been closed for repairs, and is also expected to reopen in 2024.

Incline railways work like an obliquely-angled elevator, in which cables attached to a pulley-system raise- and-lower the cars along the grade.

Two cars are paired at opposite-ends and act as each other’s counterweight. As such, there is not a need for traction between the wheels and rails, and thereby allowing them to scale steep slopes, unlike traditional rail-cars.

Thing is, there used to be way more of them than there are now, and inclined-railways were a worldwide thing.

Now they are mostly either tourist attractions, or kept on as an important part of a communities’ transportation infrastructure from low-ground to high-ground.

I looked at the subject of Incline Railways in-depth in this post, “Incline Railways of the Past and Present.”

Like the canals, railroads, electric streetcars and luxurious holiday resorts of the past, most of the world’s incline railways were largely made to go away for one reason or another.

Back in Johnstown, come to find out that the main highway connecting Johnstown to the Pennsylvania Turnpike is once again our old friend US Route 219!

What is it about US-219?!

This is a great place to revisit the U. S. Number Highway System and see what comes up to the surface.

First up, a deeper look into US-219.

US Route 219 is a spur of US Route 19.

It is 535-miles, or 861-kilometers, -long, and runs from West Seneca, New York, at the eastern end of Lake Erie south of Buffalo, and ends at Bluefield, Virginia, right across the state border from Bluefield, West Virginia

As mentioned previously, these two highways meet at Bluefield in Virginia, of which there is one city on other side of the West Virginia/Virginia border with that name.

The land beneath the two Bluefields contains the richest deposit of bituminous coal in the world, known as the “Pocahontas Coalfield,” or the “Flat-Top Pocahontas Coalfield,” named after the Flat Top Mountain on US-19 in West Virginia, and Pocahontas, Virginia, where the first coal-seam here was discovered.

The Pocahontas Coalfield started to be mined in 1882.

Pocahontas in Virginia was named after the famous daughter of Chief Powhatan in connection with the 17th-century Jamestown Colony, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

This is the most famous depiction of Pocahontas from her time on the left, but this how we have been taught to see Pocahontas and Powhatan on the right.

We are told that Bluefield in West Virginia, with its great location with respect to the developing Pocahontas Coalfield, was selected as the location of a major Division point on the Norfolk and Western Railway in the late 19th-century, and that the railroad greatly stimulated to the town’s growth, so much so that in its hey-day, Bluefield was considered a “Little New York.”

Welch, the county seat of McDowell County, was on the Norfolk and Western Railway, just 23-miles, or 36-kilometers, to the northwest of Bluefield.

I had looked at Welch previously because it was situated where I was looking on the previously mentioned Serpent Lei identified by Peter Champoux.

The McDowell County Courthouse was said to have been designed by Frank Pierce Milburn and constructed between 1893 and 1894, after Welch was named the county seat in 1892.

Sid Hatfield and Ed Chambers were murdered on the courthouse steps in 1921 by Baldwin-Felts agents.

Sid Hatfield was the Matewan Chief of Police at the time of the Matewan Massacre in May of 1920, at which time he joined the side of striking coal miners because he sympathized with the unionization efforts.

The Matewan Massacre took place in the Pocahontas Mining District of southwestern West Virginia on May 19th after detectives from the Baldwin-Felts Agency came to evict families that had been living at the Stone Mountain Coal Camp. They served eviction notices, went to eat, and when they left to go to the train station, long story short, they were surrounded by armed miners and two detectives, seven miners, and the towns mayor were killed.

This was during a time when the United Mine Workers of America were trying to unionize the mine, a place where miners worked long hours in unsafe and poor conditions, received a low wage, and were paid in company scrip for the company store.

This situation was typical of how companies treated and viewed their workforce.

Poor treatment dealt with a very heavy hand!

This massacre marked a turning point for miners rights, and thirteen-years later, with the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, American Labor Unions were recognized by the federal government.

Next, I am going to take a deeper look at the longer U. S. Route 19 starting at its northern terminus, and then come back to Bluefield and continue the journey southward on US-19.

Now, on to more about U. S. R0ute 19.

The North-South U. S. Route 19 runs from its northern terminus at U. S Route 20 at Lake Erie in Erie, Pennsylvania to its southern terminus at an interchange with U. S. 41 in Memphis, Florida, just south of St. Petersburg.

Erie is located just about right in-between Cleveland, Ohio, which is 90-miles, or 140-kilometers, southwest of Erie, and Buffalo, New York, 80-miles, or 130-kilometers, northeast, on the southern shore of Lake Erie.

Pittsburgh is 128-miles, or 206-kilometers, south of Erie.

Erie was an important railroad hub during the mid-19th-century.

We are told the first railroad station in Erie was established in 1851, and replaced in 1866 by the Romanesque Revival Union Depot seen on the left, which was demolished in 1925.

The current Art Deco Union Station in Erie on the right was said to have opened in 1927, and designed by the Fellheimer and Wagner, an architectural firm credited with a bunch of railroad stations between 1923 and 1940.

The Erie Union Depot is used as an Amtrak stop on the Lake Shore Limited route, and is otherwise used for commercial space today, like a brew pub.

The Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad was said to have been incorporated on April 1st of 1858, with operations starting in March of 1860.

Then on April 1st of 1870, the Pennsylvania Railroad took-over operations.

It was an 83-mile, or 134-kilometer, -long railroad between Girard just west of Erie, and points south around the Pittsburgh area.

Today, it looks like what was the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie line followed what is now Pennsylvania State Route 18 going south out of Girard, through these same two towns of Beaver Falls and Aliquippa on its way to Pittsburgh; US-19 is just east of there, going south from Erie on its way to Pittsburgh; and Pennsylvania State Route 8 leaves Erie and heads south through Titusville on its way to the greater Pittsburgh area.

One last thing I want mention in Erie itself is Waldemeer Park & Water World.

It is billed as one of only thirteen trolley parks still operating as an amusement park in the United States.

But what we see today ain’t what they used to be!

Waldemeer Park was first leased as a trolley park in 1896 by the Erie Electric Motor Company, and is the fourth-oldest amusement park in Pennsylvania, and the tenth-oldest in the United States.

Waldemeer has operated continuously since then under different owners, but the trolleys of the park are long-gone.

Trolley parks were said to have started in the United States in the 19th-century as picnic and recreation areas at the ends of streetcar-lines, and were precursors to today’s amusement parks.

They were said to have been created by streetcar companies for reasons like giving people a reason to use their services on weekends.

By 1919, there were estimated to be between 1,500 and 2,000 such parks. 

But like what we have already seen with countless electric streetcar lines, canals, railroad lines, and historic resorts, these magnificent trolley parks went the way of the dinosaur too.

So, in this example, dozens of trolley parks were operating at one time in this part of Pennsylvania, just in the location alone between Erie and Pittsburgh, much less everywhere else!

This was an historic trolley park at Aliquippa.

One of Pittsburgh’s first amusement parks, it was said to have been established sometime in the 1880s by the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad as a way to bolster ridership, but by 1905 had fallen into disrepair, and the land was purchased by the “Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation” that year to construct the “Aliquippa Works.”

Gigantic skeletons were also reported to have been unearthed in Aliquippa by workers digging a ditch.

With the location of Trolley Amusement Parks being historically at the end-terminals of streetcar-lines, I have come to believe that they were somehow involved with recharging the Earth’s energy grid for the original civilization in a really fun way, and were just utilized by the bringers-in of the world’s new system for a short time until they were no longer needed, or just plain inconvenient to the new narrative.

Now I am going to put this area near Erie and US-19 into the perspective of this new system in our historical narrative with its proximity to Titusville, which we come to going south out of Erie on Pennsylvania State Route 8.

The petroleum industry in the United States began in earnest in 1859 when Edwin Drake found oil on a piece of leased-land near Titusville, Pennsylvania, in what is now called Oil Creek State Park.

For this reason, Titusville is called the Birthplace of the Oil Industry, and for a number of years this part of Pennsylvania was the leading oil-producing region in the world.

Today, not surprisingly, the Oil Creek State Park Trail runs on the bed of the first railroad line to reach Titusville, the Oil Creek Railroad.

Samuel Kier had established America’s first oil refinery in Pittsburgh in 1854 for making lamp oil, just five-years before oil was “found” in Titusville.

So. it certainly appears like the petroleum industry was developed in the 1850s in order to provide a replacement energy technology for the free energy technology of the original civilization.

Roughly a decade after the birth of the oil Industry at Titusville, in 1870 by , John D. Rockefeller, along with Henry Flagler, an American Industrialist and major developer in the state of Florida, founded the Standard Oil Company, an American oil producing, transporting, refining, marketing company.

Oil was used in the form of kerosene was used throughout the country as a light source and heat source until the introduction of electricity, and as a fuel source for the automobile, with the first gas-powered automobile having been patented by Karl Benz in 1886.

John D. Rockefeller, Sr, who was born in the United States in 1839, was the progenitor of the wealthy Rockefeller family.

He was considered to be the wealthiest American of all time, as seen in this ranking by CNN Business.

Rockefeller’s wealth soared as kerosene and gasoline grew in importance.

At his peak, he controlled 90% of all oil.

As quickly as possible, a way was found to replace what remained of the free-energy system with their own coal- and oil-based system, and in the process make money hand over fist from the total control of the new system.

Next, I am going to turn my attention to West Hickory, is the the short distance of just 14-miles or 22-kilometers, south of Titusville, where the tallest recorded skeleton in North America was found.

The 1870 newspaper article printed in the “Marysvillle Tribune” in Ohio from the “Oil City Times” in Pennsylvania says this with regards to the giant that was found at West Hickory.

Two men were excavating near West Hickory in preparation for erecting a derrick and unearthed the well-preserved skeleton of an enormous human.

The bones of the skeleton were described as “remarkably white;” the double- teeth all in place, of extraordinary-size; and that when the giant was alive, he must have stood 18-feet, or 5.5-meters, in stockings.

The bones were found about 12-feet, or 3.5-meters, below the surface of a mound, and the mound was not more than 3-feet, or less than a meter, above the level of the ground around it.

Yet another nut for the Antiquarians to crack!

To put that into perspective, this garage has 12-foot walls, so the giant’s bones were found that far below the surface of a mound, which was another 3-feet higher than the ground.

Another mystery for the antiquarians – how did a well-preserved skeleton of an enormous human with “remarkably white” bones get way down there?

Antiquarians are those who study history with a particular attention to artifacts, archaeological and historic sites, and historic archives and manuscripts.

The American Antiquarian Society was established in 1815, said to be a national research library of pre-20th-century American history and culture, and the oldest historical society with a national focus, having been founded in 1812.

Its stated mission is to collect, preserve, and make available for study all printed records of what is known as the United States of America.

Seems like the American Antiquarian Society was established to be a gate-keeper for the new official history, like the “Smithsonian Institution.”

Somehow I don’t think the self-described Antiquarians had any intention of “cracking the nut.”

The seal of the American Antiquarian Society translates from the Latin of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Book 15, Line 872: “Now I have completed my work, which neither sword nor devouring Time will be able to destroy” complete with an illustration of what we have come to consider Greco-Roman architecture and a broken corinthian pillar at the feet of what appears to be an angel. Hmmm.

The view of the Philadelphia Museum of Art from the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia is pictured on the right.

The Smithsonian Institution was established in August of 1846, and was created by the United States government for the stated purpose of the “increase and diffusion of knowledge.”

Researchers have long suspected the Smithsonian to have played a role in the cover-up of giants.

Back in the day, giant skeletons were displayed in public places and mentioned in newspaper articles, but all that went away.

The previously mentioned rock-city-like Beartown Rocks in Pennsylvania are located in the Clear Creek Forest just 25-miles, or 41-kilometers, southeast of West Hickory.

While we are still here in this part of Pennsylvania, this is a good place to mention that this is the historical land of the Susquehannock People.

The Susquehannock People were known for their height.

This was not a secret.

On the left is a size comparison between a Susquehannock skeleton compared with a European-sized skeleton.

Next, there are just two places I would like to bring forward here out of several that I looked at in the original post outside of Pennsylvania. that are along the same lines Bear Rocks and Boxcar Rocks.

They are Heavener Runestone State Park in Oklahoma and Gornaya Shoria in Southern Siberia.  

First, Heavener Runestone State Park, the best known tourist attraction in Heavener, located in east-central Oklahoma, very close to the Arkansas State line, on the edge of the Ouachita Mountains in Oklahoma. 

The idea that Vikings came through here once-upon-a-time, and carved the runes on the surface of a huge stone is actively promoted, and there is a Viking festival held here twice a year, once in the spring and once in the fall.

Interesting to note that what we know of as “Norse” runes, and associated with the Vikings, bear a remarkable resemblance to “Vril” runes, referring to “Universal Life Force Energy.”

Heavener Runestone State Park is one of the places that I first started waking up to this ancient civilization in 2015 when I was living in Oklahoma City between 2013 and 2016, and I visited there several times during that time.

The first time I did not take note of my surroundings at the Runestone, and just saw the Runestone.

The second time I went there, I noticed that the Runestone was surrounded by an actual wall (which is referred to as a canyon there). 

The third time I went to Heavener, I took these photos further up from the Runestone  in a different location on the state park grounds, that have absolutely no attention drawn to them whatsoever.

The Ouachita Mountains of southeastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas are named after the Washitaw Mu’urs of North America, one of the many empires of the worldwide ancient advanced Moorish Civilization.

But…who are the Washitaw?

The Washitaw Mu’urs, also known as the Ancient Ones and the Mound-Builders, with a history that goes back to Ancient Mu, also known as LeMuria, still exist to this day, and have been recognized by the UN as the oldest indigenous civilization on Earth.

Matriarchal and matrilineal, the Washitaw Mu’urs are ruled by an Empress to this day.

Empress Verdiacee pictured here passed away in April of 2014, and the reigning Empress of the Washitaw Nation is her granddaughter, Wendy Farica Washitaw.

But for some reason the general public has never heard of the Washitaw.

Washitaw Proper, the ancient Imperial seat, is in Northern Louisiana, in and around Monroe.

How come we’ve never heard anything about the Washitaw? 

Quite simply, they don’t want us to know.

It is quite interesting to note that Watson Brake, an inaccessible archeological site to public view on private property in Ouachita Parish near Monroe in Richwood, Louisiana, is dated to 5,400-years ago, and is considered the oldest earthwork mound complex in North America.

Note the summer and winter solstice alignments depicted here in this diagram of Watson Brake

Stonehenge in Southern England on the right, believed to date similarly to about 5,100 years ago, has a similar earthwork enclosure to what is seen at Watson Brake in Louisiana encircling the big stones.

How is this even possible with history we are taught?

Oh yes, and the illustration of Watson Brake on the left shows s-shaped river bends right next to it.

Another landscape feature it shares with Stonehenge, which has the s-shaped Salisbury Avon right next to it as well.

One more place in the Ouachita Mountains I would like to mention is Pinnacle Mountain State Park outside of Little Rock, Arkansas.

This was definitely one of the places I woke up to this ancient civilization in North America.

This is a picture of Pinnacle Mountain, which is only viewable like this from the Education Pond at Pinnacle Mountain State Park.

I had first heard of Pinnacle Mountain when I learned about a conference that was held there in 2012.

I didn’t think much of the name Pinnacle Mountain until several years later, in 2015, when finding this image on-line.  This was the beginning of my “looking” and then “finding” out more and more.  It really got my attention!!!    

So I had to go there and see it for myself! It was about a 3 – 4 hour drive from where I was living at the time, and I went twice with friends.

There are two more what appear to be pyramids next to Pinnacle Mountain, and this view is only obtainable from the Visitor Center Observation Deck on a relatively clear day, which I was lucky enough to photograph.

Otherwise, access to all other views is completely cut off by private property and fences, and these are certainly not advertised as pyramids.

Here is a comparison of what is seen from the Pinnacle Mountain Visitor Center Observation deck on the left, and the pyramids on the Giza Plateau in Egypt on the right, in which they all seem to be facing in the same direction.

Another thing is that I can’t help but notice the map of the Washitaw Empire on the left, roughly corresponds to the map of the Louisiana Purchase in the middle and the Western and Trans-Mississippi Theaters of the American Civil War on the right.

As a matter of fact, the Trans-Mississippi Department was a geographical subdivision of the Confederate Army.

When Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant captured the Confederate stronghold of the port of Vicksburg on July 4th of 1863 and divided the Confederacy, Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith’s forces were cut off from the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia.

At the time, Edmund Kirby Smith was the Commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, and for the rest of the Civil War, he remained west of the Mississippi River.

As a result of being cut-off from Richmond, Kirby Smith had free reign in a nearly independent area of the Confederacy, and the whole region became known as “Kirby Smithdom.”

Like Lewis Cass and Jefferson Davis, Edmund Kirby Smith is in the National Statuary Hall, representing the State of Florida.

I have gotten through about half of the 50 States in the series I have done on who’s in the National Statuary Hall, so I have looked at around 50 out of 100 statues, some of them famous but most of them obscure historical figures, and from what I’ve seen so far, it sure seems like a “Who’s Who” of the New World Order’s Reset Agenda to me!

I first learned about the Trans-Mississippi Department when I was doing some research around Albert Pike, an influential 33rd-degree Freemason who was a senior officer of the Confederate Army who commanded the District of Indian Territory in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, otherwise known as Oklahoma.

Around this same time period, Albert Pike was the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of Scottish Rite’s Southern Jurisdiction, a position which he held from 1859 to 1891.

One last place I want to look at before I go back to continue down US-19 where we left off at Bluefield, Virginia, is Gornaya Shoria, on a different continent in Siberia.

Aaron sent me photos of Gornaya Shoria to bring it to my attention regarding its similarity to these rock formations we keep seeing in State Parks in North America.

Here is Boxcar Rocks in Pennsylvania on the left compared with Gornaya Shoria on the right.

Gornaya Shoria is found in Russian in southern Siberia, east of the Altay Mountains, and is known for its gigantic megalithic stone structures.

There are other similarities to share between Siberia and what we have seen so far in North America.

One is that Gornaya Shoria is that it is rich in ores, like the abundant iron ore we saw in State College, and is in the Kuznetsk Basin, one of the largest coal-mining areas in Russia with one of the largest coal deposits in the world, like the Pocahontas Coal Field, the richest deposit of bituminous coal in the world, back in southern West Virginia and western Virginia.

Another shared feature from what we have seen thus far in different places are the s-shaped river bends and confluences, like what we see in Kemerovo, the administrative center of the Kemerevo Oblast and the coal-mining capital of Russia. 

It is located at the confluence of the Iskitimka and Tom Rivers, and is situated in an S-shaped bend of the Tom River.

The Kuznetsk Railroad Bridge crosses the Tom River at Kemerovo.

The Western Siberia Railway branch of the Great Trans-Siberian Railroad passes through Kemerovo, which has two railroad stations.

The Great Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway line in the world. 

At 5,772-miles, or 9,289-kilometers,-long, it connects Moscow in European Russia to Vladivostok in the Russian Far East.

We are told that the first railway projects in Siberia began after the completion of the Saint Petersburg to Moscow Railway in 1851.

The Siberian line was divided into seven sections, and construction started in 1891, and we are told most of the line was simultaneously worked on by 62,000 workers.

This was labelled as an 1895 photo of convicts working on the railroad in East Siberia near Khabarovsk.

This photo with shadowy figures standing in the background reminds me of other creepy, staged-looking photos I see from time to time in my research.

Like this one noted as taken in 1870 in Trenton, New Jersey…

…and from the 1884 Flood of Paducah in Kentucky on the left that even has the words “stage of water” in the title below the photograph, and on the right a similar-looking photo taken in front of the Machinery Hall for the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States in Cincinnati.

At any rate, the financial support behind the Great Trans-Siberian Railroad was leading European financier Baron Henri Hottinguer through his bank Hottinger & Cie, one of the first private banks, created by the Hottinguer family in Switzerland on August 1st of 1786.

Known today as the Hottinger Group, it is headquartered in the City of London London, and is primarily-owned by the Geneva-based Edmond de Rothschild Group.

Swiss Banks, along with off-shore banks in other countries, are notorious for the ability of wealthy people to hide their money and assets in them.

There is even what we think of as classical Roman architecture here in Siberia, like the Kemerovo Regional Lunacharsky Drama Theater.

You know, Siberia!

And wherever this picture was taken in the Siberian winter has an operational incline railway!

Like what you see in North America and other places, the indigenous Shor people of the Kemerevo Oblast are portrayed as hunter-gatherers and farmers…but who knew how to smelt-iron and make iron objects. 

Hence their name from the Russians who encountered them in 1607, the Kuznetsk Tatars, or “Blacksmith Tatars.”

So the indigenous Shors, where the massive megalithic site of Gornaya Shoria is located, were “Tatars,” or Tartars, of the historic Tartarian Empire, one of many ancient empires around the world that were in harmony and balance with each other, and not at war with each other as we have been taught to believe in our historical narrative.

So you have the indigenous peoples of Russia, like the Shor…

…and the Itelmen People of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East looking very much like Native American Tribal people.

Well, that similarity is accounted for in the official narrative with the migration story that the first humans to enter North America came from Siberia across the Bering Land Bridge at the end of the last Ice Age.

Right?

The story we learn about in school anyway.

So, what exactly happened to get us to our present belief systems?

Well, for one way, there was “Wild Bill Cody’s Wild West” Show.

Wild Bill Cody, a Freemason, became internationally known for his touring show, called “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.”

His “Wild West” Show travelled across the United States, Great Britain, and Continental Europe, starting in 1883.

In 1893, the name was changed to “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World” from horse-cultures the world over.

This one, and a plethora of other Wild West Shows, were the precursors of western movies in shaping the New Narrative in the minds of countless young people who grew up believing this was portraying true history.

The first commercially successful western film was “The Great Train Robbery” a silent film that was released in 1903.

The story-line was as follows: outlaw gang holds up and robs a steam locomotive; flee across mountainous terrain; and defeated by a posse of locals.

A pretty standard formula for western movie plots over the years.

The western-movie genre continued to grow as time went on, and in 1914, Cecil B. DeMille in his directorial debut released a silent western called “The Squaw Man.”

Director Cecil B. DeMille was a Freemason…

…and so were actors John Wayne and Roy Rogers, among many other famous actors and film-makers of the day.

Both John Wayne and Roy Rogers were Shriners, an organization comprised of 32nd- and 33rd-degree freemasons, the highest degrees of western freemasonry.

The name “Shriners” is derived from the “Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.”

I think it is accurate to say that the freemasonic Shriners are best known to the general public for their hospitals, circuses and parade antics in little cars.

Even comedian Red Skelton, musician Roy Clark and Mel Blanc, the voice of Bugs Bunny, were Shriners!

These are Prince Hall Shriners of the Ancient Egyptian Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.

Ancient Moorish Masonry has 360-degrees of initiation…327 more than western freemasonry.

Prince Hall, and fourteen other Moorish men were initiated into the British Army Lodge 441 of the Irish Registry, after having been declined admittance into the Boston St. John’s Lodge, at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor.

He was the founder of Prince Hall Freemasonry on September 29th of 1784, and the African Grand Lodge of North America.

Until Prince Hall found a way back in, Moorish Masons were denied admittance into Freemasonry.

Moorish Masonry is based on Moorish Science, which also includes the study of natural and spiritual laws, natal and judicial astrology, and zodiac masonry.

This is where the perfect alignments of infrastructure on earth with the sky comes from – the consummate alignment of earth with heaven that is seen around the world – like the lunar roll along the top of this recumbant stone in Crowthie Muir near Forres, Scotland.

Muir is pronounced “Moor.” Like in the Ouachita Mountains in North America, the memory of the people is retained.

Even though the spelling is different, the pronunciation is the same.

What I am seeing and believing is that Humanity was on a completely different and positive timeline from what we are experiencing today.

This civilization, with different empires around the world, but all part of the same civilization, built all of the infrastructure on the earth in alignment with sacred geometry and Universal Law to create Harmony and balance between Heaven and Earth.

According to George G. M. James in his 1954 book “Stolen Legacy,” the European Freemasons stole the legacy for themselves of the original Moorish Masons, the custodians of the Egyptian mysteries.

So, now I am going to head back to where I left off in Pennsylvania and pick up US-19 in Pittsburgh.

The routes I looked at leaving southward out of Erie – US-19, US-18, and US-8 – meet on the highway system around Pittsburgh.

Pittsburgh looks like another one of those central hubs we saw earlier with the US Highway System and historic Railroad lines.

Pittsburgh is the largest city in Appalachia and the Ohio Valley.

It developed as the vital link between the Atlantic Coast and the Midwest, with examples like the Allegheny Portage Railroad connecting the Pennsylvania Main Canal to Pittsburgh and the Ohio River and points west of the Allegheny Mountains.

Pittsburgh played a dominant role in the development of the U. S. Steel Industry.

Many leading industrialists of the 19th-century were based in Pittsburgh, and resided in the East Liberty neighborhood in Pittsburgh’s East End, at one time the richest suburb in America, with names including Mellon, Carnegie, Heinz, and Westinghouse living there.

We are told that East Liberty started developing as a commercial area in 1842, when Thomas Mellon, prominent businessman and patriarch of the Mellon family in Pittsburgh, married Sarah Jane Negley, daughter of one of the earliest land-owners in the area, and made East Liberty their home..

We are told that Thomas Mellon made his fortune selling or rented land inherited by his wife, and used the proceeds to finance early industries in Pittsburgh.

In 1870, he and his sons Andrew and Richard established the “T. Mellon & Sons Bank,” and it became the Mellon National Bank In 1902.

It became a force in the mass production revolution in the United States, particularly in the Midwest.

A National Bank is a private bank operating as a commercial bank within the Federal Government’s Regulatory Structure, and under the supervision of the “Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,” rather than a state banking agency.

At one time in our history, National Banks had the authority to print money.

At its height, Mellon Financial Services was one of the world’s largest money management firms. 

It merged with the Bank of New York in 2007 to become BNY Mellon.

Richard Mellon, with an adjusted wealth of $103-billion, is listed as the 5th wealthiest American of all-time by CNN Business, and a founder of Gulf Oil and Alcoa Aluminum, as well as a number of other big corporations, along with his brother…

…Andrew Mellon, who is listed as the 15th-wealthiest American of all-time by CNN Business, with an adjusted wealth of $63.2-billion.

It is important to note that Andrew Mellon was an acknowledged Freemason, and also the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury from March 9th of 1921 to February 12th of 1932, presiding over the Boom years of the 1920s as well as the Wall Street Crash of October 1929, which led directly to the Great Depression.

Andrew Mellon was also a close friend of Henry Clay Frick, and a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, along with Andrew Carnegie, on the property where the dam failed that caused the Johnstown Flood, as previously discussed.

Along with Andrew Mellon, as we saw earlier in the section on Johnstown, Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick were initiated into Freemasonry, with Henry Clay Frick active for only five-years, but supported Freemasonry his entire life.

Andrew Carnegie was ranked as the 6th-richest American of all-time by CNN Business, with an adjusted wealth of $101-billion.

It’s important to note that with the philanthropic activities spoken of these extemely wealthy men, which are made to sound extremely benevolent and meant to benefit Humanity, it seems like their intent was highly questionable as to their actual motives.

We have seen or referenced all four of these men who receive the top billing as “Robber Barons.”

More on Vanderbilt and Morgan to come.

Among many other things, both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations have been involved in the American Educational System…

…from the need to education to train the future workforce….

…to the insidious “Woke” currriculum of today that is taught in American public school classrooms.

And, even as early as 1914, the National Education Association expressed alarm at the activity of the Carnegie and Rockefeller Foundations, and their efforts to control the policies of State educational institutions, and everything related to the educational system.

Now I am going to leave Pittsburgh, and head south on US-19, back to where it meets US-219 in Bluefield, Virginia.

It was from tracking the Serpent Lei alignment, the red line on this screenshot, that I first encountered Burkes Garden, Virginia, which is just south of Bluefield, accessed from US-19, and the next place I want to bring to your attention.

Burkes Garden has a population of about 300 people, in a place considered to have the most fertile soil in Virginia, but no post office; no cell phone or cable service; cool-to-cold weather; and one paved road to Tazewell, the nearest town about 15-miles, or 23-kilometers away.

Burkes Garden is known as “Vanderbilt’s First Choice” for the Grand Biltmore Estate.

We are told that the land-owners there wouldn’t sell to George Vanderbilt II, so he went to Asheville in North Carolina instead.

More on Asheville shortly.

There are a number of historic railroads in the vicinity of Burkes Garden, like the  Norfolk & Western Railroad’s Clinch Valley Line between the coalfields of Bluefield running through Tazewell County beside US-19 to the high-quality coalfields of the Clinch River Valley south of Richlands.

The last place I want mention on US-19 is Asheville in North Carolina.

Asheville is at the confluence of the French Broad and Swannanoa Rivers.

George Vanderbilt II’s Biltmore Estate is divided by the French Broad River, and its confluence with the Swannanoa River is on the Biltmore Estate.

The Western North Carolina Railroad was said to have been constructed through here starting in the 1850s, and today the existing track is operated by different railroads to transport freight, primarily Blue Ridge Southern, Norfolk Southern, and CSX.

This whole region we have been looking at through here was part of the traditional lands of the Cherokee people.

They were said to have ceded their land here around Asheville 1819.

The Cherokee were one of the five civilized tribes to be forcibly removed from their land after the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by Congress, and as mentioned previously, enforced by Lewis Cass, Andrew Jackson’s Secretary of War, and the Cherokee were marched west to Indian Territory in one of several Trails of Tears.

So Asheville on US-19 ended up being the location chosen by George Vanderbilt II for the Biltmore Estate instead of his “first choice” Burkes Garden, also on US-19.

The Biltmore Estate is on 8,000-acres, or 3,237-hectares of land.

This is what we are told about the Biltmore.

It was said to have been a Chateauesque-style mansion, meaning in the revivalist Renaissance architectural-style of French chateaux of the Loire Valley, built for George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1885 and 1895.

It is the largest privately-owned residence in the United States, and is considered of the most prominent of the Gilded Age mansions.

The Gilded Age is the name given to the period of time in American history between 1877 and 1900, a time of rapid industrialization and rapid economic expansion.

This would have roughly corresponded in our historical narrative to the Reconstruction Era after the American Civil War, which we are told ended in 1865, and the Progressive Era, which is what we are told was a period of widespread political activism and reform, that started in 1896.

It was also time when the contrast of the ostentatiousness of the wealthy versus the abject poverty of the working class became more visible.

We are told that the famous landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted was employed by George Washington Vanderbilt II to design the landscape for the Biltmore Estate.

It was said to be Frederick Law Olmsted’s last project, and he was memorialized in a plaque there.

The Biltmore Estate contains numerous ancient Native American sites, including what is known as the “Biltmore Mound,” an earthwork platform mound, and other archaeological discoveries on the grounds.

While I can’t find a direct reference to George W. Vanderbilt II himself being a Freemason, I did find a reference that the Vanderbilts were known Freemasons…

…and Aaron sent me the link to the Biltmore Lodge saying that George W. Vanderbilt procured the Lodge Hall for the Biltmore Masons to conduct business.

More on this finding to come.

George Washington Vanderbilt II was William Kissam Vanderbilt’s brother, who was mentioned earlier in this post as having gained control of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, along with financier J. P. Morgan, from Collis Huntington in 1888.

Their grandfather was Cornelius Vanderbilt.

Staten Island-born Cornelius Vanderbilt got his start in regional steamboat lines and ocean-going steamships, and from there got into the railroad business.

He bought control of the Hudson River Railroad in 1864; the New York Central Railroad in 1867; the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad in 1869; and the Canada Southern Railway in 1876.

He consolidated his two key lines into the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1870, becoming one of the first giant corporations in the history of the United States

According to CNN Business, Cornelius Vanderbilt was the second-richest American in history, with an adjusted wealth of $205-billion.

George W. Vanderbilt II was supposed to sail on the RMS Titanic with his wife but they changed plans at the last minute and sailed instead on the sister ship of the Titanic, the RMS Olympic, which left port before the Titanic, and arrived in New York before the Titanic sank.

J. P. Morgan has long been suspected of having been behind what has come down to us as the sinking of the Titanic.

This is what we are told on the Federal Reserve History website.

A secret meeting took place on Jekyll Island off the coast of the State of Georgia to lay the foundations of the Federal Reserve between November 20th and November 30th of 1910.

The purpose of the meeting was so secret that what the six men talked about was a closely guarded secret for many years, and they did not admit to it until the 1930s.

They were laying the foundation for what would become the Federal Reserve System.

Again, this information is from the Federal Reserve History website.

J. P. Morgan was a member of the exclusive Jekyll Island Club, was likely the one who arranged for the group to use the club’s facilities.

George’s brother, William K. Vanderbilt was also member of what Munsey’s Magazine described in 1904 as the “richest, most exclusive, and the most inaccessible” club in the world.

Arriving on a private train car, the group of men who attended the 10-day secret meeting on Jekyll Island in November of 1910 adopted the cover story of a “duck hunt” to explain their activities and hide the true purpose of their meeting, and addressed each other by their first names only – hence they adopted the name of the “First Name Club.”

This was the train station in Brunswick that serviced Jekyll Island on the Southern and Atlantic Coast Railroad.

The Oglethorpe Hotel pictured here was said to have opened in January of 1888, after having been built on top of the previous Oglethorpe House which was said to have burned down during the Civil War.

It remained in operation until 1958, at which time it was torn down and replaced by a Holiday Inn.

The Holiday Inn was eventually torn down too, leaving an empty lot in downtown Brunswick called the “Oglethorpe Block.”

Then, on April 15th of 1912, we are told the Titanic sank. with all the bankers opposed to the creation of the Federal Reserve on board, including John Jacob Astor IV, one of the richest people in the world at the time.

I can’t help but wonder if the “Sinking of the Titanic” was also a veiled reference to the “sinking of the Titans.”

The word “titanic” means “of exceptional strength, size, or power.”

More on my thoughts about this particular subject later in this post.

The following year, on December 23rd, 1913, the Federal Reserve Act Passed Congress, signed into law by Woodrow Wilson.  It created and established the Federal Reserve System, and created the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (commonly known as the US dollar) as legal tender.

John Jacob Astor IV was the great grandson of John Jacob Astor, who made a fortune in real estate development, the fur trade, and opium smuggling.

John Jacob Astor was considered to be the world’s first multi-millionaire, and the third-richest American of all time according to CNN Business.

J. P. Morgan himself didn’t make the CNN Business List of 20 wealthiest Americans of time, but he dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the “Gilded Age,” and was a major driving force behind the wave of industrial consolidation in the United States in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries, like the previously mentioned U. S. Steel in 1901.

 J. P. Morgan’s father, Junius Spencer Morgan, was the founder of the company that would become J. S. Morgan & Company in 1864, that was the successor company to George Peabody & Company, of which he became the Junior Partner in October of 1854.

In 1854, Morgan was put in charge of the firm’s iron portfolio, which included the marketing of railroad bonds in London and New York.

By the time J. S. Morgan died in 1890, the Morgan banks were the dominant forces in government and railroad finance, and his son John Pierpont Morgan had taken the helm of the company, becoming known as. J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895, now known as JP Morgan Chase & Company.

George Peabody’s bank became the premier American banking house in London after he took up residence from Baltimore to London permanently in 1837, and went from being a wholesale dry-goods and cotton merchant, to a merchant-banker offering securities in American railroad and canal enterprises to British and European investors.

He started a banking business trading on his own account a year after he moved to London, and by 1851, he established the banking firm of “George Peabody & Company” to meet the increasing demand for securities issued by American railroads, and his company specialized in financing governments and large companies.

According to “The Secret Founding of America” book by Nicholas Hagger…

…George Peabody was the Freemasonic banker from whom money was transferred to the “southern insurrectionists,” and he hired the father of J. P. Morgan to handle the funds when they arrived in the United States.

Banker George Peabody established the Peabody Institute in Baltimore in 1857 with a bequest of at least $800,000, and it is the oldest conservatory in the United States.

By the time it was completed and opened in 1866, one year after the official end of American Civil War, it was dedicated by George Peabody himself,and included a music academy, library and art gallery.

George Peabody was also called the “Father of Modern Philanthropy.”

That entrance at the east wing of the George Peabody Library sure looks proportionally like its made for much bigger people than we are today!

So, exactly how do you go about hiding giants and their advanced civilization?

Based on the evidence I have provided throughout this post and past research, I think the American Civil War was one of many ways to do this, and not what we are told it was about.

Frederick Law Olmsted, who later became a revered landscape architect credited with such grand landscapes as that of the Biltmore Estate as seen previously, started out his career as a journalist.

Among other things, during the pre-Civil War time period, Olmsted was commissioned by the New York Daily Times to start on an extensive research journey in the American South and Texas between 1852 and 1857.

He published three books from this time into one book, called “Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom,” in 1861 during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of his English publisher.

All of these books by Frederick Law Olmsted raise red flags for me, as I have come to believe from my research that publications like these are indicative of some kind of setting the stage in seeding the new historical narrative into our consciousness by those responsible for the hijack of the original positive civilization that built all of Earth’s infrastructure.

Frederick Law Olmsted was also the first executive secretary of the United States Sanitary Commission as well as an organizer of the Union League.

First, the United States Sanitary Commission.

What we are told about the United States Sanitary Commission is that it organized “Sanitary Fairs” during the American Civil War as a fundraiser for the many needs of Union Soldiers, including health.

“Sanitary Fairs” had everything, including majestic “temporary” buildings said to have been built for the fairs, to be torn down after, and while not as elaborate as the big expositions such as in Chicago, they were still something in and of themselves.

Frederick Law Olmsted was on the standing committee for the United States Sanitary Commission that was formed in New York, with its main members throughout the Civil War also consisting of: Henry Whitney Bellows; George Templeton Strong; and surgeons Dr. William H. Van Buren, Dr. Cornelius R. Agnew, and Dr. Wolcott Gibbs.

Did the U. S. Sanitary Commission and its volunteers really have the wherewithal to both construct the buildings for and pull off these extraordinarily lavish and festive undertakings against the backdrop of national war and suffering?

Or was it a private front comprised of the very same people who organized and were prominent members of the private membership clubs of the day, like the Union League and the Century Association.

The Union League was a private social club for wealthy men that opened in New York City in 1863 for pro-Union men could come together “to cultivate a profound national devotion” and “strengthen a love and respect for the Union.”

It became the most exclusive mens’ club in Manhattan, and perhaps in the nation.

This location for the Union League Club was said to have been built on the northeast corner of 5th Avenue and 39th Street between 1879 and 1881.

Along with Frederick Law Olmsted, oganizers of the Union League Club were Henry Whitney Bellows, George Templeton Strong, and Wolcott Gibbs, same names as the United States Sanitary Commission.

Henry Whitney Bellows was also involved in the organizing of the Century Association in New York City, founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1857.

The Century Association was a private social, arts and dining club, and named after the first 100 people proposed as members.

The Century Association Building at 42 E. 15th Street was in-use by the association starting in 1857, and which served as one of the headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission.

Members of the Century Association have included artists and writers like: poet and journalist William Cullen Bryant; landscape painter Frederick Edwin Church; landscape painter Winslow Homer; and best-known for stained-glass-work, Louis Comfort Tiffany.

Architect members have included: landscape-architects Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted; Beaux-Arts architects Carrere and Hastings, as well as York and Sawyer; and architects McKim, Meade and White, who were said to have defined the ideals of the American Renaissance in end-of-the-century New York.

Other members were said to have included: Eight U. S. Presidents; ten U. S. Supreme Court Justices; forty-three Members of the Presidential Cabinet; twenty-nine Nobel Prize Laureates; members of the Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Roosevelt, and Astor families; as well as financier J. P. Morgan and morse code inventor Samuel P. Morse.

Ever hear the George Carlin quote “It’s one big club, and you ain’t in it?” and wonder where that idea might have come from?

Seems like all of these private clubs we are seeing in this post were private and exclusive for a reason, and that was to secretly plan their activities and next moves that no one supposed to know about!

The so-called elites have continued doing the same thing to this day in their secretive meetings to plan their agendas for what they want the future to look like for Humanity and the World, and what they want doesn’t look good for us!

The United States Sanitary Commission and the Sanitary Fairs and the exclusive private clubs associated with the very same people leads to the larger question, of what was really going on during the American Civil War, historically described as a civil war between northern states, or “Union,” and the southern states, or “Confederacy,” over the status of slavery and its expansion into newly acquired land after the Mexican-American War.

We are told there were three theaters of war during years of American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865: Eastern, Western, and Trans-Mississippi.

I have often thought that theater, defined as a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, like a stage, is a thought-provoking word choice for an area or place in which important military events occur or are progressing.

I have come to view the American Civil War as Freemasonic Theater, which I think applies to all the wars and armed conflicts of our modern era.

Orphan trains started in 1854, under the auspices of Frederick Law Olmsted’s good friend, Charles Loring Brace, and the Children’s Aid Society, which Brace established in 1853.

A new experimental program of his called “placing-out” became known to us as “Orphan Trains,” and for the next 75-years, over 200,000 children were sent across the continent, to uncertain destinations and uncertain futures with strangers.

A movement going in this direction was widely supported by wealthy New York families, like Charlotte Augusta Gibbes, the wife of John Jacob Astor III, grandson of John Jacob Astor, and who was the wealthiest Astor family member of his generation.

Right around the same time as the beginning of the Orphan Train Movement, and the alleged completion of the Horseshoe Curve by the Pennsylvania Railroad near Altoona, both taking place in 1854, we are told that the federal government operated a land-grant system between 1855 and 1871, where new railway companies in what we are told was the uninhabited west were given millions of acres they could sell or pledge to bondholders.

The establishment of a land-grant system at this time is a good place to insert once again the story of the Ames Brothers of Easton, Massachusetts, co-owners of the Ames Shovel Shop, nationally known for providing the shovels for the Union Pacific Railroad, which we are told opened the West.

It was said to have been the world’s largest supplier of shovels in the 19th-century.

Why were shovels so important to the opening of the West and the expansion of infrastructure?

What if…the tracks were already there and just needed to be dug out?

Not only that, one brother, Oliver Ames, Jr, (b. 1807 – d. 1877) was the President of the Union Pacific Railroad from when it met the Central Pacific Railroad in Utah for the completion of the first Transcontinental Railroad in North America.

The other brother, Oakes Ames, was a member of the U. S. Congress House of Representatives from Massachusetts 2nd District from 1863-1873. He was credited by many as being the most important influence in building the Union Pacific portion of the first Transcontinental Railroad.

Oakes Ames was also noted for his involvement in the Credit-Mobilier Scandal of 1867, regarding the improper sale of stock of the railroad’s construction company.

He was formally censured by Congress in 1873 for this involvement, and he died in the same year.

Ten-years later, he was posthumously exonerated by the Massachusetts State Legislature on May 10th, 1883.

Has nothing ever changed?

Have we always had the same corruption in our government?

Then, there was the Kirkbride Plan coming in around the same time in the mid-1800s as all these other things I just mentioned.

Thomas Kirkbride was a Pennsylvanian who was said to have designed a system of mental asylums starting in the mid-19th-century that were constructed according to the Kirkbride Plan across the U. S. and while numerous Kirkbride structures still exist, many have been demolished, partially-demolished, or repurposed.

The first building said to have been constructed with Kirkbride’s design was the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum in Trenton, New Jersey, in 1848, also known as the Trenton State Hospital.

Aaron uncovered what I am going to share next when he was prompted to look into the relationship between the locations on Google Earth of Kirkbride buildings (marked by white), key masonic lodges (green), and state capitals (red).

You will see in the following screenshots of what he found, there is a high correlation of these buildings being on or near these alignments.

Gettysburg in Pennsylvania turned out to be a hub, circled in red, with many alignments between all three of these types of locations going out in all directions.

He found the same thing happening with the New River Gorge in West Virginia as a hub, with many alignments between all three of these types of locations going out in all directions.

He also looked up these three types of location alignments from the address of the previously mentioned Biltmore Masonic Lodge, which is marked in orange and circled in red, and found some interesting linear patterns emerging from North America.

Here is a more localized view of alignments of Kirkbrides, masonic lodges and state capitals to the northeast of the Biltmore Lodge, and upon which the earlier Kirkbride example I gave of the Trenton State Hospital falls directly, circled at the top of the screenshot.

The Earth’s original free-energy grid system was based on exact and precise geometric alignments of cities and places, which is actually what we are seeing in high-definition with Aaron’s Kirkbride alignments, and it was reverse-engineered into an energy-harvesting and control system.

And how did they manage to do that?

I have come to believe after years of extensive research in tracking cities and places in alignment on the Earth’s grid system and delving deeply into reset historical narrative that there was a deliberately caused cataclysm relatively recently by directed energy into the grid system, which devastated the surface of the Earth.

I have put forward the idea that the Philadelphia Experiment was connected to what has taken place here, which I discuss in-depth in “Recovering Lost History from Estuaries, Pine Barrens & Elite Enclaves Off the Atlantic Northeast Coast of the United States,” but however it happened, I believe this cataclysm was a deliberately-caused attack on the Earth’s grid system and was not caused naturally.

A sudden cataclysmic event, creating swamps, deserts, and even submerging entire landmasses around the Earth, would account for how a highly advanced worldwide civilization of giants could be wiped from the face of the Earth and erased from our collective memory.

Secondly, I believe the beings behind the cataclysm were shovel-ready to dig enough of the original infrastructure out of the ruined Earth so they could be used and civilization restarted, which I think started in earnest in the mid-to-late 1700s and early 1800s.

There’s extensive underground infrastructure where people could have survived until the surface of the Earth was habitable.

Then they only used the pre-existing infrastructure until they found replacement fuel sources that could be monetized and controlled by them for what had originally been a free-energy power grid and transportation system worldwide, and when what remained of the original infrastructure was no longer useful to them, or inconvenient to their agenda, they had it destroyed, discontinued, or abandoned, typically in a very short time after it was said to have been constructed, as we have seen here in all these examples from Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

Oh yes, and they claimed the very best of everything for themselves, including but not limited to, what became the Greenbrier Resort.

While the new elite class lived in the lap of luxury, and helped themselves to the best of everything, they had little care for anyone or anything else – not at all.

Quite the opposite.

They have actively facilitated the demise of all the rest of us, who they call “useless eaters,” into the present-day.

The same story repeats all over the country with the Robber Barons coming in and setting up shop, and the Resetters staging a new history.

Like Lumber Baron William Carson, who arrived in San Francisco, California in 1849, from New Brunswick in Canada, with a group of other woodsmen.

In 1850, he and Jerry Whitmore were said to have felled a tree, the first for commercial purposes on Humboldt Bay, and in 1854, he was said to have shipped the first loads of Redwood timber to San Francisco.

In 1863, he and John Dolbeer formed the Dolbeer and Carson Lumber Company.

William Carson was also said to have been involved with the founding of the Eel River and Eureka Railroad in November of 1882.

Its service was said to have been stopped for safety reasons between 1996 and 1997, and it’s been abandoned ever since.

But the new history of the “Robber Barons and the Resetters” seems to have gotten its start in Pennsylvania, where there were a lot of firsts happening.

The nickname of Pennsylvania is “The Keystone State,” and in its anecdotal history, was said to have come from it’s location in the keystone of the arch, depicted here, in the center of the original thirteen colonies.

But another reason comes to mind in the definition of “keystone,” in its figurative sense as opposed to its literal meaning as the stone in the middle of the arch which holds up the others.”

The idea of “that which holds together other parts…locking together the whole structure.”

Pennsylvania certainly seems to have played an instrumental role in doing just that in our historical narrative and new economic system.

Additionally, the story of the Masonic Keystone is well-worth looking at. which has the letters “HTWSSTKS” engraved on it, said to mean “Hiram The Widows Son Sent To King Solomon,” referring to Hiram Abiff.

Hiram Abiff is the main character in an allegory presented to all 3^rd-degree Freemasonry candidates as the main architect of Solomon’s Temple. 

Hiram Abiff was murdered inside the temple with a mason’s tool by three fellow-craft masons from the workforce, or “ruffians,” after he wouldn’t give them his Master Mason secrets, which were lost with his death. 

I found an article on the masonicworld.com website awhile back when I was looking for information on Hiram Abiff.

In it, the writer talks about “Operative Masonry” and the beginning of “Speculative Masonry” in 1717, with the founding of the Premier Grand Lodge of England.”

The writer indicates in the article that while some believed that operative masons were also in position of the tragic story of Hiram Abiff, there was no mention ot Hiram Abiff in the existing records of Operative Masonry from before that time; that there was no third, or Master Mason Degree as a rite until the Premier Grand Lodge was established in 1717; and that it was likely that the legend of Hiram Abiff was introduced at the time of Freemasonry became a speculative organization.

To me this provides supporting evidence that the ritual of the recital of the death of Hiram Abiff is actually an allegory for what happened to the Moors themselves and their advanced civilization by the unworthy craftsman that has been enshrined in one of their main initiation rites.

It is my understanding that only those initiated into the highest degree of western Freemasonry know directly about the Moors.

And it is no secret within Modern Freemasonry that it is “speculative,” meaning based on conjecture rather than knowledge, as opposed to “operative,” meaning those who actually worked with stone.

The New World’s Controllers stole the identity and legacy of the operative masons, and took us from the “Moorish Divine Movement of the World,” from Antiquity, with the eye on top of the pyramid signifying our pineal gland and our connection to the Creator, to it symbolizing “Big Brother,” and the control of the 13 Bloodline families.

There’s a lot more to our lost history, but this gives you some idea of what has taken place here, and not for our benefit.

In these shorter, themed-segments, as I have done in this one, I am going to bring forward additional information that was not included in the original post.

As much as possible, I am going to change-up the information in each of these different segments so you are not seeing the same information continually repeating, as all the information presented in “On the Trail of Giants – In Appalachia and Beyond” was closely interconnected.

The next post will be “On the Trail of Giants – In Appalachia and Beyond – Theme 2: Giants.”

In the first-part of this series called “Circle Alignment on the Earth Amsterdam Island” that I am updating from a series I originally did between November of 2018 and January of 2019,” I tracked this circle alignment from Amsterdam Island, one of the French Subantarctic Islands in the South Indian Ocean to Berbera in Somaliland, an historic city that has served as a major commercial center and port since antiquity, and has a glorious past in terms of importance to the region but which is looking quite rough these days!

I am picking up the alignment in the Gulf of Aden on the way into Yemen in the second-part of this series.

This series was one of my earliest efforts in tracking cities and places in alignment over a very long distance, and consistently seeing the same characteristics and hand of design across oceans and continents.

The Gulf of Aden, also known as the Gulf of Berbera, is bounded on the North by Yemen, the Arabian Sea and Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Horn of Africa, a peninsula comprised of Somalia, Somaliand, Ethiopia, and Djibouti to the south and west.

For starters, I am going to take a deeper look at some of these places around the Gulf of Aden.

Then I will continue tracking the alignment from where it enters Yemen in Mukhalla, after it crosses the Gulf of Aden from Berbera, Somaliland.

First, Yemen.

Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, at the end of World War I, when the former Ottoman Empire was divided between the countries on the “winning” side of the war…

…northern Yemen became an independent state known as the Kingdom of Yemen.

Then on September 27th of 1962, revolutionaries deposed the newly-installed, last King of Yemen, Muhammad al-Badr, and formed the Yemen Arab Republic, which was said to have been inspired by the Arab Nationalist Ideology of Nasser’s Egyptian United Arab Republic.

This action started the North Yemen Civil War from 1962 to 1970 between supporters of the Kingdom, which included Saudi Arabia and Jordan, and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic, which included Egypt.

By the end of the North Yemen Civil War, the supporters of the Kingdom were defeated, and the Yemen Arab Republic was recognized by Saudi Arabia in 1970.

The People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen in the South was known as the Aden Protectorate in 1918, which it had been known as since 1874 with the creation of the British Colony of Aden and the Aden Protectorate, which consisted of 2/3rds of present-day Yemen.

The Aden Protectorate existed until 1963, when it was merged with the new Federation of South Arabia.

By 1967, the Federation of South Arabia had merged with the Protectorate of South Arabia, and later changed its named to the People’s Republic of Southern Yemen, becoming a Marxist-Leninist state in 1969, the only Communist state to be established in the Arab World.

This is the same thing we saw happening in Somalia and Ethiopia in the first part of this series, with the division of countries and people; civil war; territorial war; and some form of Marxist government implemented.

On March 22nd of 1990, the leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic (North) and People’s Democratic Republic (South) of Yemen announced unification as the Republic of Yemen.

With the 1990 reunification of Yemen into the Republic of Yemen, the new government was comprised of officials from both sides, with a de facto form of collaborative governance, until the country went into Civil War in 1994.

The current Yemeni Civil War started in 2014, with multiple entities vying for governance, including the Presidential Leadership Council; the Islamist Houthi Movement’s Supreme Political Council; and the Southern Movement’s Southern Transitional Council.

Today Yemen is one of the least developed countries in the world, and in 2019, the UN reported that Yemen had the highest number of people in need of Humanitarian Aid.

Yemen is another one of those places in this region with a missing glorious ancient past.

The historical Yemen occupied more land than what it does currently, and stretched into what is now southwestern Saudi Arabia and southern Oman today.

The Kingdom of Saba was believed to have been the biblical Sheba, and the oldest and most important of the historic South Arabian kingdoms.

This was the historical land of the biblical Queen of Sheba, who brought a caravan of gifts to King Solomon.

This was the Awwam Temple in Marib, Yemen, the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Saba.

The Awwam Temple is also known as the Mahram Bilquis, or the Sanctuary of the Queen of Sheba.

Arash Bilqis, or the Throne of Bilqis, at the Barran Temple, also in ancient Marib, has monolithic stone pillars (meaning single block of stone) more than 26-feet, or 8-meters, high, featuring writing and advanced masonry.

It is interesting to note the desertification through this region, something we will be seeing a lot of as we go through this part of the world.

It is interesting to note that the old South Arabian inscriptions seen here on the top left, have a Norse rune look to them on the top right.

What if these runes were actually the runes of Vril, or “Life Force,” that was connected to the Ancient Humans and their mastery of how to harness natural energy to create amazing things.

This whole region is part of the East African Rift, where the African Plate is splitting into two plates – the Somali Plate and the Nubian Plate.

The red triangles are showing the location of historically active volcanoes.

What’s interesting to me about this fact is the example of the tree-trunk looking appearance of some of the volcanoes in Yemen, like the one in the middle of the town of Hammam Damt, and speculation that what were once giant trees became volcanoes.

Another thing found all over Yemen is quaint and unique architecture built on high.

Yemen has many examples of this.

Why build like this?

What are we actually looking at?

Was there a relationship between the ancients and giant tree stumps that were used in building their communities?

The port city of Aden in Yemen is located on the Gulf of Aden near the eastern approach to the Red Sea, almost directly across from Berbera in Somaliland.

Aden is one of the largest cities in Yemen, with a population of over 1,000,000 people.

It is a crucial maritime hub that connects Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

There is a legend in Yemen that Aden is as old as human history itself, and that Cain and Abel are buried somewhere in the city.

More on the possible Aden – Eden connection in a bit.

A couple of things to point out about Aden.

One is the Crater District.

It’s official name in Arabic is “Seera,” and it is situated in the crater of an ancient volcano which forms the Shamsan Mountains.

Aden was first visited by the British East India Company ship “The Ascension” in 1609, before it sailed to Mocha, another port in Yemen on the Red Sea known for things like its coffee trade.

Starting with Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1796, the British Government and East India Company were interested in this area for naval fleets and other bases.

In 1839, the East India Company landed royal marines here to “secure the territory,” and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India, but what they actually meant by “securing,” was capturing for British interests.

By 1850, Aden was declared a “free trade” port by the East India Company, with liquor, salt, arms and opium trades, and all the coffee trade it had won from Mocha.

The other thing I would like to mention in Aden are the “Cisterns of Tawila.”

It is surmised that the “Cisterns of Tawila” were designed to collect rainwater for the city’s drinking water that flowed down from the Shamsan Massif.

Interesting there is signage at the Cisterns saying that nothing was known about the original construction after they were “accidently” discovered by a British Officer in 1854.

Next, we come to the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, located between southwestern Yemen near Aden, and northeastern Djibouti, and connects the Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea.  

This strait is of great strategic and economic importance. 

For one thing, millions of barrels of crude oil are shipped through it every day. 

As I was looking for images of the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, I noticed this Google Earth Image on the right showing Perim Island, and the old map on the left showing it as a British possession at one time.

It was part of the British Aden Protectorate between 1857 and 1967,and is considered part of Yemen.

Perim is described as a volcanic island, and was said to have been called the “Island of Diodorus” in ancient times.

Diodorus was a historian was said to have lived in the 1st-century BC,best-known for writing the “Bibliotheca Historica,” about the history and culture of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Scythia, Arabia, North Africa, Greece and Europe.

The image of Diodorus on the top right we are told is from a 19th-century fresco…

…and this work of Diodorus we are told was translated into English between 1933 and 1954 by an American named Charles Henry Oldfather, a Professor of Greek and Ancient History at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Perim was occupied by the British starting in 1856 under the direction of the Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, with the purpose of countering French ambitions in Egypt and the Red Sea with the Suez Canal project sponsored by the French.

The island had already been taken possession of the by the British East India Company in 1799, and the British claimed credit for building a lighthouse in 1861 due to the treacherous waters around the island.

Interesting to note that during the same time-period, the 1850s, the so-called Palmerston Forts on the Isle of Wight, and other places in and around the English Channel, were said to have been built during the Victorian Era in response to a perceived threat of French invasion.

They are called the Palmerston Forts due to their association with the same Lord Palmerston who authorized the occupation of Perim for the same reason of the perception of a threat from the French by the British.

It certainly appears like the conflicts and wars between nations of the modern-era provided the cover story needed to explain the existence of the infrastructure of the original civilization, like light houses and star forts, which were found all over the world and functioned as part of the Earth’s original free-energy grid-system, and they were repurposed as necessary navigational aids and military fortifications in the reset narrative.

The volcanic Sawabi Islands are southwest of Perim Island in the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, and they are part of the country of Djibouti.

They are known as a popular diving site.

I want to bring your attention again to the desertification of this region.

Here is a Google Earth screenshot of the Sahara Desert today from the western coast of North Africa, across to the eastern coast.

When I saw the downward flow of the Sahara Desert on either side of the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait at the entrance to the Red Sea off the coast of East Africa on the top left, it immediately brought to mind the downward flow of the desert off the coast of West Africa in Mauretania and Western Sahara on the bottom right.

What we are told is that the Sahara was green until about 5,000-years ago, when it started turning into inhospitable desert after the end of glaciation 10,000-years ago created a climate change that affected the ability of yearly monsoon rains to reach this part of the continent.

But I think that is just another cover story to hide a deliberately-caused cataclysmic event that happened much more recently in time that resulted in world-wide devastation and destruction along the Earth’s grid-lines, causing landscapes to simultaneously turn into deserts, swamps, or to submerge completely.

And where have we heard “climate change” before?

Let’s see what else we find looking around the Gulf of Aden.

The Republic of Djibouti situated in the horn of Africa, and located between Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Djibouti is the primary location of the Afar Triple Junction, or Afar Triangle, a tectonic triple junction of three tectonic plates – the Nubian, Somalian, and Arabian – at the northern end of the Great Rift Valley and Djibouti is the southernmost country on the Arabian Plate.

The Afar Triangle is thought to be the cradle of the evolution of Humans, and here is where the possible Aden – Eden connection comes back in to this region.

The Afar people live in the Afar Triangle region today and traditionally are described is Cushitic nomadic livestock herders.

But were they always nomadic livestock herders?

Or did the Afar people have a much more glorious past than present?

The ancient Kingdom of Kush, also known as Nubia, was at one time a powerful civilization in this part of Africa.

I remembered from something I read a long time ago that the Great Rift Valley in this part of the world was where the remains of “Lucy” were discovered in 1974, and as it turns out, they were discovered at Hadar, which is in Ethiopia in the Awash River Valley on the edge of the Afar Triangle.

“Lucy” was classifed as the 3.2-million-year-old skeletal remains of a female “Australopithecus,” or the earliest known hominids considered to be a close relative of modern humans, and postulated by some to be the “missing link” between apes and humans.

When I typed “Aden Eden” into the search bar, this is one of the images that came up.

It is titled “Garden of Eden (Aden) on Google Earth by Bradly Couch on Pinterest.”

As the Book of Genesis relates our creation story, Eve was our earliest female ancestor, created by God from Adam’s rib, and they were the first man and woman.

So what’s interesting to me is that the Hadar Site is where one of Bradly’s arrows is pointing with the caption: “Act of procreation and branching,” and what I am wondering about this is whether or not we have been given a replacement story about our origins linking us to evolution from apes instead of our creation coming directly from God.

And that this replacement story occurred in a region connected with the name “Aden,” which is one letter different from the name “Eden.”

I don’t know.

I just wanted to point out these intriguing connections I found in this location.

I want to mention Lake Abbe, described as a salt lake on Djibouti’s border with Ethiopia in the Afar Triangle, where the three tectonic plates are pulling away.

Lake Abbe is a truly surreal-looking place, and is considered one of the most inaccessible areas on Earth.

I am just left wondering what we are really looking at here like we are told – the result of natural geologic processes…or a sudden cataclysmic event wreaking havoc on the Earth!

Ethiopia’s Awash River runs from near Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, to Lake Abbe.

And is the Awash River actually a canal?

We are taught to believe that rivers are of natural origin, and that any infrastructure related to canals or hydrology were of modern origin.

There’s also a railway history along the Awash River, more infrastructure that is attributed to having been built in our more recent modern history.

Yet, I find railroads all over the world co-located with rivers/canals/gorges, and connected with hydroelectric facilities.

Finding the same thing here.

Railway along the Awash River, which has a gorge and three functional dams.

One of the worst railroad accidents in history took place in 1985, when an express train derailed on a curved bridge over the gorge of the Awash River in Awash, Ethiopia, killing 428, and injuring 500.

I am having a hard time finding information about the crash, but this was what we are told about it.

I go into depth about this finding railroads in very different places that are co-located with rivers/canals/gorges, and connected with hydro in my post “Of Railroads and Waterfalls and Other Physical Infrastructure of the Earth’s Grid System.”

In this same region In Ethiopia, north of Addis Ababa , we find Lalibela, Lake Tana, Gondar, the Simien Mountains and Aksum.

Lalibela is the second holiest of Ethiopia’s cities, after Aksum. 

It is famous for its complex of all together eleven monolithic churches, meaning cut out of one rock.

It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1978.

The population of Lalibela is almost completely Ethiopian Orthodox Christian.

The ancient Ethiopian language of Ge’ez is the oldest African script still in use to this day, and is the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Jewish Community in Ethiopia.

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church dates back to the acceptance of Christianity by the Kingdom of Axum in 330 AD.

The Jewish community in Ethiopia is dated back to at least 15-centuries.

Lake Tana is the source of the Blue Nile, and the largest lake in Ethiopia, and is a sacred lake.

It has been a registered UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Site since 2015, along with its seven ancient monasteries, like the main monastery of Narga Selassie on Lake Tana’s Dek Island.

Among other things, the heart-shaped Lake Tana has living traditions about being a place where Joseph, Mary, and Jesus stayed on their way back to Israel after fleeing Herod, and also as a place where the Ark of the Covenant was kept for 800 years before going to Axum, where it is said to currently be located.

This photo is a comparison for similarity of appearance of an old bridge near Lake Tana  on the top left, with the River Nith Old Bridge, one of the oldest standing bridges in Scotland, in Dumfries, on the bottom right.

Next, Gondar.

Gondar was the royal city of Ethiopia.

Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

It was the capital of the historic Ethiopian Empire and we are told the Imperial Seat from the 1200s to the 1900s. 

The Fasil Ghebbi, nicknamed the “Camelot of Ethiopia,” was the home of Ethiopia’s Emperors in our historical narrative from the 17th-century to the 20th-century.

The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the former ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire.

Its members were lineal descendants of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba through their son Menelik I, the first Emperor of Ethiopia.

Haile Selassie was the last Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974.

The full title traditionally of the Emperors of Ethiopia was: “Elect of God, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah and King of Kings of Ethiopia.”

The overthrow of the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie took place on September 12th of 1974, in a coup initiated by a Marxist-Leninist factions in the military, and marked the beginning of a 17-year-long Ethiopian Civil War, which formally ended in 1991. 

The war left at least 1.4 million dead.

The last Ethiopian Emperor was apparently murdered in August of 1975 by the same Marxist Army officers who had overthrown him the year before.

The Simien Mountains, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, since 1978, are located between the royal city of Gondar and Aksum.

Designated as a National Park in 1966, it is Ethiopia’s largest national park.

The Simien Mountains are described as plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles.

Said to be of volcanic origin and formed from basaltic lava outpourings between 40- to 25-million years ago, prior to the creation of the Great Rift Valley.

Again, just wondering what we are really looking at here.

They look like more candidates for giant tree stumps!

Next, we come to Aksum, the holiest city in Ethiopia, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980.

It is in the Tigray National Regional State.

Between 2020 and 2022, the Tigray War took place between the Ethiopian Federal Government and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, during the course of which infrastructure was destroyed, and many war crimes were commited, including mass extrajudicial killings of civilians took place throughout the region, including Aksum.

The conflict in Tigray led to major humanitarian crises, widespread famine, and severe economic damage to the tune of an estimated $20-billion.

Aksum was the capital of the historic Kingdom of Aksum, a naval and trading power that ruled the whole region as well as parts of what is now Saudi Arabia, and Yemen

There are a couple of noteworthy things to mentioned about the ancient city of Aksum.

The first is that it is believed to be the home of the Ark of the Covenant at the Saint Mary of Zion Church, and that the Tablets of Stone upon which the Ten Commandments were inscribed lay inside the Ark.

The Ark is closely guarded by one custodian known as the “Keeper of the Ark,” who is the only person allowed to enter the resting chamber of the Ark.

The keeper is appointed for life and can’t leave the sacred grounds until death.

The next thing that I want to point out is the Northern Stelae Field, or Park, in Aksum.

There are 120 stelae here, each made from a single piece of granite, and standing as high as 82-feet, or 25-meters.

Each stela looks like a building, with intricately carved windows, marked stories, and false doors at the bottom.

These stelae are attributed to having been made as funeral monuments for Aksum’s ancient rulers…

…who were believed to have been buried in tombs beneath the Stelae.

The Great Stela was 108-feet, or 33-meters, -tall, and weighed 573 tons, or 520 metric tons.

This was an explanation I found for what happened to the Great Stela, pictured here.

It was likely the largest monolith humans ever attempted to erect, and that it probably fell down when the attempt was made to erect it.

There’s more than one fallen stela here.

This one that was 29-feet, 9-meters, tall.

What are we actually seeing here with multi-ton monolithic, intricately-carved stelae made from single pieces of granite, with some having fallen, and even broken into pieces, and an partially-above-ground and mostly underground building beneath them?

This is a good place to mention that Aksum was one of the twelve primary nodal points of the Earth’s Grid system.

A nodal point is a place where numerous leylines connect.

Other nodal points include Rapa Nui, best known as Easter Island, where the famous heads were discovered to have bodies…

And Gobekli Tepe in Turkey, said to have the world’s oldest stone megaliths dating back to at least 9500 BC, and the excavation of which started in 1995.

It was first noted in a survey in 1963, and the site was said to have been intentionally backfilled with earth when it was mysteriously abandoned in 8000 BC.

Another example of being covered by earth was the Sphinx on the Giza Plateau in Egypt, just to the northwest of today’s Ethiopia.

It was covered up to its shoulders, as seen in this famous painting of Napoleon Bonaparte before the Sphinx.

The rise of Napoleon starting in 1796, and the Napoleonic Wars between 1799 and 1815, seem to mark a major beginning in the new, reset timeline.

So even the Sphinx needed to be dug out from the sand that surrounded it.

And according this map of the historical Kingdom of Aksum, Mecca on the Red Sea in today’s Saudi Arabia was once part of it.

And historical photos of Mecca show the same situation of being surrounded by desert, “low-rise” buildings, no floors, just soil underneath everything.

I believe there was deliberately-caused, sudden cataclysmic event of directed energy that went through the Earth’s entire grid system, causing the entire surface of the Earth to undulate and rip, creating deserts, swamps, and causing land-masses to shear off and submerge based on what I am finding and seeing., and accounts for how a highly advanced worldwide civilization of giants could be wiped from the face of the Earth and erased from our collective memory.

Historical photos that are available to find on the internet provide evidence that buildings, canals, and rail-lines, among other things, had to be dug out so they could be used once again…

…so the Controllers could usher in their New World Order on the ruins of the Old World, one based on power over Humanity and the Earth’s resources, and they imposed their control matrix over the world through the Earth’s grid system that they had removed from collective awareness.

Before I move back to the Gulf of Aden and tracking the Amsterdam Island Circle Alignment, I just want to say there is clearly something of great historical importance to this region that has been lost to us and it has been destroyed in every way possible, with great suffering and misery happening to this day.

Knowledge of great value has been taken from Humanity that is exemplified through this region, with it’s biblical and historical importance.

Even old maps of Africa tell a different story than what we have been told!

What’s going on here?!

So, now back to the Gulf of Aden.

On the other side of the Gulf of Aden from where we have been looking in South Arabia and east Africa is the Guardafui Channel. 

It is between the Socotra Archipelago and Cape Guardafui.

It connects the Gulf of Aden with the Indian Ocean.

It was named for Cape Guardafui, also known as Ras Asir, which is a headland in the Guardafui Administrative Province of Puntland in Somalia.

The Cape Guardafui lighthouse was said to have been inaugurated in 1930 by Italian Fascist authorities when it was part of Italian Somaliland.

By 1930, the authorities were part of Fascist Italy, which existed under Mussolini’s totalitarian rule as Prime Minister and Dictator between 1922 and 1943.

Ras Hafun juts out into the Guardafui Channel, and is considered the easternmost point in Africa.

Ras Hafun has numerous ruins and structures, and it was believed to be the location of Opone, an old trading emporium serving seemingly the whole world – Africa, Asia, Greece, Rome, and Indonesia, among other places.

It was also known as the center of the world’s spice trade.

Ras Filuk, also known as “Cape Elephant,” is a headland next to the Guardafui Channel.

It has steep cliff walls that jut into the Gulf of Aden.

Ras Filuk is near Alula, the capital of the Bari Region of Puntland.

Alula is situated next a shallow lagoon lined by mangroves, a type of tree that grows in brackish water.

Here is a picture of mangroves covering the coast of this area by Alula on Google Earth.

Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands characterized by these salt loving trees and shrubs that are typically found in estuaries, where salt water meets freshwater.

So Estuaries have water that is salty, dirty & unpleasant, and there are one or more rivers flowing into it, and a connection to the open sea.

I have been speculating for awhile now from my research that the Earth’s estuaries are actually ruined and sunken land that once had the infrastructure of civilization in it.

One example of this research is found in this blog post.

These are photos from the 1920s of Alula with the same sand-covered appearance as the other places we have been looking it.

But was it always like this?

Our historical narrative sure wants us to believe it was!

Just as an interesting side-note, this region even today produces 1.5-million kilograms per year of different types of frankincense, an aromatic resin used in incense, perfumes, and essential oils, obtained from Boswellia trees.

Medicinal properties of frankincense include anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.

Cape Guardafui was known as “Aromata,” or the cape of spice, due to the abundance of spices it produced, including frankincense, cinnamon, and indian spices.

A word about the spice trade.

Since ancient times, the spice trade has been worth great amounts of money.

The growing of the rarest spices was exactly in this region where we have been looking in southern Arabia and Africa.

In First Kings, Chapter 10, verse 10, we find the Queen of Sheba giving King Solomon gold talents and an abundance of spices.

On the other side of the Guardafui Channel, we find the Socotra Archipelago, which is officially part of Yemen, with Socotra being the largest island.

I first learned about Socotra several years ago when I watched a travel video about it that popped up as a YouTube recommendation for me.  I looked more into it at the time.  Otherwise I would never have heard of it before.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2008, it is considered of universal importance because of its rich and distinct flora and fauna, most of which are found nowhere else.  It has also been called the most alien place on earth.

These are the Dragon’s Blood Trees of Socotra, the only place in the world they are found.

It has a dark-red resin, giving this evergreen type of tree its name.

Considered a vulnerable species, they can grow to 30-feet, or 9-meters, in height, and live for 600-years.

Dragon’s blood resin is used for things like dyes, incense, and medicine.

It’s medicinal properties include wound healing and digestion, among many others.

There are more anomalous things find in the Guardafui Channel islands, and about the Gulf of Aden, but I think I will move along, and leave you with this picture and caption concerning the Gulf of Aden if you wish to research its validity for yourself. 

Just saying this is out there. 

Personally, it wouldn’t surprise me if this is truth. 

As we are seeing, there is so much we haven’t been told about the world we live in, and that is actively kept from our awareness on an on-going basis.

Now back to the Amsterdam Island alignment after this long tangent looking at an overlooked part of the world, yet with tremendous historical importance which has been forgotten and debased in modern times.

Leaving Berbera in Somaliland on the alignment, we come to Mukalla, port city on the Gulf of Aden in Yemen.

Also called Al-Mukalla and Mukalia, it is the capital of Yemen’s Hadhramaut Governate. 

This is a view of the Mukalla waterfront, with block-shaped rocks in the foreground compared with the block-shaped rocks seen at Lake Chapala near Colima, Mexico, a place I found tracking a different alignment.

Interesting to find out that a cyclone named “Chapala” destroyed Mukalla’s waterfront in 2015.

I found this photo of what is called one of the oldest houses in Mukalla. 

Quite an interesting place to build a house.

Mukalla was connected to the historical port of Qana, which was the main Hadhrami trading post between India and Africa.

Incense fields were to the north of here in an area, which were also harvested for trade.

The historic capital of Hadhramaut was Shabwa along the Nabataean “Incense Trade Route,” an ancient network of major land and sea trading routes linking the world with eastern and southern sources of incense, spices and other luxury Goods.

The Hadhrami people had in their culture a tradition of sea-faring and trading. 

The Nabataeans were an ancient people who inhabited the Arabian Peninsula, who were characterized as being nomadic Bedouins who moved from place to place but also were skilled in trade as well.

Interestingly, rock-cut Petra in today’s Jordan was the capital of their nomadic kingdom, and was said to be a regional trading hub for them.

Shibam is located slightly northeast from Mukalla, and is also on the alignment.

The Old Walled City of Shibam, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, on the cliff-edge of Wadi Hadhramaut near Mukalla built from mud bricks has been described as the “‘Chicago’ or ‘Manhattan’ of the Desert.”

It is said to be the oldest city in the world using vertical construction techniques, and, like Shabwa, was also a stop on the ancient incense trading route.

This is a photograph of the massive canyon at Wadi Leysar also in the Hadhramaut Province of Yemen, on the left, and it reminded me in appearance of Courthouse Butte in Sedona, Arizona, on the right.

Hadharem, or Hadhrami. is the name of the historic people of the Hadhramaut region.

They are also in diaspora, living in scattered places around the world. 

At one time their presence and influence throughout in the Horn of Africa region was significant. 

Next the alignment crosses the Rub Al Khali, otherwise known as the Empty Quarter. 

It is the largest desert in the world. 

It encompasses most of the southern third of the Arabian peninsula.

A recent Saudi Arabian Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Ali Al-Naimi, reported that the dunes don’t drift – that while sand blows off the surfaces, their essential shape remains intact.

I would not be surprised at all to learn that there is enduring infrastructure underneath all that sand!

The Empty Quarter has been determined to have what would have been the third-largest lake in the world and one of the longest rivers in the world, whose flow would have rivalled the Nile River in Egypt or the Amazon River in South America.

The Shaybah Oil field was discovered in 1968, 25-miles, or 40-kilometers, from the northern edge of the Empty Quarter.

As of May of 2014, it was projected to be able to pump 750,000 barrels/day for the next 70-years.

The Shaybah Oil Field is considered to be one of the most prominent landmarks in the Empty Quarter, and is surrounded by a series of giant, semicircular sand dunes, some of which are 984-feet, or 300-meters, high.

The Incense Trade made its way through this region, and it has been suggested that the lost city of “Iram of the Pillars” depended on such trade.

Its location has been searched for over the years and no place has never been conclusively identified as such.

It intriguingly has the nickname of “Atlantis of the Sands.”

Also, in the process of oil and gas exploration in the Empty Quarter, giant skeletons apparently have turned up from time to time, though you find things like this fact-checked and flagged as hoaxes.

Like for some reason they really don’t want us to know giants existed upon the Earth once upon a time.

The Liwa Oasis is found in the Abu Dhabi Emirate, one of the seven Emirates that comprise the  United Arab Emirates (UAE). 

The Liwa Oasis is not far from the Shaybat Oil Field.

As a matter of fact It stretches along the northern edge of the Empty Quarter for 62-miles, or 100-kilometers, along an in arch curved to the north, and consists of approximately 50 villages, with Muzayri being the geographic and economic center of the Oasis.

The history of the Mezairaa Fort in Muzayri is not known.

It has been speculated that it was built in the 19th-century by the local tribes to protect their wells and to provide protection for nomads who roamed the desert through here.

The same story is given for the altogether nine historical forts in the Liwa Oasis.

The other six restored forts here include:

Dhafeer Fort…

…Qutuf Fort…

…Maria Al Gharbiyah Fort…

…Muqib tower…

…Attab Fort…

…and the Al-Jabbana Fort.

The two forts considered ruins in the Liwa Oasis are the:

Al Hayla Tower…

…and the Umm Hosn fort.

What’s absolutely uncanny is the similarity between the mud-brick architecture of the Liwa Oasis in Abu Dhabi like the Dhafeer Fort on the top left and on the right, the mud-brick architecture of places like the Great Mosque of Djenne in the west African country of Mali clear on the other side of Africa from here, both of which have features that resemble the imperial castle of Fasil Ghebbi in Gondar, Ethiopia, on the bottom left.

We’ll be seeing more examples of this finding as we continue travelling along this alignment.

Before we move on here, just wanted to share with you some tourist attractions here.

If you ever travel to the Liwa Oasis, one of the fun things you can do is take a trip to the Moreeb Dune in the Empty Quarter.

It is the tallest dune in the UAE and one of the highest sand hills in the world at 984-feet, or 300-meters, high, with a 50-degree angle from the ground to the top.

Among other things, it is popular for organized car-racing, and other vehicular activities.

Must have a pretty hard surface underneath all of the sand!

They do the same thing on the dunes at the Little Sahara State Park, near Waynoka, Oklahoma.

Oklahoma was where I first awakened to all of the things I am sharing with you now, about a worldwide, advanced civilization that has been erased from our memory.

Back in the United Arab Emirates near the Liwa Oasis, you can even mark a romantic dinner surrounded by sand and dunes off your bucket list when you come on your dream vacation to the Empty Quarter.

Next on the alignment, we come to the city of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the UAE.

It is located on an island in the Persian Gulf.

Here’s an aerial view of Abu Dhabi, with lots of channels and canals showing up.

I find this to be noteworthy, because the ancient advanced civilization was a canal-building civilization, and like the mud-brick architecture mentioned previously, we will continue to find the presence of canals along this alignment.

And here is a view of it from the water, with a nice rectangular beach-head on the top left, and a nicely-shaped manmade water front on the bottom right.

This is the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, and its elegant and sophisticated design features on the top left.

The date for construction is given as 1996.

I am comparing it with the Taj Mahal in Agra, India, on the bottom right because they have similar design features, especially the shape of the domes.

Yet the Taj Mahal was built in the mid-1600s as a mausoleum, according to the historical narrative we have been given. 

In both places, the architecture is simply-breathtaking!

The sophistication and striking similarities of these two monumental works of architecture raise some real questions in my mind about how they were built – both then and now.

The next location we come to on the alignment is Dubai, another Emirate, and the largest city of the United Arab Emirates. 

You can tell just by looking at a map of the city that this is a unique place in the world.

Dubai is one of the world’s “Global Cities,” which means it is a city which is a primary node in the global economic network, with a focus on financial power, and high technology infrastructure.

The Burj Khalifa Tower,the world’s tallest building, is in Dubai.

The building is 2,722-feet, or 830-meters, tall in height.

Construction dates are listed between 2004 and 2009, with it opening to use in 2010.

The oldest existing building in Dubai is the Al-Fahidi Fort, and was said to have been built in 1787 to protect the locals and the pearl-fishing economy from neighboring tribes.

Today the old fort houses the Dubai Museum, pictured on the left.

The Al-Fahidi Fort has the same architectural features shown previously in this post as the Fasil Ghebbi in Gondar, Ethiopia, the home of Ethiopia’s Emperors, on the top right, and the Great Mosque of Djenne in Mali in west Africa on the bottom right. 

Djenne is said to be the oldest known city in sub-Saharan Africa.

Djenne in Mali is located close to the Bandiagara Escarpment, where the Dogon people live.

This is the Bandiagara Escarpment on the top, looking remarkably like Mesa Verde in the U. S. State of Colorado, on the bottom.

The Dogon have a very sophisticated spiritual, astronomical and calendrical system, as well as extensive anatomical and physiological knowledge. They also have a systematic pharmacopeia, which means directions for compound medications.

Perhaps they are best known for the accurate knowledge they possess about the Sirius star system.

Yet we know the Dogon to have an agricultural society?

One last thing I want to show you in Dubai before I end this post.

This is an aerial view of what is considered Dubai’s Old Town, the Bur Dubai.

Here are more photos of the architecture and canal system of Old Town Dubai.

Like with everywhere else, there is much more to find here in these places I’ve been looking at, but I will end this post here, and in the next post will pick up the alignment as it goes across the Strait of Hormuz into Iran.

Viewer MJ sent me research she had done into “The Company,” and its relationship to our Federal Government and the political process for the Republic, and the world we live in today.

I can only take things so far, and with the help of independent researchers like this viewer, I can take things much further. 

I did not have the information she provided me. 

The dates things are happening is very important when looking at where things in the New World really got kicked off, and her research helped me to connect more dots.

It really takes a village to solve this puzzle because there is so much to uncover regarding what has taken place here and many layers to it as well.

I will be interweaving MJ’s research material with with research that I have done in the past and present for this post.

I am going to focus on the origins & historical impact of The Company in this first part.

I received the research from MJ shortly after I had published “The East India Companies, the Theft of India & the Legacy of the Mughal Empire.”

India was called the “Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire. and its largest, and most important, overseas possession.

Much of the British Empire was built around India, in order to provide routes to, or protection for, India.

India was prosperous and rich, in spices, silk, indigo, gold, cotton, and other products and resources.

Trade with, and eventual political dominance of large parts of India, was what provided Britain with large parts of its wealth in the 1700s through 1900s.

The East India Company was the means by which the British took over control of India and its fabulous wealth and culture.

The East India Company was nicknamed “The Company.”

This is what we are told.

The British East Company was established as a joint-stock company by Royal Charter on December 31st of 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I.

It was called the “Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading in the East Indies,” and by the mid-1700s, accounted for half the world’s trade in such commodities as cotton, silk, indigo, spices, sugar, tea, and opium.

For comparison, the flag of the British East India Company is pictured on the top left, and the flag of the United States on the bottom right.

It is important to note that the American Central Intelligence Agency has the same nickname.

On March 20, 1602, Dutch East India Company was chartered to trade with India and Southeast Asian countries by the States General of the Netherlands, the Supreme Legislature of the Netherlands, granted it a 21-year monopoly for the Dutch spice trade. 

It was a megacorporation, which is defined as a massive conglomerate (usually private) holding near-monopolistic, if not monopolistic, control over multiple markets.

It was chartered to trade with Mughal India, and primarily Mughal Bengal, from where 50% of textiles and 80% of silks were imported.

It has often been labelled a trading or shipping company, but was in fact a proto-conglomerate, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities.

The first formally listed public company by widely issuing shares of stock and bonds to the general public in the early 1600s, it was the world’s most valuable company of all-time, with a worth of $7.9-trillion.

It is considered by many to be to have been the forerunner of modern corporations.

We are told the use of Arms went from individuals to corporate bodies starting in 1438 with a Royal Charter of incorporation, and the earliest surviving grant of arms, for the “Worshipful Company of Drapers,” formally known as “The Master and Warden and Brethren and Sisters of the Guild and Fraternity of the Blessed Mary the Virgin of the Mystery of Drapers of the City of London,” and since then have been made continously including, but not limited to, companies & civic bodies.

“Draper” is defined as a retailer or wholesaler of cloth that was mainly for clothing.

As we will continue to see, activities around cloth played a signficant role in the development of the New World’s economy and the creation of its powerful banking houses and corporations.

MJ sent me citation resources she used in her research.

The first was Dun and Bradstreet, an American company that provides commercial data, analytics and insights for businesses, including credit ratings.

She said that much valuable information has been removed from public view, and noticed that they have removed many cities and other government entities from their search queries. 

Dun and Bradstreet started out as “The Mercantile Agency” in New York City on July 20th of 1841.

It was formed by Lewis Tappan, who started out in the dry goods business with his father and the silk business with his brother, as the first commercial credit rating agency for businessmen seeking credit, and provided a network of correspondents to provide reliable credit information to its subscribers.

By 1844, the “Mercantile Agency” had over 240 clients, and continued to expand, opening offices in Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore.

Benjamin Douglass took-over the business in 1849, and he transferred it to Robert Graham Dun in 1859, who changed the named to R. G. Dun & Company, and he continued to expand the business across international boundaries, and it kept growing from there.

It’s interesting to me that when I saw on of the modern logos on the right, it bore a slight resemblance in design to one of the EIC logos on the left, which also reminded me of one of the “Knights of Pythias” logos, as seen in the middle.

The “Knights of Pythias” is a secret society and fraternal organization that was founded in February of 1864, which would have been during the American Civil War, which along with other secret societies like the Freemasons, and Odd Fellows, seemed to have been deeply involved in the reset historical narrative by claiming credit for the construction of buildings what would have been architecture of the original civilization, calling them “Pythian Castles” as charity homes for widows and their children, like the “Pythian Home of Missouri,” in Springfield, pictured on the left.

Pictured on the right is the old Louisiana State Capitol Building in Baton Rouge, for similarity of apprearance, with the castle-like appearances, earthworks in the landscape below both buildings, and what appears to be facing in the same direction.

Also, the year of 1841, the year that the “Mercantile Agency” was established, is just screaming at me because that year, and the early-to-mid-1800s in general, has come up as having a lot of significant activity going on.

To begin with, let’s look at what was going on around 1800 that relates to all of this.

First, Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s son, Nathan Mayer Rothschild settled in Manchester, England in 1798, and established a business in textile trading and finance, and made a fortune in a banking enterprise he began in London in 1805 that dealt in foreign bills and government securities.

A freemason since 1802 in the “Premier Grand Lodge of England” in October of 1802, by the time of his death in 1836, Nathan Mayer Rothschild had secured the position of the Rothschilds as the preeminent investment bankers in Britain and Europe, and his own personal net worth was over 60% of the British national income.

Mayer Amschel Rothschild started the Rothschild International Banking family dynasty through his five sons in Frankfurt, Germany, in the 1760s, who were each placed in major cities throughout Europe.

Besides Nathan in London, son James was in Paris; son Amschel succeeded his father in Frankfurt; son Carl was in Naples; and son Salomon in Vienna.

In America, Alexander Brown was an Irish linen merchant who immigrated to America, and established the first investment banking firm in the United States in 1800, just five-years before Nathan established the Rothschild bank in London.

He was joined in business by his sons William, George, John, and James, and the firm became “Alex. Brown & Sons” in 1810.

So his son William established the Liverpool office in England of the family business; George and John founded “Brown Bros. & Company” in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and James opened a branch in New York City and Boston.

This is what we are told about Brown Brothers & Company, that during the first 100-years of its existence, it helped make paper money standard currency in the United States; underwrote the first railroad and trans-Atlantic steamship companies; and essentially created the first foreign exchange system between the American dollar and the British pound.

In 1931, the Brown Brothers merged with the Harriman Brothers & Company, a private bank started with railway money, in 1931 to become known as the “Brown Brothers Harriman & Company,” one of the oldest and largest private investment banks in the United States.

Founding partners of the “Brown Brothers Harriman & Company” included W. Averill Harriman, the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman, and Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman…

…and Prescott Bush, American banker and politician, and the father of President George H. W. Bush.

Another Harriman, E. Roland Harriman, was the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the American Red Cross, from 1950 to 1973.

He was the brother of W. Averill Harriman, founding partner of the “Brown Brothers Harriman & Company”

John D. Rockefeller was amongst several that donated to create a national headquarters for the Amerian Red Cross near the White House in Washington, DC, said to have been built between 1915 and 1917.

E. Roland Harriman, or “Bunny” as he was nicknamed, attended Yale University, where he was a member of the “Skull and Bones” Society with his friend and classmate… Prescott Bush.

Yale University was named for Elihu Yale, a British merchant and trader, who became President of the Madras Presidency in 1684, at the British East India Company settlement at Fort St. George in Madras in India.

Elihu Yale later became a benefactor of the Collegiate School in the Colony of Connecticut, which in 1718 was renamed Yale College in his honor.

The Skull and Bones Society was founded as an undergraduate senior secret student society at Yale in 1832, just 9-years before Lewis Tappan established the Mercantile Agency.

Another noteworthy American financier who emerged between 1800 and 1840 was George Peabody.

In a similar story to Lewis Tappan, George Peabody got his start in the dry goods business with his brother in what is now Peabody, Massachusetts, and when their store burned down, George went to Georgetown in the Washington, DC, area in 1811 to work in a wholesale dry goods warehouse.

Not long after, he became an office boy for the owner of the warehouse, Elisha Riggs, and not long after that, he became a partner in the wholesale dry goods firm of Riggs, Peabody and Company.

Elisha Riggs also financed the founding of Riggs National Bank, which was organized by his son George Washington Riggs.

Riggs National Bank existed until 2005, when Riggs was dissolved, and acquired by PNC Financial Services.

The reason for the change in ownership of the bank in 2005 was the investigation of Riggs Bank for several money-laundering scandals, including “unknowingly” allowing the hijackers involved in 9/11 to transfer money “due to lax controls” at the bank…

It is interesting to note that as a “National Bank,” Riggs was authorized to print currency at one time in its history.

During the years George Peabody lived in Baltimore, he established his own career as a businessman and financier.

He first travelled to England in 1827 to purchase wares, and negotiate the sale of American cotton in Lancashire.

By 1825, cotton was Britain’s biggest import, primarily from American cotton fields, and Lancashire was dominant force in the British economy with its cotton industry, where the raw cotton was turned into thread and fabrics in a factory-based production line with the advent of the Industrial Revolution in this industry, and marked the birth of the British-working class.

George Peabody opened an office in Liverpool, with British business playing a more and more important role in his business affairs.

The bankers who helped establish him in Liverpool included Sir William Brown, 1st Baronet of Richmond Hill, one of the sons of Alexander Brown, who managed his father’s Liverpool office.

With all of his great connections, George Peabody branched out.

He took up residence in London permanently in 1837, and went from being a wholesale dry-goods and cotton merchant, to a merchant-banker offering securities in American railroad and canal enterprises to British and European investors.

He started a banking business trading on his own account a year after he moved to London, and by 1851, he established the banking firm of “George Peabody & Company” to meet the increasing demand for securities issued by American railroads, and his company specialized in financing governments and large companies.

Apparently railroad and canal developers in the early 19th-century in the United States needed investment capital, and turned to European money markets for the funding to complete their projects.

Likely this investment capital was needed to dig them out of the mud and make them operational again.

Along with canals, I am seeing that rail-tracks et al, were dug-out from a deliberately-caused cataclysmic event, best-known as the mud flood, and that locomotives and railroad cars were pre-existing as well.

I think it was all-electrified prior to the mud flood, and when the Earth’s free energy grid was taken down, most energy sources for mass transportation were replaced by oil and coal until they could get the electricity up and running again, later to be replaced by cars and buses.

For one example, in the course of doing my research, I found the Raritan River Railroad on a long-distance circle alignment beginning and ending in Washington, DC.

It was a 12-mile-, or 19-kilometer-, long short-line railroad operating freight and passenger service in Middlesex County New Jersey, said to have been built in 1888 when the peak of railroad building in the United States was subsiding in the late 1800s.

This the logo for the Raritan River Railroad on the left, compared with the logo for Rolls Royce on the right.

The similarity between these two logos tells me these two companies were connected in some way. Besides the fact the logos look virtually identical, it brings to mind what I found when I was looking at Derby, England.

I found Derby close to the Algiers’ Circle Alignment as I was tracking it through England.

Derby is the geographic center of England, and the Derwent River Valley in Derbyshire is considered the Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.

Rolls-Royce is a global aerospace, defense, energy, and marine company focused on world-class power and propulsion systems, and its civil aerospace and nuclear divisions are in Derby…

…as well as the Railway Technical Center, the technical headquarters of British Rail, and considered the largest railway research complex in the world.

Back to George Peabody.

George Peabody’s bank quickly rose to become the premier American banking house in London, and this is a statue of him that is located near the Royal Exchange in London.

George Peabody hired Junius Spencer Morgan in 1854 as the Junior partner in his company.

Junius Spencer Morgan was the founder of the company that would become J. S. Morgan & Company in 1864, that was the successor company to George Peabody & Company.

In 1854, Morgan was put in charge of the firm’s iron portfolio, which included the marketing of railroad bonds in London and New York.

By the time J. S. Morgan died in 1890, the Morgan banks were the dominant forces in government and railroad finance, and his son John Pierpont Morgan had taken the helm of the company, becoming known as. J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895.

J. P. Morgan was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout this period of time, also known as the “Gilded Age,” between the years of 1870 and 1900.

He was a driving force behind the wave of industrial consolidation in the United States in the late 18th- and early 19th-centuries.

The next citation reference the MJ provided was that of the “Companies House.”

The” Companies House” came into existence in Great Britain on September 5th of 1844, the same year that the “Mercantile Agency” continued to expand into other major cities.

The “Companies House” is an executive agency of the British Government that maintains a register of companies, and is responsible for incorporating all forms of companies in the United Kingdom.

Prior to the formation of the “Companies House,” no central company register existed in Great Britain, and companies could only be incorporated through “Letters Patent.”

“Letters patent” are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published, written order issued by a monarch or other head-of-state, granting an office, right, monopoly, title or status to a person or corporation. Thus, they can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for granting city status or a coat-of-arms.

“Letters Patent” were part of the chartering process, and were used in the granting of “Royal Charters” and “Chartered Companies.”

A royal charter was a formal grant issued by a monarch under “royal prerogative” as “letters patent,” and used early on as the means to legitimize the colonization of North America by the British.

“Royal prerogative” is a body of customary authority, privilege and immunity recognized in common and civil law jurisdictions within a monarchy as belonging to the sovereign that becomes widely vested in government.

Since the 1300s in our historical narrative, royal charters have been used to grant a right or power to an individual or “body corporate,” the formal term for a corporation.

A “body corporate” functions as a “legal person” in law that can do the things a human person is usually able to do but are not literal people.

A “chartered company” is an association with investors and shareholders that is “incorporated,” or formed into a new corporation, and granted rights for the purposes of trade, exploration, or colonization.

As just mentioned, until the establishment of the “Companies House” in 1844, royal charters were the only means that a company could become incorporated, other than by an Act of Parliament.

Like, for example, the British East India Company, which became known as “The Company,” was established as a joint-stock company by way of a Royal Charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 to trade in the Indian Ocean region…

…and six-years later, in 1606, King James VI & I issued Royal Charters for what became known as the Virginia Company and the Virginia Company of Plymouth, with the objective of raising funds from investors in order to colonize the eastern coast of America.

Hmmmm.

Coincidence that the heraldry looks almost identifical in design?

Or not?

At any rate, the “Companies House” was created by the “Joint Stock Companies Act of 1844,” which created the “Registrar of Joint Stock Companies,” enabling companies to be incorporated through registration for England, Wales and Ireland, but not Scotland.

Scotland was added in the “Joint Stock Companies Act of 1856.”

The “Young Men’s Christian Association,” or YMCA, the world’s the oldest and largest youth charity with a stated mission of supporting young people to belong, contribute, and thrive in their communities, also started in 1844, the same year the “Companies House” was established and the expansion of the Mercantile Agency into other major Cities in the United States.

The YMCA was one of the earliest Non-Governmental Organization, also known as “NGO.”

An NGO is defined as having been formed independently from government, and perceived by the general public as benevolent and philanthropic organizations with a stated purpose of helping Humanity in a particular area or time of need.

But when you delve into specific Non-Governmental Organizations, invariably there are more questions than answers.

So, for example, George Williams, in seeking to create a supportive community to help young men facing social challenges during England’s Industrial Revolution, founded the Young Men’s Christian Association in 1844.

His biography tell us he was the seventh-, and last-, surviving son of farmers in Dulverton, Somerset, England, and that he started working on the family farm at the age of 13.

Then, he left the family farm in 1841 to become an apprentice to a draper.

He worked at the Hitchcock-Williams store, where became a department manager in 1844.

In the same year of 1844, George gathered a group of fellow drapers together in the store where he worked, concerned about the appalling conditions in London for working young men, and determined to do something about it by forming the YMCA.

At Queen Victoria’s birthday honors in 1894, he was knighted and became Sir George Williams, and upon his death in 1905, he was buried in a crypt in London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral.

There is even a stained-glass window honoring Sir George Williams and the YMCA as a World War I memorial in Westminster Abbey, the same place where major events concerning the British royal family take place, including coronations, weddings, and funerals, as well as the burial site of over 3,000 prominent persons in British history.

Strange honors for a poor farm boy made good as a cloth merchant.

What’s really going on here with Williams, the drapers, and the YMCA?!

Other things that happened during the early 1840s, the Treaty of Nanking between the British Empire and China was signed in 1842 after China’s defeat in the First Opium War.

The First Opium War was fought between Qing Dynasty of China and Britain between 1839 and 1842, and was a military engagement that started when the Chinese seized opium stocks at Canton in order to stop the opium trade, which was banned.

The British government insisted upon free trade and equality among nations and backed the merchants’ demands.

To counter this, the British East India Company began to grow opium in Bengal, in present-day Bangladesh, and allowed private British merchants to sell opium to Chinese smugglers for illegal sale in China.

As a result from these events in history, opium dens, establishments where opium was sold and smoked, became prevalent in many parts of the world throughout the 19th-century.

Some of the world’s wealthiest families today earned a fortune engaging in the opium business, like the Astor, Forbes, Russell, Perkins and Delano families.

They don’t even hide it.

Another example of striking it rich in the opium trade is Jardine-Matheson.

The firm of Jardine, Matheson & Company emerged in 1832 from an evolving process of partnership changes of foreign companies that had first been established in 1782 as Cox & Reid, by John Cox and John Reid.

John Reid was an agent of the Trieste Company, part of the Austrian East India Company, the catch-all term used for a series of Austrian Trading Companies based in Ostend and Trieste, that also included the “Imperial Asiatic Trading Company of Trieste and Antwerp,” the origins of which started in 1775 in our historical narrative for the Habsburg Monarchy government of the Empress Maria-Theresa for Austria to trade with British East India Company-ruled India from the Adriatic port of Trieste after a proposal to do so presented by Dutch-born British merchant William Bolts was accepted, and Bolts sailed forth with a 10-year charter allowing him to trade under Imperial colors between Austria’s Adriatic Ports and Persia, India, China, and Africa.

Two University of Edinburgh Medical School graduates, William Jardine and James Matheson, set-up headquarters of the firm that had evolved from Cox & Reid in Hong Kong after it had been ceded by China to Great Britain in the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing.

Jardine, Matheson & Company grew rapidly, smuggling illegal opium from British-controlled India into China, and the company has been called the “most successful opium smuggling company in the world.

Along with the trade in smuggled opium, as well as tea and cotton, the firm diversified into insurance, shipping and railways.

By the mid-19th-century, Jardine, Matheson & Company had become the largest of the foreign trading conglomerates, with offices in all the major Chinese cities, and in Japan

To this day, they have an opium poppy in their logo.

Fentanyl is the opium of today.

Same idea, only more powerful.

The next citation resource the viewer sent me was that of the 1828 Dictionary of Noah Webster.

The 1828 Dictionary of Noah Webster is the official dictionary of the Federal Constitutional Republic of the United States.

This is a natural law dictionary, and whatever is in this dictionary is the actual meaning of words in the Republic, and documents written in plain English refer to this dictionary.

A Federal Constitutional Republic is a representative form of government that is ruled by a charter, or Constitution.

A democracy is a government that is ruled according to the will of the majority.

Noah Webster was a lexicographer and language reformer, as well as a lawyer, schoolmaster, author, newspaper editor, and politician.

He is often called the “Father of American Scholarship and Education.”

His 1828 dictionary had 70,000 words, of which 12,000 had never appeared in a published dictionary before.

We are told he was seeking to standardize the American English language, and changed the “-our” ending on British English words to “-or” in American English, like the word color.

Webster’s Dictionary also contains 6,000 references to the King James Version of the Bible to demonstrate the meaning of words, and is considered an essential tool for anyone studying the KJV Bible.

The King James Version of the bible, first published in 1611, and the works of William Shakespeare, with the publication of the First Folio in 1623, are considered to be early Modern English.

It is the form of the English spoken since the “Great Vowel Shift,”, a systematic change in the pronunciation of vowels for which the causes in England are unknown, which began in the mid-1400s and was completed by 1600.

My viewer shared with me that the Pilgrims brought the 1560 Geneva Bible with them and that this was the version of the bible that was used in churches up until the 1860s.

The Geneva Bible, preceding the King James Bible by 51-years, was the primary bible of 16th-century Protestant Reformation, and was the first mechanically-produced bible available to the general public.

It was the second Bible to be authorized in English.

The Great Bible of 1539 was the first, which was authorized to be read aloud by King Henry VIII during Church of England services.

The story that we are told in our historical narrative about the Pilgrims is that they were Puritan Separatists who came to the New World so they could worship according to their own beliefs without persecution.

Puritans were English Protestants who wanted to “purify” the Church of England of remaining Roman Catholic practices, as it had not fully-reformed, and was not Protestant “enough.”

The Puritan Congregation that settled the Plymouth Colony had obtained a land patent from the Virginia Company of Plymouth in June of 1619, and they sought to finance their venture through a group of businessmen known as the Merchant Adventurers, who viewed the new colony as a way to make a profit.

Officially known as the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, it had been founded in the City of London in the early 15th-century, and its main export was cloth, especially undyed broadcloth in exchange for a large range of foreign goods.

Funding obtained from the Merchant Adventurers paid for provisions and passage of members of the Congregation on the Mayflower living in England, and on the Speedwell for those living in the Netherlands, incurring a debt which needed to be repaid.

Important to note that the main source of income for the Plymouth Colony was the fur trade.

The Merchant Adventurers had also recruited a group of people known as “The Strangers” to assist the Pilgrim colonists, known as “Saints” as needed, like merchants, skilled labor, indentured servants, and several young orphans.

The first dictionary of the English language, known as the “Table Alphabeticall,” was published in London in 1604 by Robert Cawdry, an English clergyman and schoolteacher.

It contained around 2,500 word-entries for the uncommon English words coming into use with the advent of the printing-press and the Geneva Bible.

We are told that British poet, playwright, essayist, and lexicographer Samuel Johnson was the Father of the first comprehensive dictionary of the English language in 1755, a project which was said to have taken him 8-years to complete as one person working on it.

It had 42,773-word entries and approximately 114,000 literary quotes to illustrate the meaning of words.

It is considered one of the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language.

With regards to noteworthy legal treatises and dictionaries, here are a few to consider.

Tapping Reeve was an early American lawyer, educator, and judge.

If you break down the meaning of his unusual name as actual words in English, “Tapping” can be defined as “To exploit or draw a supply from a resource;” and “Reeve” as administrator, attendant; curator; agent; director; foreman; and the list goes on.

Tapping Reeve opened the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut in 1784, the first independent law school established in America for reading law, and a proprietary school unaffiliated with any college or university.

Tapping Reeve became Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court in 1814.

Reeve published a book in 1816 that was titled “The Law of Baron and Femme – of Parent and Child;, Guardian and Ward, Master and Servant; and of the Powers of the Court of Chancery, with an Essay on the terms Heir, Heirs, and Heirs of the Body.”

This became the premiere American treatise on family law for much of the 19th-century, with revisions and republication in 1846, 1867 and 1888.

Next, Bouvier’s Law Dictionary was first published in 1856.

John Bouvier was a Frenchman who became a U. S. citizen in 1812; and started practicing law in 1818 in Philadelphia.

Over the years, he noticed a lack of a solid American law dictionary, as distinguished from English law, and decided to fill the need.

After ten years of working on his dictionary, it was first published in 1839.

It is mainly based on case studies and jurisprudence under common law.

The original Webster’s Dictionary is the actual dictionary for the Republic as previously mentioned, and documents written in plain English refer to this dictionary.

In 1891, Black’s Law Dictionary was first published by Henry Campbell Black.

While Black was educated as a lawyer, and was admitted to practice law in Pennsylvania 1883, he only practiced for a short period of time, and was not considered a noteworthy lawyer.

Apparently, he chose instead to live in his parents’ house and compile a comprehensive list of legal terms.

MJ explained that Legal-speak is Black’s Law, preferably the fourth edition or older. 

In addition to “Black’s Law Dictionary,” he was also credited with writing the “Handbook of American Constitutional Law,” and publishing over 1,000 scholarly articles on arcane legal matters and political issues of his time.

MJ said she has a library of over one-hundred books written from 1725 to 1900, with the majority of her books being from 1790-1871.

In addition to collecting “Scientific American” magazine and random newspapers written prior to 1870, she has textbooks used in one-room schoolhouses, some of which she inherited, history books, government information, science (particularly pneumatics and electricity), and medical books.

She can point to medical information being changed around 1909.

Most of the following information was provided by MJ from her own research, though like in the first part, I have interwoven some research of my own that I did specifically for this post to supplement MJ’s research where applicable.

Firstly, she said that Law means: Land, Air and Water.

She further explains that “Land” equals Natural Law, or American Common Law.

Natural Law is comprised of “Natural Rights,” specifying what acts one person cannot morally do to another.

They are rights everyone has, and one person’s right does not interfere with another person’s right.

Common Law is the body of law created by judges arising from past court decisions, or precedent.

She said that “Air” equals Vatican Law governed by the Uniform Commercial Code.

The Uniform Commercial Code is a comprehensive set of laws governing all commercial transactions in the United States.

It is not a federal law, but is uniformly adopted state law.

This will be examined in more detail later in the post.

And lastly, the “W” in the acronym.

She explained that “Water” equals “Maritime Law,” also known as “Admiralty Law,” and that this is foreign lawfare to generate wealth for the Crown, also known as “The Company.”

“International Maritime Admiralty Law,” is the law of the sea or water, and money, and is differentiated from the law of the land and natural law, the law of people occupying the land.

“Admiralty Law” is the law that governs navigation and shipping.

Among other things in our world, the application of International Maritime Law is how Humanity became owned property…or in other words, enslaved, to which our birth certificates are key.

When a ship comes in to dock in a port, its arrival is called a “berth.”

It is subject to the law of the sea, and is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code.

When it “berths,” the Captain of the ship must provide a “Certificate of Manifest” to the port authorities, documenting everything the ship is carrying. including identity and value.

When people are born, they are birthed out of the mother’s “water,” and are to be issued a “birth certificate.”

This is our “Certificate of Manifest,” as people are considered to be a corporation-owned item and subject to “International Maritime Admiralty Law.”

Jordan Maxwell is an excellent resource for more information about this subject, and his videos can be found on YouTube.

As MJ explained, the Company cannot do business with living people.

Corporations can only do business with other corporations.

So they have turned everyone into a legal fiction and made them a corporation, known as our “Strawman,” which is denoted by our names being spelled-out in all capital letters on our birth certificates and other legal documents.

This is known as “Capitis Diminutio Maxima” in Roman Law, and signifies the most comprehensive loss of status that occurs when person’s condition was changed from freedom to bondage.

It swept away all rights of citizenship and family rights.

This is connected to the 1302 Unam Sanctum papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII.

At the end of it, he writes “Furthermore, we declare, we proclaim, we define that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff.”

A papal bull is an official papal letter or document, named after the leaden seal used to authenticate it.

They figure prominently in the historical narrative we have been given.

Other papal bulls that set the stage for the creation of the “New World” were the 1452 “Dum Diversas” and 1455 “Romanus Pontifex” of Pope Nicholas V, and the 1493 “Inter Cetera” of Pope Alexander VI.

The 1452 “Dum Diversas” papal bull of Pope Nicholas V granted the Crown of Portugal full and free permission to invade, search out, capture and subjugate unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be, and to reduce their persons into perpetual slavery.

His 1455 “Romanus Pontifex” papal bull was a follow-up to the “Dum Diversas,” confirming the Crown of Portugal’s dominion over all lands discovered or conquered during the Age of Discovery, encouraging the seizure of the lands of the Saracens, pagans, and other enemies of Christ, and repeated the earlier bull’s permission for the enslavement of such peoples.

The following year, in 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued the “Inter Cetera” Bull, essentially authorized the grab of the lands of the indigenous Moorish civilization.

Among other things, the bull assigned to Castile “the exclusive right to acquire territory, to trade in, or even approach the lands laying west of the meridian situated one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands, except for any lands actually possessed by any other Christian prince beyond this meridian prior to Christmas of 1492.”

These three papal bulls were to become major documents in the development of the Doctrine of Discovery, upon which subsequent legal decisions were based regarding claims of empire in the “New World.” 

Like, for example, the lands of the “Louisiana Purchase.”

We are told  the Lewis & Clark Expedition’s voyage to the Pacific Northwest, and its maps, and proclamations of sovereignty with medals and flags given to the indigenous people of the land they met, were the legal steps needed to claim title to each indigenous nation’s lands under the Doctrine of Discovery, a concept of public international law expounded by the United States Supreme Court in a series of decisions in 1823.

Under it, title to lands lay with the government whose subjects travelled to and occupied a territory whose inhabitants were not subjects of a European Christian monarch. 

In other words, the Supreme Court ruled that the Native Americans didn’t own their land.

Chief Justice John Marshall explained and applied the way that colonial powers laid claim to lands belonging to foreign sovereign nations during the Age of Discovery, and Chief Justice Marshall noted, among other things, the 1455 papal bull Romanus Pontifex  and the 1493 Inter Cetera bull in the Court’s decisions to implement the Doctrine of Discovery.

Next, MJ talked about the U. S. Constitution.

She said there have been at least three versions of this document.

It is an outline for government.

Our rights as Americans are outlined in the Declaration of Independance and the Bill of Rights.

She further explained that in 1871, the 41st Congress handed the duties of governing to the District of Columbia.

The District of Columbia was also established as a corporation and the seat of the “federal government.”  

Versions of the Constitution after this took place were created by the Corporate government.

Corporate “law” is Maritime or Admiralty Law.

She said it’s piracy and it’s meant to be confusing.

The 41^st Congress was not given the authority to contract a foreign company.

All laws, taxes, departments, courts and divisions are not natural to the original Republic.

The Act of 1871 states that D.C. cannot levy any laws or taxes or involve themselves with any domestic issues.

It’s “sister cities” are the City of London, and the Vatican.

All three are not considered any part of the country they are located in.

The BAR is the British Accreditation Registry.

This was not to be practiced outside of the District of Columbia.

Attorneys-at-law are practicing their own law.

This 1871 Organic Act also brought the Vatican’s Uniform Commerical Code, or UCC, into DC.

The UCC was based directly on Vatican Canon Law, the regulations for which are under the Roman Catholic Church.

Henceforth, all “laws” or statutes were considered the “law” for DC.

At this time, in the individual states were still practicing common or natural law, and there was no “judicial system.”

It’s interesting to note that on May 13th of 1871, less than a month after the 41st Congress passed the “District of Columbia Organic Act,” the Italian Parliament passed the “Law of Papal Guarantees,” which guaranteed sovereign prerogatives to the Pope and the Vatican, which interestingly for some reason, the Popes rejected in their refusal to recognize the Italian government’s right to grant them any prerogatives.

The Sovereign prerogatives conferred included such things as the Pope’s person being considered sacred and inviolable; that royal honors be paid to the Pope, including the right to customary guards; all the buildings that constituted the Vatican would remain the property of the Pope; and an indemnity would be paid to the Pope for the loss of the Papal State domains in perpetuity, to cover the expenses of the Holy See and the maintenance of Church buildings.

This all took place after the loss of the Papal States in September of 1870, of which heretofore, the Popes had ruled over Central Italy, with the capture of Rome under Pope Pius IX, and the last event of the chain of events leading to the reunification of most of the Italian States into the Kingdom of Italy, with the exception of San Marino.

As a result of the papal rejection of the “Law of Guarantees,” the Popes declared themselves “Prisoners of the Vatican” of the new Italian State.

This situated persisted until February of 1929, when the Lateran Pacts created the microstate of Vatican City, and the Holy See recognized Rome as the capital of what was the Kingdom of Italy at the time.

The City of London Corporation is the governing body of the City of London, which is home to most of the United Kingdom’s Financial Sector.

It is nicknamed the “Square Mile.”

While there is no surviving record of a first charter establishing the Corporation as a legal body, it is said to be regarded as incorporation by prescription, or that the law presumed it to be incorporated since it had been regarded as such for so long.

The history of the City of London Corporation’s first recorded royal charter was said to date back to one granted by William the Conqueror in 1067 AD with much in its history of one kind or another since that time.

The Coat of Arms of the City of London Corporation was to have been in use since 1381, and is anciently recorded at the College of Arms.

The dragon supporters on each side of it, and the crest at the top, were said to have been added in the early 17th-century.

The basic similarity with the red crosses on a white background between these three Coats-of-Arms is unmistakable!!

Oh yes, and there’s this Red Cross too!

Back to the United States.

According to the information that MJ provided me from her research, before the 1871 Organic Act, the States operated on the Ten Bill of Rights and the Ten Commandments.  

People were tried according to the 1215 Magna Carta and by a jury of their peers.

The Magna Carta was a Royal Charter of Rights and Freedoms granted by King John in June of 1215 in our historical narrative.

It was believed to be a unique and early charter of human rights.

She said there were no judges, no district attorneys, no police and no fines, licenses or taxes.

Individual states were considered sovereign and revenue for the states was obtained via tariffs.

These tariffs were based on trade between states, and a company established outside of the borders of the state was considered foreign (and still is). 

MJ looked for, and couldn’t find, the first name of the corporation that owned the District of Columbia, the City of London and the Vatican.

She said, however, the name then, and now, can literally be anything provided the terms “doing business as” or dba is denoted.

“Doing Business As” is a “trade name.”

A “trade name” is a pseudonym used by companies that do not operate under their registered company name.

The term for this type of alternative name is a “fictitious” business name.

MJ said the name of the corporation that owns the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, the CITY OF LONDON and THE VATICAN is presently called the “CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY” or “CSC,” with several DBA names.

The individual states were not considered a part of that corporation, yet incorporated cities were typically established by an overseas foreign corporate entity, like for example, the founding of New Ulm in Minnesota in 1854, by the “German Land Company of Chicago.

Overseas corporations scrabbled to incorporate cities in America to create revenue.

Taxes, fees, fines and licenses were money makers.

Early on, these were very nominal.

It wasn’t until the Buck Act of 1940 that States, cities and counties started bringing in Admiralty Law, the real money-maker and enslavement apparatus for the Corporations. 

The “CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY” dba THE UNITED STATES CORPORATION COMPANY was able to gain access to the pocketbooks of the people residing outside of the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA with the Bucks Act.

MJ provided the information on this is how it was accomplished.

The Federal Government instituted Social Security in 1935.

Subsequently, the Social Security Board created ten Social Security Districts, thus creating “Federal Areas” which overlaid the States.

Then in 1939, the Federal Government instituted the “Public Salary Tax Act of 1939,” a municipal law of the District of Columbia that taxed all Federal and State government employees and those who work and live in any “Federal Area.”

Since the government knew that it could not tax those who live outside of the territorial jurisdiction of the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, the Bucks Act was passed in 1940, that allowed any department of the Federal government to create a “Federal Area” for the imposition of the 1939 Public Salary Tax Act, with the overlay for “Federal Areas” created by the Social Security Board in 1935 already in place, and the rest of the taxing law was contained in the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.

It opened up the entire country to the B.A.R. and each elected official was then considered employees of the “CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY.”

States were annexed one-by-one.

In Minnesota, the state became the STATE OF MINNESOTA in 1966.

She said that when the States create a program, the also create shell companies.

Usually, the owner is the registered agent of the company.

There are over 5000 companies reported at 2345 Rice Street in Roseville, which is north of St. Paul, the State Capital of Minnesota.

This address is a 1970’s office building where “CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY,” has a large office suite.

She said the listings exploded in March of 2021.

They started listing about 200 a month.

She found out that when she searched for these companies, they either didn’t have a website, or they have a false-front website. 

By the end of the 1970s, all states had been annexed by the “CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY.”

The Buck Act made it “legal” to levy taxes and “federal law” on the people.

Annexation of individual states made it possible for the state politicians to also get in on the money-making action.

State Universities and public schools also became larger money-making ventures.

The “CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY” has been with us in all aspects of our lives.

She said this used to be visible on Dun and Bradstreet. They’ve removed access to the information. Below is an old screen shot of D&B data. One thing to keep in mind is that .gov is also dba CSC, or the “CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY”

Does the natural government that existed prior to the Company still exist?

MJ indicated that yes, the natural government that existed prior to the Company still exists today, and is paid for by the U S. Treasury and not the “CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY.”

She explained it as follows.

Sheriffs, U. S. Marshalls and the Military are all part of the natural government.

She said prior to the Organic Act of 1871, Congressmen and Senators didn’t get rich holding any of these elected seats.

Nearly all of them kept their “day jobs” as farmers, ranchers, merchants, etc.

They had to live and work among their constituents and answer to them in person, unlike today.

She repeated that the United States is a Constitutional Federal Republic, and not a Democracy as it is so often characterized…

..and that our law is Common Law or Natural Law, and is written in the plain English referred to in the 1828 Webster’s Dictionary.

She said that the process is articulated in the First Amendment.

She explained the following.

The first part of the First Amendment translates to Congress being forbidden to make any laws that have to do with anything in regard to free speech or their right to speak or limiting speech.  

It is saying that government cannot make any laws in reference to speech at all.

The press does not mean journalists. Freedom of speech and of the press applies to everyone.

She said it’s the second part of the First Amendment that has been really convoluted concerning the right of the people to peaceably assemble.

Assemble means to convene or congregate.

She said it’s not about religion, but it can be.

She explained that the rest of the First Amendment states “…and to petition the Government for redress of grievances,” and that in this case, with the reference to assemble, it means to convene government to make them repair their wrong doings as written out.  Or, in other words, the right to assemble means the right to convene their government and to read the written transgressions and to fix it.

She said petition does not mean just a bunch of signatures.

It can have a bunch of signatures on it, but it’s really a handwritten document that outlines the grievances to be fixed. 

She said this is also part of the government’s process in their own manual, “Mason’s Manual of Legislative Procedure.”

“Mason’s Manual” has been adopted by the Federal Government and by most State Houses as the official parliamentary authority, covering for legislatures things like motions; vote requirements; and rules of order.

It was first published in 1935 by Paul Mason, a scholar who worked for the California State Senate

She said there are a few states that have adopted Jefferson’s Manual which refers back to the plain language of the Bill of Rights. 

She said everything that we’re talking about here is under Common Law, and that Admiralty Law can play musical chairs with the language and words, but Common Law cannot…

…and no courts shall come between the people and their government.

She said that State Legislators have subject matter jurisdiction over elections, elections are subject to the First Amendment and to Mason’s Legislative Practices.

And if even one Legislator makes it to the floor of the State Legislature with a handwritten petition for redressing grievances regarding an election, it would have to be validated or redone.

MJ indicated a turning point occurred during the Trump Administration, when Federal Reserve was rolled into the Treasury in March of 2020.

Prior to 2021, the government corporation (state or city) would write a bill and send it to the Federal Reserve to be funded.

Every dime of our tax money would go to the Feds to repay the debt, with interest.

As this stopped, the shell companies for all state and federal programs and government corporations started getting generated in mass.

In order to keep the money coming in, they have to create false programs and run the money through shell companies.

On the books, it looks like the money went to a vendor of the program, but essentially it went to the Corporation Service Company.

As the Treasury Department is not part of the Corporation, the government of the United States Corporation government can’t touch it.

She said this is how to define what belongs to the Corporation Service Company. and what belongs to the Republic, or falls under common law.

Most county seats are in the Republic, not under the corporation.

The courts are an exception to this as they are owned by the BAR.

The Treasury, Military, Sheriffs and US Marshals belong to the Republic.

Everything else is owned or was owned by the Corporation Service Company.

The National Debt belongs to the Corporation Service Company because the Federal Reserve was signed into law in 1913 by President Woodrow Wilson under the Corporation.

The national debt of over $32-trillion belongs to them, which has never been repaid.

Since the Corporation Service Company has not repaid their debt, they reorganized as CSC Global.

She said neither the States nor the “Federal Government” are linked to this new entity.

The Corporation Service Company and its new CSC Global are owned by WMB Holdings, Inc.

She said all roads lead back to Delaware, and that if you find an address on 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, Delaware, it is CSC/WMB holdings.

So let’s talk now about good reason to believe there is for great hope for our future instead of despair from the past.

Is there something new happening?

It’s very interesting to note that since the beginning of October, there have been secret windows appearing on the U. S. Debt Clock.

This was the first message to appear in a secret window, on October 1st of 2023.

Here are more examples of the debt clock’s “Secret Window” messages.

Recently, Rep.Steve Scalise introduced Rep. Mike Johnson as the 45th Speaker of the House.

But wouldn’t Rep. Mike Johnson be the 56th House speaker, elected to the 118th Congress?

45th does not sound like 56th.

1876 was the 44th house speaker.

Could it be possibly be true that events have been set in motion to return the United States to the gold standard and restore original Republic?

Now wouldn’t that be something!

If this is true, I, for one, am so ready for a new beginning!

How about you?

In my journey tracking cities and places in aligment with each other around the world, I kept coming across obscure, seemingly insignificant islands and island groups that are the subjects of territorial disputes between countries, many of which are still on-going in the present day.

I first published this post in October of 2019.

So I have been wondering about this for a very long time.

Now that I understand about the existence of Giant Trees with the help of Chad Williams of the “Deeper Conversations with Chad” YouTube channel, and their importance on the Earth’s grid system, I have a likely answer to the question posed in the title of this video…”What is it Exactly About the World’s Disputed Islands!”

In my latest conversation with Chad, “Giant Trees, the Earth’s Grid, and the New World Order,” among many other things, we talked about how the European Colonizers were going after tiny remote islands to claim for their countries.

We discussed a number of these remote islands from the perspective that they were former giant tree locations, as I had come across many of these islands when tracking alignments that were claimed by different European Countries as “Overseas Countries, Territories and Outermost Regions.”

We also discussed this illustration that Chad found in his research that appears to depict volcanoes connected by a root system exploding simultaneously all over the Earth.

This could provide an explanation as to why the giant trees don’t look like trees any more, and are called by all manner of names, including “volcano.”

There apparently is a connection to volcanism with these giant trees that has been completely left out of our awareness, as seen in this photo of the tree-trunk-looking Harra of Arhab volcano in Yemen.

As I said at the beginning of this post, I also kept coming across obscure, seemingly insignificant islands and island groups that are the subjects of territorial disputes between countries, many of which are still on-going in the present day, in my journey tracking cities and places in alignment with each other around the world, and in many cases, the odd stories associated with these disputed islands.

I will start with the Spratley Islands.

I found the Spratley Islands in the South China Sea when I was following one of the alignments that emanate off of the North American Star Tetrahedron at Merida, Mexico.

They consist of 14 islands or islets; 6 banks; 113 submerged reefs; 35 underwater banks; and 21 underwater shoals.

The northeast part of the Spratlys is known as dangerous ground due to low islands; sunken reefs; and degraded sunken atolls.

They are located on the alignment just northwest of Palawan Island…

…and Palawan, in the Philippines, is considered by many to be the most beautiful island in the world.

There is a star fort located in Taytay on the island of Palawan called the Fuerza de Santa Isabel.

From my extensive research on the physical lay-out of earth-grid alignments, and the frequent occurrence of star forts situated along the Earth grid system worldwide, I believe that star forts functioned as batteries on the Earth’s grid system, and were not originally military in nature as we have been led to believe in our historical narrative.

Back to the Spratley Islands.

The Spratly Islands dispute is an on-going territorial dispute between China, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei and Viet Nam concerning “ownership” of the Spratly Islands.

What is it about these islands?

Well, we are told they are of economic and strategic importance; hold reserves of natural gas and oil; productive fisheries; and is a busy area for commercial shipping traffic.

At the time I originally did the research for this post, I speculated that there is a powerful energy component here–whether placement, production, or something else–related to the Earth’s grid lines, and it is becoming clearer and clearer that the giant trees of the Earth were powerful components of the Earth’s grid system.

So, for another example of this in the South China Sea, just northwest of the Spratly Islands on the same alignment’s way through Hainan in China, the Paracel Islands are a similar group of islands, reefs, and banks that are strategically located; productive fishing grounds; and which also hold reserves of natural gas and oil.

While they are controlled and operated by China, they are also claimed by Taiwan and Viet Nam.

The archipelago consists of 130 small coral islands and reefs, most grouped into the northeast Amphitrite Group or the western Crescent Group.

Island names suggestively include: Tree Island; Woody Island; Pyramid Rock; and Money Island.

In ancient Greek mythology, Amphitrite was a sea goddess; the wife of Poseidon; and the Queen of the Sea.

The Paracel Islands are also the location of the Dragon Hole, or Sasha Yongle Blue Hole, the world’s deepest known blue hole at 987-feet, or 301-meters, deep.

Former giant tree location perhaps?

Dragon Hole is called the “Eye of the South China Sea,” and is where the Monkey King found his golden cudgel in the 16th-century Chinese classic of Literature “Journey to the West,” with authorship attributed to Wu Cheng’en.

The Battle of the Paracel Islands was a military engagement between the naval forces of South Vietnam and China in 1974, and was an attempt by the South Vietnamese navy to expel the Chinese navy from the vicinity.

As a result of the battle, China established de facto control over the Paracel Islands.

The next place that I am going to look at are the Falkland Islands, an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf.

They are 300-miles, or 483-kilometers, east of South America’s southern Patagonian coast, and 752-miles, or 1,210-kilometers, from the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of 52-degrees south.

It is a British overseas territory, and consists of two large islands – East Falkland and West Falkland – and 776 smaller islands.

The population of less than 4,000 people are British citizens.

Britain reasserted its rule over the Falklands in 1833, with a colonial presence also including French, Spanish, and Argentine settlements.

Argentina maintains its claim to the islands.

On April 2nd, 1982, Argentine forces occupied the Falkland islands.

On April 3rd, 1982, Argentine forces seized control of the east coast of South Georgia Island in the Battle of Grytviken, part of the South Sandwich Islands, and another British Overseas Territory near the Falkland Islands that is claimed by Argentina.

On April 5th, 1982, the Falklands War between Argentina and Great Britain started. While not officially declared a war, it was declared a war-zone.

The conflict lasted 74-days, and ended with Argentina’s surrender on June 14th, 1982, returning the islands to British control.

The South Shetland Islands shown here in this map are in the neighborhood of all these little island groups off the southernmost tip of South America, and are a group of Antarctic islands with a total area of 1,424 square-miles, or 3,687 square-kilometers.

By the Antarctic Treaty of December 1st, 1959, the islands’ sovereignty is neither recognized nor disputed by the treaty’s 12 signatories – Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States – and they are free for use by any signatory for non-military purposes.

However, the islands have been claimed by Great Britain since 1908, and as part of the British Antarctic Territory since 1962.

They have also been claimed by Chile and Argentina since the 1940s.

The Chileans have the largest number of research stations on the islands, as well having the Eduardo Frei airbase on King George Island, where the largest number of international research stations are located.

Moving to North America in the northern hemisphere, Machias Seal Island, which has a lighthouse in the center of it manned by the Canadian Coast Guard, is part of an on-going territorial boundary dispute between the United States and Canada.

Machias Seal Island is located on the border of the Gulf of Maine in the United States, and the Bay of Fundy in Canada.

Other boundary disputes, not limited to islands, between the United States and Canada include:

A fishing zone dispute at the mouth of the Juan de Fuca Strait between Washington State and British Columbia, and within which the International boundary between the two countries lies in the middle of the strait.

Here are photographs of what Cape Flattery looks like at the mouth of the Juan de Fuca Strait on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula.

Another area of dispute between the two countries is the Northwest Passage, which Canada claims as part of its internal waters, and the United States regards as an international strait, open to international traffic.

The Dixon Entrance, a strait about 50-miles, or 80-kilometers, long, between Alaska in the United States and British Columbia in Canada is also mutually claimed by both countries.

It is part of the Inside Passage shipping route.

It lies between the Clarence Strait in the Alexander Archipelago, a 300-mile, or 480-kilometer, long group of islands in Alaska to the North…

…and the Hecate Strait and the islands known as the Haida Gwaii (or Queen Charlotte Islands) in British Columbia to the South.

Members of the Haida Nation maintain free access across the strait, in the Haida Gwaii and islands in the Alaskan Panhandle where they have said to have lived for 14,000 years.

Next, the Kuril Islands dispute is a disagreement between Japan and Russia over the sovereignty of the four southernmost Kuril Islands.

They are a chain of islands stretching between the Japanese Island of Hokkaido at the southern end, and the Kamchatka Peninsula at the northern end.

While the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951, signed between the Allies and Japan in 1951, stated that it must give up all right, title and claim to the Kuril Islands, Japan does not recognize Russia’s sovereignty over them, and this territorial dispute has not been resolved.

The original inhabitants of the Kuril Islands, and northern Japan for that matter, are the Ainu, as seen here in 1904…

…and today.

Other disputed islands around the world include:

Navassa Island, an uninhabited island in the Caribbean Sea.

This small island is subject to an on-going territorial dispute between the United States and Haiti.

The United States claimed the island since 1857, based on the Guano Islands Act of 1856.

The legislation essentially said that an American could claim an uninhabited, unclaimed island, if it contained guano, or bird droppings, which was an effective early fertilizer.

Haiti’s claims over Navassa go back to the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, which established French possessions in mainland Hispaniola that were transferred from Spain by the treaty.

This is the deactivated lighthouse on Navassa. This is the only building left of what was previously on Navassa Island…

…possibly including this star fort identified as being in Lulu Town on Navassa, but I can’t confirm this finding because whatever was there isn’t there any more.

Lulu Town was previously situated around Lulu Bay on Navassa Island.

Abu Musa is a 5-square-mile, or 13-square-kilometer, island in the eastern Persian Gulf near the entrance to the Strait of Hormuz.

Abu Musa is administered by Iran as a part of its Hormozgan Province, but it is also claimed by the United Arab Emirates as a territory of the Emirate of Sharjah.

I found the island of Abu Musa, one of the islands of the Strait of Hormuz, when I was tracking the Amsterdam Island Circle Alignment.

On to Cyprus, an island country in the eastern Mediterranean, located south of Turkey, and west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt, and southeast of Greece.

Based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878, Cyprus was placed under the United Kingdom’s administration, and formally annexed by the United Kingdom in 1914 (which would have been around the time of the start of World War 1).

While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s.

Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an “extension of Anatolia” by them; while, since the 19th century, the majority population of Greeks on Cyprus and its Orthodox Church had been pursuing union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.

After nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 via the London and Zurich Agreements of 1959.

At any rate, conflict in one form or another between Greeks and Turks has existed on the island for awhile, with the island partitioned between the two.

Regardless, Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean today.

It’s important to note that the island of Cyprus shares the name of a tree, pronounced phonetically the same, though spelled differently.

So while we are told, no, they are not the same, there are in fact, cypress trees on Cyprus, and they are native to Cyprus.

The “Frank Cypress” in Nisou, is said to be 500-years-old, in existence since the time of Frankish rule there, is one of the tallest cypress trees on the island today, at 28-meters-, or 92-feet, -tall, and 4.5-meters, or 15-feet, -wide.

Also important to note that Cypress wood was used in the building of Solomon’s Temple.

There seems to be a lot more to find here about ancient giant trees in general on Cyprus, but let’s just say they are revered here.

Just a couple of more places to look at.

Tromelin Island is a low, flat island in the Indian Ocean.

Besides being a seabird and sea tortoise sanctuary, the only structure here is a meteorological station used to gather data in order to forecast hurricanes and cyclones.

It is located 310-miles north, or 500-kilometers, north of Reunion Island, and 280-miles, or 450-kilometers, east of Madagascar.

It is administered as part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands as a French overseas territory, however, the island nation of Mauritius claims sovereignty over the island.

I found both Mauritius and Tromelin Island on earth-grid alignments.

The last place I want to include in this post is Clipperton Island, an uninhabitated 2-square-mile, or 6 kilometer-squared island, in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Central America.

While it is not disputed now, it has been in the past.

It is an overseas minor territory of France, and administered under the direct authority of the Minister of Overseas France.

It has not been inhabited since 1945, though it is occasionally visited by fisherman, French Navy patrols, scientific researchers, film crews, and ham radio operators.

It is low-lying, and largely barren.

The surrounding reef is exposed at low tide.

Two Frenchmen first claimed the island for France in 1711, and named it “Ile de la Passion.”

In 1858, during France’s Second Empire, Emperor Napoleon III annexed Clipperton island as part of the French colony of Tahiti, even though it is the considerable distance of 3,400 miles, or 5,400 kilometers, from Tahiti.

It was named Clipperton for English pirate and privateer John Clipperton who fought for the Spanish in the early 18th-century who may have used it as a base for his raids on shipping.

Other claimants included the United States, whose American Guano Company claimed it, like Navassa Island, under the Guano Islands Act of 1856…

…and Mexico due to its activities there as early as 1848 and 1849.

It also has a lurid and bizarre history of its own from its days as part of Mexico.

In 1909, France and Mexico agreed to submit the dispute over sovereignty to binding international arbitration, and 22-years later, in 1931, the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, issued the final decision, declaring Clipperton Island to be a French possession.

However, after all of this territorial interest, Clipperton Island has been more or less abandoned since the end of World War II.

So, as expressed in the title of this post, there is something about the world’s disputed islands that make them desirable possessions worth fighting over.

As you can see from the locations mentioned in this post, these are mostly obscure, seemingly insignificant islands and island groups that are the subjects of territorial disputes between countries, most of which are still on-going in the present day.

There are many other examples of territorial disputes, but these are enough to give you the idea with regards to disputed islands.

I definitely think it’s significant that these little islands and island groups figure prominently on the Earth’s gridlines, and that there is much more to the story we are not being told, especially with regards to the once-existence of giant trees on Earth that were integral to the Earth’s grid system.

All of these islands are viewed as highly-coveted prizes, and as a critical part to nation-building plans.

The reason has been deliberately hidden from our view as to “What is it Exactly About the World’s Disputed Islands?”

In the course of my research, I have had occasion to look into three State Capitol complexes – that of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Des Moines, Iowa; and Sacramento, California.

As we shall see, the locations chosen for modern seats of government would have been very special locations in the original advanced civilization of the Old World.

Before I begin, “Capitol,” spelled with an “o” is the building in which a legislature operates., and “Capital,” spelled with an “a” is the seat of government, of states, provinces, or countries.

First, Harrisburg, the State Capital of Pennsylvania.

Harrisburg is situated on the east bank of the Susquehanna River, only 107-miles, or 172-kilometers, west of Philadelphia.

CZ had sent me screenshots of the Capitol District in Harrisburg aawhile back that was the basis for the research I did there.

What we are told is the land that became Harrisburg had been purchased by an English trader named John Harris Sr. in 1719; John Harris Jr. made plans to lay-out a town on his father’s land; and the land was surveyed by William Maclay, John Harris Sr’s son-in-law.

The city of Harrisburg became incorporated in 1791; and named the Pennsylvania State Capital in October of 1812.

The current State Capitol Building was said to have been designed by architect Joel Miller Huston, and built between 1902 and 1906 in the Beaux-Arts style of architecture.

The interior of the Pennsylvania State Capitol is described as having decorative Renaissance themes throughout the building.

It is part of what is called the Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex.

On the East side of the Capitol building is what is referred to as the East Wing, described as a 1987 extension of the Capitol building.

Flanking the East Wing are the North and South Office buildings,

The North Office building was said to have been built in Indiana limestone starting in 1927…

…and the South Office building in Indiana limestone starting in 1919.

We are told the oldest building of the complex is the Ryan Office building, with a construction completion date of 1894.

East of the North and South Office buildings, across Commonwealth Avenue, there are a pair of buildings situated across from each other at either end of the “Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Memorial Grove.”

I will be touching more on the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Memorial Bridge that you can see the pylons of in the background momentarily.

The Forum building is on the south-side of the Memorial Grove, was said to have been built out of grey limestone, and featuring 22 bronze doors, between 1929 and 1931 in the style of an open-air Greek amphitheater, complete with a star map of the night sky depicting the zodiac and other constellations with over 1,000 stars on the ceiling…

…and on the north-side of the Memorial Grove is the Pennsylvania Treasury Building, said to have been a project of the New Deal Era Public Works Administration during the Great Depression built between 1937 and 1940.

The eastern-most portion of the Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex is the “Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Memorial Bridge,”or the “State Street Bridge,” which connects the complex to neighborhoods across the railroad tracks that run east of North 7th Street.

It is a 1,312-foot, or 400-meter, deck-arch bridge said to have been constructed between 1925 and 1930.

The State Museum of Pennyslvania is directly adjacent to the Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex…

…run by the state through the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission to “preserve and interpret the region’s history and culture,” and includes a multi-media planetarium, and four-floors of exhibits covering Pennsylvania history from prehistoric times through today.

CZ also sent me screenshots of the Scottish Rite Cathedral and Masonic Temple of Harrisburg…

…with a tall obelisk on its grounds.

The 1,192-seat Theater and Ballroom at the Scottish Rite Cathedral is a popular community event venue.

And this seems to be the extent of what I am able to find out about it!

Next, I am going to take a look at the State Capitol Complext at Des Moines, the capital city of Iowa.

The Iowa State Capitol Building was said to have been built between 1871 and 1886, and the only 5-domed capitol building in the United States.

The Iowa Statue of Liberty is located on the capitol grounds.

It is described as a replica of the Statue of Liberty that was a gift in 1950 from the Boy Scouts of America as part of their efforts to “strengthen the arm of liberty.”

Interesting thing is, there are hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty, said to be a figure of Libertas, a Roman goddess and the personification of liberty, all over the Earth.

Are they replicas…or do they represent something else entirely?

The Bicentennial Fountain is on the west-side of the State Capitol Complex.

What we are told about the Bicentennial Fountain is that it was originally a replica of a fountain that was displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, and that after years of vandalism and disrepair, it was replaced by a new fountain in 1982.

So there’s another “replica of” to explain something’s existence.

Also in the Iowa State Capitol Complex, to the rear of the State Capitol Building, we find the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, an obelisk-looking monument, in direct alignment with the dome of the Capitol building, which we are told was erected to commemorate Iowans who fought during the Civil War.

The last place I want to look at in the Iowa State Capitol are the bridges over the Des Moines River on the west-side of the complex.

The East Locust Street Bridge is situated between the East Walnut Street Bridge and the Grand Avenue Bridge, and East Locust Street is in direct alignment with the Iowa State Capitol Building.

The other two bridges and streets go on either side of the complex.

Lastly, the California State Capitol complex in Sacramento.

The Tower Bridge crosses the Sacramento River, and leads right in to the Capitol Mall in front of the California State Capitol Building, in the same manner as the precisely laid-out bridges and streets connect to the State Capitol complexes in Harrisburg and Des Moines.

The California State Capital building was said to have been designed in the Neoclassical-style by Reuben S. Clark, and constructed between 1861 and 1874, which would have been completed three-years after the start date of the Iowa State Capitol building’s construction in 1871 according to the historical narrative we have been given.

The Tower Bridge is also a vertical-lift bridge, and connects Sacramento and West Sacramento across the Sacramento River.

We are told the construction of the Tower Bridge as a replacement bridge for the 1911 M Street bridge was said to have started in 1934 and first opened in 1935.

This would have been around the time of the Great Depression and the beginning of World War II.

The original 1911 bridge was described as a “swing-through truss railroad bridge” that was determined to be inadequate as the result of Sacramento’s population growth doubling between 1910 and 1935, and the city’s concern for needing a better crossing over the Sacramento River in case of war.

Alfred Eichler was credited as the architect of the Tower Bridge, and its architectural-style described as a rare use of “Streamline Moderne,” a style of “Art Deco” that emerged in the 1930s.

The two towers of the bridge alone are 160-feet, or 49-meters, -high.

It is located in “Old Sacramento,” the riverfront historic district, with Gold Rush-era buildings attributed to Victorian-era gold miners.

You can go on an “Underground Sacramento” Tour any day of the week, where you will learn how Sacramento lifted itself up out of floodwaters in the 1860s and 1870s by the “jacking” up of buildings to avoid further flooding.

The Tower Bridge is part of State Route 275 which connects West Capitol Avenue and the Tower Bridge Gateway with the Capitol Mall in Sacramento.

The Capitol Mall in Sacramento is described as a major street and landscaped parkway.

The former Drexel University Sacramento Center for Graduate Studies was in a building situated right next to the Tower Bridge at the address of 1 Capital Mall.

It opened in 2009, and started closing in 2015 to allow currently enrolled students to complete their studies.

It was then permanently closed.

There is a California State Government building called “The Ziggurat” in West Sacramento right next to the Tower Bridge.

The Ziggurat was said to have been designed to resemble ancient Mesopotamian ziggurats and built by The Money Store in 1997.

Since 2001, it has been leased to the state as the headquarters of the California Department of General Services.

The Ziggurat is illuminated at night on special occasions.

The Stanford Mansion is in the neighborhood of the Capital Mall, a couple of blocks south of the State Capitol Building and serves as the official reception center for the California government.

It was said to have been built in 1856 as a residence for Leland Stanford, a Railroad Baron who was a former California governor, and founder of Stanford University in 1885.

It was donated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sacramento in 1900, who operated a children’s home there until 1978.

The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sacramento, and is one of the largest cathedrals west of the Mississippi River.

It was said to have been built between 1887 and 1889 in the Italian Renaissance architectural-style on the outside, and the Victorian architectural-style on the inside.

The cathedral’s designer was said to be Patrick Manogue, a former gold-miner who came to Sacramento through the California Gold Rush, who became a Catholic priest in 1861 after studying in Paris, and then the Bishop of Sacramento in 1886.

He was said to have based the design of his cathedral on a church he was inspired by in Paris, and that it was built on land donated by the State’s first elected governor, Peter Burnett.

The Capitol Park in Sacramento covers 40-acres, or 16-hectares, and I will cover a few examples of what is found on the grounds.

The California State World Peace Rose Garden occupies roughly 5-acres, or 2-hectares of the area it covers, featuring 650 roses with different colors and fragrances.

The Civil War Memorial Grove on the Capitol State Park Grounds was said to have been planted in 1897 with saplings from famous Civil War battlefields, like Manassas, Virginia; Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia; and Vicksburg, Mississippi.

You know, it’s interesting, that we don’t even notice the straight-edges of megalithic stone blocks all around us that get used, like in this case, as a place to put signage.

Instead, a label like “boulder” is put on huge cut-and-shaped stones like this and which covers it up nicely as not being something out-of-the-ordinary that we should be paying attention to.

And the California Veterans’ Memorial on the Capitol State Park grounds is an 30-foot, or 9-meter tall, black-granite obelisk that was dedicated in 1998 to California’s veterans who had served in the Armed Forces since statehood in 1850.

These are just a few of the memorials and monuments to be found on the grounds of the park.

This is just a sample of countless examples of the shared characteristics of Capitol building complexes, and a few other locations nearby as well.

A sample is all that is needed to illustrate that they are all have similar characteristics of mind-blowing examples of monumental architecture and precise civil-engineering feats that do not match what we are supposed to have been capable of in our historical narrative, which would have been very low technology in the 19th-century and early 20th-century according to what we have been taught to believe.

The stories we are told don’t match the grandeur of the architecture and the incredible feats of engineering that we see in these places, and I would surmise the same is true of capitals the world over.

Things to consider in regards to how this ancient, advanced worldwide Moorish civilization has been hidden right in front in front of our eyes by those who have sought to keep our True History from our Awareness.

I have been working my way through who is represented in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol Building in Washington, DC.

There are two statues representing each state, and I am currently about half-way through the 50-states.

As a way to highlight what I am finding out in the process of doing this research, I am bringing forward unlikely pairs of historical figures represented in the Statuary Hall who have things in common with each other in this separate series called “Snapshots from the National Statuary Hall,” and in this post I am pairing two ladies, Frances Willard and Maria Sanford.

The only reason my attention was drawn here in the first place was because I encountered two historical figures in other research who are represented in the National Statuary Hall – Father Eusebio Kino, a Jesuit Missionary and Cattle rancher, for Arizona, and Mother Joseph Pariseau, a Catholic sister and self-taught architect, for Washington State.

Seeing these two little-known, and on the unusual-side, historical figures represented there got me to wondering who else was chosen by their State to be represented there and what else could possibly be going on here.

Not only am I finding much in common between the pairs featured in each of the nine- installments of the “Snaptshots of the Statuary Hall” series, I am finding, regardless of fame or obscurity, that the National Statuary Hall functions more-or-less as a “Who’s Who” for the New World Order and its Agenda.

I have paired people like Michigan’s Gerald Ford, a former President of the United States, and Mississippi’s Jefferson Davis, the former President of the Confederate States of America, and both men featured on the cover of the “Knight Templar” Magazine; Dr. Norman Borlaug, Ph.D, often called the “Father of the Green Revolution; and Colorado’s Dr. Florence R. Sabin, M.D, a pioneer for women in science, both of whom worked for the Rockefeller Foundations; and Louisiana’s controversial Socialist Governor, Huey P. Long, and Alabama’s Helen Keller, a deaf-blind woman who gained prominence as an author, lecturer, Socialist activist.

As I mentioned, I am pairing two ladies in this post.

Frances Willard represents the State of llinois, and Maria Sanford represents Minnesota.

First, Frances Willard.

Frances Willard was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women’s suffragist.

Frances was born in 1839 in Churchville, New York, near Rochester, to Josiah Flint Willard, a farmer, naturalist, legislator & businessman, and Mary Willard.

The family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, in 1841, where her parents took classes at Oberlin College.

Oberlin College was established in 1833, and is the oldest coeducational liberal arts college in the United States, and the second-oldest in the world.

Then in 1846, the family moved to Janesville, Wisconsin, for the given reason of her father Josiah’s health.

There, Frances and her sister Mary were said to have attended the Milwaukee Normal School, where their mother’s sister taught.

The Willard Family moved to Evanston, Illinois, in 1858, where Josiah Willard became a banker.

Frances and her sister Mary attended the North Western Female College there.

Their brother Oliver attended seminary at the Garrett Biblical Institute in Evanston.

After Frances Willard graduated from the North Western Female College, she worked at the Pittsburgh Female College…

…and also at the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary in New York, which later became Syracuse University.

Then in 1871, she was appointed as President of the newly-founded Evanston College for Ladies.

In 1873, she was named as the first Dean of Women when the same school became the Woman’s College of Northwestern University.

This position didn’t last long for her over confrontations in 1874 with the University’ President, Charles Henry Fowler, who had been her fiance.

After this happened, she focused her career energies into the Women’s Temperance Movement, and she was involved in the founding of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), also in 1874, and was elected the first Corresponding Secretary.

The WCTU was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform, playing an influential role in the Temperance Movement, supporting the 18th Amendment to the Constitution that established Prohibition, and influential in other social reform issues of the Progressive Era.

She was elected President of the National WCTU in 1879, and held this post until her death in 1898.

Frances Willard was also editor of the organization’s weekly newspaper, “The Union Signal” from 1892 to 1898.

Willard argued for the right for women to vote, based on “Home Protection,” as President of the WCTU, as a part of which she argued that having the right to vote gave women a means of protection in and outside of the home against violent acts caused by intoxicated men.

Frances Willard founded the World WCTU in 1888 and became its first President in 1893.

After 1893, Willard became a committed Christian Socialist, having been influenced by the Fabian Society in Great Britain.

The Fabian Society was a British Socialist organization whose purpose was to advance the principles of Democratic Socialism rather than by revolutionary overthrow.

Christian Socialism was established as a religious and social philosophy that blended Christianity and socialism, advocating for left-wing politics and socialist economics from a Biblical perspective.

Frances Willard died in her sleep from influenza on February 17th of 1898 where she was staying at the Empire Hotel in New York City just prior to leaving for a European tour…

…and was buried in the Rose Hill Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois.

She bequeathed her home in Evanston to the WCTU, and it became her museum and the headquarters for the organization in 1900.

There are a couple things that stand out for me in Frances Willard’s life story.

One is her affiliation with something called “Christian Socialism,” which apparently was based on an organization that was modelled after a British Socialist organization whose stated purpose was to advance the principles of Democratic Socialism rather than by revolutionary overthrow.

So, it sounds like they were finding another way to advance the cause of socialism and communism around the world through the establishment of democratically-run socialist governments, versus by means of the violent overthrow of an existing government.

In other words, they decided to achieve the same outcome of overthrowing the existing government and economic system by vastly different means from straight-out revolutionary overthrow.

Another thing that I would like to point out is that I find the whole Temperance Movement to be extremely interesting from a social stand-point of those times

On the one hand, the Temperance Movement was called a social movement against the consumption of alcohol, and typically criticized alcohol consumption and emphasized alcohol’s negative effects on people’s health, personalities, and lives, and demanded the complete prohibition of it.

Notice how similar the Temperance Movement cartoon entitled “The Drunkard’s Progress” is on the left to the illustration of “The Steps of Masonry” on the right.

On the other hand, the alcoholic beverage industry was becoming well- established during this time period between 1830 and 1900, creating the juxtaposition of a culture that encouraged the profuse consumption of alcohol, and at the same time there was a counterforce within that same culture that not only criticized alcohol consumption, but that got involved in “charitable institutions” with stated missions of guiding the poor out of the impoverishment and crime coming from the problem of drinking too much alcohol.

There has been an abundant supply of beer and hard liquor, starting at least as early as the late 18th-century, with people like John Molson in Montreal, whose business quickly grew into one of the larger ones in Lower Canada between 1788 and 1800, having sold 30,000 gallons, or 113,500-liters, of beer by 1791.

John Molson was also appointed the Provincial Grand Master of the District Freemasonic Lodge of Montreal by the Duke of Sussex in 1826, a position he held for five years before resigning in 1831.

Here is one of countless examples of the ubiquitous brewing business in Jamaica Plain in Boston alone.

Jamaica Plain was the home to most of Boston’s thirty-one breweries prior to the outlawing of alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition Era starting in 1920.

The reasons given for the high number of breweries were: 1) the quality of the water from the local aquifer; 2) the cheap cost of land in the area after merging with Boston in 1868; and 3) the influx of German and Irish immigrants here with a taste for lager and ale.

Yet, invariably the drinking problems have always been squarely placed on individuals and their addictions, instead of the never-ending supply produced by the alcoholic beverage industry.

Heck, even “Alcoholics Anonymous” has a step reference, like “The Drunkard’s Progress” and “The Steps of Masonry,” with its “Twelve-Step Program.”

Next, I am going to take a look at Maria Sanford.

She represents Minnesota in the National Statuary Hall.

Maria Sanford was an American educator, and one of the first female professors in the United States.

Maria Sanford was born in Saybrook, Connecticut, in December of 1836.

Old Saybrook is located where the Connecticut River meets Long Island Sound.

She received her education from the New Britain Normal School, the first training school for teachers in Connecticut, and the sixth in the United States.

Today it is Central Connecticut State University.

After graduating from the New Britain Normal School with honors in 1855, she taught in various schools around Connecticut for the next twelve years.

She moved to Pennsylvania in 1867, and became a principal and superintendent of schools in Chester County.

Known as an innovator, she conducted regular meetings of teachers and demonstrated new teaching methods.

She became a Professor of History and English at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania from 1871 to 1880.

Swarthmore College was founded by Quakers in 1864, which would have been one year before the end of the American Civil War, and the first classes offered in 1869.

Sanford was invited to become a Professor at the University of Minnesota by its President, Dr. William Watts Folwell, and she joined the faculty there in 1880 as a Professor of Rhetoric and Elocution, where she also lectured in literature and art history, a position she held until her retirement in 1909.

She was a leading voice outside of academia.

Among other things, she was an advocate for the conservation and beautification of Minnesota for the cause of the Chippewa National Forest from within the Minnesota Federation of Women’s Clubs, along with fellow clubwoman and forest conservationist Florence Bramhall…

Sanford reached out to her community and to the nation with the power of her speeches, travelling throughout the United States delivering more than 1,000 patriotic speeches.

In 1917, she delivered a speech, along with the Mayor of Minneapolis at the time Thomas Van Lear, on good government and women’s suffrage.

She delivered her most famous speech to the Daughters of the American Revolution Convention in April of 1920, entitled “An Apostrophe to the Flag.”

But not only did she give speeches, she took on a highly active role in the public sector, including, but not limited to, becoming the head director of Northwestern Hospital and serving as president of the Minneapolis Improvement League.

The University of Minnesota was said to have constructed Sanford Hall as a women’s dormitory in 1910 in honor of Maria Sanford.

Maria Sanford died on April 21st of 1920 in Washington, DC, and was buried in Philadelphia’s Mount Vernon Cemetery.

We are told that for months after Sanford’s death, she was so beloved in Minnesota that gatherings in her memory were held at the University of Minnesota and her home church Como Congregational.

As mentioned at the beginning of this post, I am bringing forward unlikely pairs of historical figures who are represented in the National Statuary Hall who have things in common with each other.

For one, both women were very well-educated for their day, with both receiving an advanced education, with Frances Willard attending the Milwaukee Normal School & the North Western Female College, and Maria Sanford attending New Britain Normal School, the first training school for teachers in Connecticut.

Both women went into the field of Higher Education, with Frances Willard becoming involved in College Administration at the Evanston College for Ladies, which later became the Women’s College of Northwestern University; and Maria Sanford teaching at the college -level at both Swarthmore College in Pennyslvania and the University of Minnesota.

Just want to make note of the beautiful Old World architecture seen at all the schools these ladies were connected with.

And both women became leading voices outside of academia, with Frances Willard eventually becoming an International leader in the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1893, the same year she became a committed Christian Socialist; and Maria Sanford took on the causes of things like state conservation issues, and went on to become a nationally-known speaker praised for her powerful speeches.

These two women apparently were well-known influencers of their time in key areas involving women, social issues and politics.

But they both definitely fall in the category of obscure historical figures.

I myself would never had heard of them had I not been nosing around the National Statuary Hall.

I am going to just keep putting out there what I am finding in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol building in Washington, DC, where in many cases, obscure historical figures like these two ladies were honored, but with their lives and times telling a different kind of story than what we normally hear about.

I am going to focus primarily on the historic trolley amusement parks of Brooklyn’s Coney Island in this post because there’s quite a bit of hidden history related to the historical reset to be found in this location.

This represents just a small fraction of the historic trolley parks, star forts and lighthouses once found in the Upper and Lower New York Bays and the Hudson River Valley, which I detailed in a previous post called “Star Forts, Gone-Bye Trolley Parks, and Light Houses of New York’s Hudson River Valley & New York Bays.”

Just in the distance ALONE between the entrance to the lower New York Bay at the Atlantic Ocean to the locations around the George Washington Bridge, I found: eleven star forts that are in pairs and/or clusters; five major historic trolley amusement parks; and eleven lighthouses.

There were three historic trolley amusement parks on Coney Island in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn, located right next to each other – Steeplechase Park, Luna Park and Dreamland.

For informational purposes, the other two of the five historic trolley amusement parks in the Upper New York Bay were Palisades Park near Fort Lee, New Jersey, on the Hudson River, and Fort George in Upper Manhattan on the Harlem River.

This is what we are told about the historic trolley amusement parks of Brooklyn’s Coney Island.

First, Steeplechase Park.

We are told that Steeplechase Park was created by entrepreneur George Tilyou in 1897.

He bought and improved the Steeplechase Horses attraction, which featured mechanical horses pulled along metal tracks.

The owner George Tilyou adopted a “Funny Face” mascot depicting a smiling man with several dozen teeth, nicknamed “the Tilly,” as the icon for his park.

The entrance to Steeplechase Park had a grand archway, on top of which were the statues of four horses.

Interestingly, the famous Brandenburg Gate in Berlin was also topped by four-horses.

Hmmm.

The Brandenburg Gate was said to have been designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans the Elder, who was inspired by the Propylaea of the Acropolis in Athens, and built between 1788 and 1791.

Carl Gotthard Langhans comes down to us in the historical narrative as a Prussian Master Builder and Royal architect in the Neoclassical-style, who was actually not trained as an architect, but instead educated primarily as a lawyer and mathematician.

His best-known work was said to be the Brandenburg Gate, but he was also credited with many churches, palaces, grand houses, interiors, city gates, and theaters.

We are told Carl Gotthard Langhans gained his architectural prowess from studying things like the ancient texts of the Roman architect Vitruvius.

Back to Steeplechase Park on Coney Island.

The park included at one time over 50 attractions on its midway alone…

…and Tilyou was said to have been inspired to build a Ferris Wheel after having seen the one at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair on his honeymoon.

Other early noteworthy Steeplechase Park rides included the revolving Airship Tower, pictured here circa 1905…

…boats powered by naphtha, a liquid petroleum-product used as a fuel, cruising the “Canals of Venice,” a ride which he had removed sometime between 1905 and 1907…

…and the “Human Roulette Wheel,” which featured a giant , polished spinning disc that riders would sit in the middle of and slam into each other as it spun faster-and-faster.

In Steeplechase Park’s history, from its opening in 1897 and its closing in 1964, there were things like fires, rebuilding, rides added, and so on.

Like, for example, the 1907 fire.

This quick-spreading fire was alleged to ahve started from a carelessly-thrown, still-lit cigarrette into a garbage can at the “Cave of the Winds” attraction, and was finally extinguished two-hours later after having destroyed nearly everything within Steeplechase Park.

Remarkably, George Tilyou’s home at the corner of Steeplechase Park was spared due to the extra effort of fire-fighters on the scene.

Undaunted, George Tilyou vowed to rebuild Steeplechase Park, and to raise the funds needed to do this, sold 400,000 shares at $5-each, and threw in a season pass for each purchaser on top of that!

We are told the park partially reopened in April of 1908, and the reconstruction was said to be finished by 1909.

Here is a 1912 photo of Steeplechase Park, with the swimming pool front-and-center.

George Tilyou died in 1914, and Steeplechase Park remained in the Tilyou family until its closure in 1964, and over the years started to go into decline at different times for different reasons, but especially so with the onset of the Great Depression, which started in 1929 and resulted in a significant decline in park attendance.

The land of the former amusement park today is Maimonades Park, the location of a minor league baseball stadium.

The only remaining structure from Steeplechase Park is the defunct, but brightly-lit-up at night even today, Parachute Jump.

Next, I am going to take a look at Luna Park.

Luna Park at Coney Island opened in 1903.

It was said to have replaced Sea Lion Park that was operated by a man named Paul Boyton between 1895 and 1902, the first enclosed and permanent amusement park in North America.

Boyton was credited with being the first person to charge an admission fee to a large enclosed area containing multiple amusement rides and activities.

The so-named Captain Paul Boyton was a world-famous back-in-the-day aquatic daredevil and showman who travelled the world’s rivers in an inflatable rubber suit for “P. T. Barnum & Company’s Greatest Show on Earth & the Great London Circus.”

Here are some noteworthy historical side-notes about P. T. Barnum.

He was an early showman, businessman, and politician.

P. T. Barnum got his start in what is now the Financial District of Manhattan in 1841, with “Barnum’s American Museum,” which was known for its strange attractions and performances.

The attractions were a combination of zoo, museum, lecture hall, wax museum, theater, and freak show.

Apparently it became a central location in the development of American popular culture.

Barnum’s American Museum was filled with things like dioramas; scientific instruments; modern appliances; a flea circus; the “feejee” mermaid; Siamese twins, and other human curiosities.

The same “Feejee Mermaid” is still on display today at Harvard’s Peabody Museum.

On July 13th of 1865, the building which housed Barnum’s American Museum caught fire and burned to the ground.

Apparently there were not any human deaths, but a number of the live animal exhibits, including two whales imported from the coast of Labrador, were burned alive.

This was the second of five major fires connected to P. T. Barnum.

The first major fire associated with P. T. Barnum was the mansion he was said to have had built as his residence in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1848, and named “Iranistan.”

It was said to have been set on fire by workmen in 1857 when Barnum had been away for several months.

We are told Barnum had hired architect Leopold Eidlitz to design Iranistan as his own version of the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, said to have been constructed in England between 1787 and 1815.

The Royal Pavilion in Brighton was said to have been designed in the architectural-style of “Indo-Saracenic Revival,” as a seaside resort for the Prince Regent George, by British architect John Nash, who was called one of the foremost architects of the neoclassical-style of the “Georgian” and “Regency” eras.

The Flip Flap Railroad mentioned at the bottom of this image of Paul Boyton’s Sea Lion Park…

…was said to be the first looping roller coaster, on the left, and another historic Flip-Flap ride that comes to mind was the one at White City in London in what was called the Elite Gardens at the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition, on the right.

John Belcher was credited with the design of buildings here as the Chief Architect of the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition .

He was an English architect and President of the royal Institute of British Architects.

Paul Boyton’s remaining long-term lease on Coney Island’s Sea Lion Park was bought out starting on October 1st of 1902 by Frederic Thompson and Elmer “Skip” Dundy.

Thompson and Dundy were invited to the Steeplechase Park by George Tilyou for the 1902 Season.

They were known for their ride called “A Trip to the Moon” that was at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition that was held in Buffalo, New York.

The name of the fanciful airship that was the main part of the “A Trip to the Moon” ride was “Luna,” the Latin word for “moon’ for which, we are told, Luna Park in Coney Island was built around.

Well, for one thing, the problem with that story is that there were, and still are, Luna Amusement Parks all over the world, including, but not limited to, Mashhad, Iran, and Ankara, Turkey.

The land Luna Park was on was located next to where the Elephantine Colossus Hotel had been located.

We are told this hotel was a tourist attraction on Coney Island that was an example of novelty architecture, designed by Irish-American inventor James V. Lafferty.

The massive elephantine structure stood above Surf Avenue and West 12th Street from 1885 to 1896, at which time it burned down, giving Thompson and Dundy more land upon which to build Luna Park.

Speaking of elephants, this picture was taken in January of 1903, when Luna Park was said to have been under construction.

It shows Topsy the Elephant before she was executed by electrocution for being a “bad” elephant by Thompson and Dundy as a publicity stunt to advertise the opening of their new park. 

This seems hauntingly reminiscent of the building fire associated with showman P. T. Barnum that resulted in the tragic deaths of the large, helpless whales, and other animals, trapped inside.

The invited press that day included the Edison Movie Manufacturing Company, who filmed the event.

It was released to be viewed in coin-operated kinetoscopes under the title of “Electrocuting an Elephant.”

We are told the Luna Park’s architectural style was an oriental theme, with over 1,000 red and white painted spires, minarets, and domes on buildings constructed on a grand scale.

All the domes, spires, and towers were lit-up at night with several 100,000 incandescent lights.

In the middle of the lake at the center of the park was a 200-foot, or 61-meter, tall Electric Tower that was decorated with 20,000 incandescent lamps, said to be a smaller version of the Electric Tower featured in the 1901 Pan American Exposition in Buffalo.

Luna Park was accessible from Culver Depot, the terminals of the West End and Sea Beach Streetcar and Railroad lines.

Besides a multitude of rides, attractions at Luna Park included infant incubators, described as a new type of infant care where infant incubators containing premature babies were displayed in shows called “Infantoriums.

They were touted as “neonatal healthcare,” helping newborn babies with compromised immune systems by providing a sanitary environment to reduce the possibility of getting an infection.

infant incubators for premature babies became widely available at fairs and amusement parks across America, rather than hospitals, which we are told, had nothing to help them.

What we are told is that many parents of premature, at-risk babies pretty much had to bring their infants to a side-show infantorium at an amusement park or fair, and that these infant shows were the main source of healthcare for premature babies for over forty years. 

Say what??!!

Over the years, Luna Park would continue under different management, with constant changes.

The end of Luna Park came with two fires in 1944, one in August and one in October, which destroyed the park, and in 1946, the whole park was demolished.

There has been a Luna Park operating near the original location since 2010 that has no connection to the 1903 park.

Dreamland was the third and last of the three original parks said to have been built on Coney Island in the early 19th-century.

Dreamland was said to have been founded by successful Brooklyn real estate developer and former State Senator William H. Reynolds as a refined and elegant competitor to the chaotic noise of Luna Park, and opened in May of 1904.

The location of Dreamland was near the West Eighth Street subway station opposite Culver Depot.

Everything at Dreamland was touted to be bigger than Luna Park, including the larger Electric Tower, and four times as many incandescent lights than Luna Park.

Besides having high-class entertainment, morality plays, and rides, Dreamland had human zoos featuring dwarf inhabitants in what was called “Midget City…”

…a Somali Village…

…and a Filipino Village.

And, like Luna Park, Dreamland also had an infant incubator sideshow attraction.

It was typical for these historic permanent amusement parks and temporary exhibitions like World Fairs to have these infantoriums and human zoos as visitor attractions. 

So, as we saw with callous disregard for the lives of the animals in their care, these showmen and entrepreneurs had no regard for the sanctity and dignity of Human life either, except for how it benefited them.  A famous saying attributed to P. T. Barnum was “There’s a sucker born every minute!”

Another thing to mention is this, especially with respect to the existence of Human zoos during this time.

Exposition, the name frequently given to these large public exhibits, is a device used to give background information to the audience about the setting and characters of the story.

Exposition is used in television programs, movies, literature, plays and even music.

They were telling the general public the hunter-gatherer, or even head-hunter, narrative through these large expositions and exhibitions that they wanted people to believe and remember about these original people of the world, and not what they actually were as the builders of the original civilization.

Instead, they took credit for their accomplishments and legacy, and kicked the original advanced humans back to the Stone Age by their systemic practices of brutality, inhumane treatment, and marginalization, among many other things including large-scale genocide.

Dreamland’s life on Coney Island was ended only 7-years after opening.

On May 27th of 1911, a fire started at the Hell Gate attraction the night before the season’s opening day, and spread quickly, completely destroying the park by morning.

Brighton Beach is adjacent to the three major historic Coney Island amusement park locations, and shares the same name with the location of the Royal Pavilion of Brighton mentioned previously in this post. If there was an actual connection between these two places in the original civilization, it is long-lost.

The Brighton Beach Race Course was an American thoroughbred horseracing facility shown here opened on June 28th of 1879.

It was instantly successful and drew wealthy patrons from New York City.

The track prospered in 1908, when the New York State Legislature passed the Hart-Agnew Law, banning gambling.

The Brighton Beach Race Track was eventually torn down, and by the 1920s, replaced by residential housing.

Back around 2015, about three-years before I started blogging and doing my own research in 2018, I remember seeing a video on the New Earth YouTube Channel about megalithic stones strewn about on Coney Island’s Brighton Beach, so I searched for images like this one of Brighton Beach on the left.

What force could possibly cause huge megalithic stone blocks like this to be tossed around like children’s wooden blocks?

And the explanation we are given for faces amongst the rocks was that there was a mystery artist in the 1970s who carved them.

It is important to point out that the landscape looks absolutely ruined here, and Jamaica Bay just to the east of Coney is called a partially man-made and partially-natural estuary, and contains numerous marshy islands.

John F. Kennedy International Airport is on the northeast side of Jamaica Bay, and would have been in a short-distance, straight-line alignment with the former Brighton Beach Race Course.

There is a rapid transit line of the New York subway system that operates through the middle of the marshy Jamaica Bay estuary, the IND Rockaway Line that runs between the Aqueduct Racetrack Station terminal, another racetrack a short-distance, straight-line alignment with JFK Airport, and Rockaway Beach.

The long and narrow Great South Bay is east of Jamaica Bay on Long Island’s South Shore.

The Great South Bay is described as a lagoon that is 45-miles, or 72-kilometers-, long, and has an average depth of a little over 4-feet, or 1.2-meters, and is 20-feet, or 6-meters, at its deepest.

During the so-called Gilded Age, the Vanderbilts, Roosevelts, Whitneys, Morgans, and Woolworths were said to have built summer mansions on Long Island’ South Shore, and country estates on the North Shore of Long Island.

One definition that I found of “Gilded Age” is that it was a period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in the United States from the 1870s to 1900.

Why were these wealthy families so interested in this marshy, ruined landscape on Long Island?

Just as one of many examples, the land on the Westhampton Dunes of Long Island’s South Shore is considered prime real estate.

But it wasn’t only on Long Island.

The Elites claimed the ruined land along the northeast Atlantic coast throughout the New York- New Jersey Estuary system for their special enclaves.

Why?

Clearly this was a very powerful place on the Earth’s grid system with all of the historic star forts, lighthouses, and historic amusement parks all along the Hudson River and New York Bays.

Similar to the still-existing IND Rockaway rapid transit line that runs through the Jamaica Bay Estuary, this is an old postcard showing the Atlantic City and Shore Railroad crossing a two-mile, or 3-kilometer, -long trestle bridge in the Great Egg Harbor Bay estuary, and was part of an interurban trolley system in New Jersey that served Somers Point and several other cities between Atlantic City and Ocean City in the years between 1907 and 1948.

The reason given for the end of its operation was a hurricane damaging the viaduct in 1948, and fixing it was cost prohibitive because of the decline in trolley use.

So those behind the narrative we are educated in, perhaps “indoctrinated” is a better word, definitely want us to believe these rail-lines were built by wealthy railroad barons, who in-turn were responsible for everything we know in our world coming into existence.

But what really flies in the face of this explanation are the countless examples of rail-lines, or historic rail-lines co-located with sunken, swampy, marshy, and also desert, lands, around the world, like in Portland, Oregon where there is a visible star fort point at the Smith & Bybee Wetlands Natural Area, which is now the location of the Bybee Lakes Hope Center for the Homeless.

This urban wetlands area in Portland is located right next to the still-operating BNSF Ford Railyard. 

The chain of low islands and reefs called Adam’s Bridge, also known as Rama’s Bridge, or Ramsethu, which separates the southern tip of India from Sri Lanka…

…has a rail-line today that still operates from the town of Mandapam in Tamil Nadu to the Indian side of Adam’s Bridge.

The Pamban Bridge crossing through here is described as a masterpiece of engineering, with a movable section midway that is raised to allow ship and barge traffic to pass through.

Over a mile-long, at 6,776-feet, or 2,065-meters, It was said to have been constructed between 1911 and 1914, which was the year World War I started.

 You can take a ferry across, in the same general location as the sunken parts of Adam’s Bridge, to Talaimannar, on Sri Lanka’s Mannar Island, and catch the train on to anywhere you want to go in Sri Lanka.

Sure looks like this part of the world was all-connected together at one time, and not that long ago.

Another example of a rail-line in an anomalous place is at the pink-colored Lake Burlinskoye in Siberia, where the rail-line still operates right through the water.

And the Salta-Antofagasta railway links Argentina and Chile through the Atacama Desert across the Andes Mountains.

These are just a few of many examples of railroads in anomalous places, and there are many more rail-lines that have been abandoned or removed all over the world.

I have come to believe through research findings like these, and others, that what has been characterized as the mud-flood was caused primarily by a deliberately-caused act performed by Aleister Crowley, known as the “Wickedest Man in the World,” on the day of the Philadelphia Experiment, that sent a massive energy surge through the Earth’s grid system by way of Montauk Point and Long Island, sending a ripple of energy across the entire surface of the Earth, causing the land itself to ripple, and in some places turn it into swamp, desert, or sink completely into the ocean.

I think the sinking of Atlantis took place much more recently than we have been led to believe in our historical narrative.

There are still abandoned railcars to this day in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey and the swamps of Louisiana.

There is a full explanation of this theory, with evidence that supports it, in a “Deeper Conversation with Chad” I had recently with Chad Williams and Adam Szecowka, called “The Destruction, Exploitation & Reverse Engineering Of The Earth’s Grid System,” in which we talk in-depth about this, and many other things.

Whatever caused the mud flood is being called a “reset” event, and photographic evidence exists demonstrating that buildings, canals, rail-lines, tunnels, among other things, were purposefully dug out after the event to the point where they could be used.

A sudden cataclysmic event accounts for how a highly advanced worldwide civilization of giants…

…could be wiped from the face of the Earth and erased from our collective memory.

If all this sounds crazy, remember the old saying “Truth is Stranger than Fiction.”

And even if still seems too hard to believe in, the reality of the world we are living in today is pretty strange and crazy, and how did we even get to this upside-down world??

Well, one thing that has gotten us to this place is that we have been taught and told egregious lies by the Establishment from cradle to grave, and we have not been told about an advanced civilization that existed on Earth from the ancient time of Mu, through Atlantis, to relatively recent times.

The parasitic and multi-dimensionally aware beings behind all of this want us to believe that suffering, sickness, misery, destruction, division, and death was and is our normal state of being, and not question what we have been taught about who we are.

They are the only ones who benefit because they energetically feed on Humanity’s negative emotional states, at the same time they have sucked up all the wealth of the Earth for themselves.