Revealing What Has Been Hidden in Front of Our Eyes

Frederick Law Olmsted is best-known today as the “Father of Landscape Architecture.”

His biography says he created the profession of landscape architecture by working in a dry goods store; taking a year-long voyage in the China trade; and by studying surveying, engineering, chemistry, and scientific farming.

Though I found references saying he did attend Yale College, apparently he was about to enter Yale College in 1837, but weakened eyes from sumac poisoning prevented him the usual course of study and did not graduate from college.

His career started out in journalism, when he travelled to England in 1850 to visit public gardens there, including Birkenhead Park, a park said to have been designed by Joseph Paxton which opened in April of 1847…and the first publicly funded civic park in the world.

 Joseph Paxton, a gardener and greenhouse builder by trade…

…was also said to have been commissioned by Baron Mayer Rothschild in 1850 to design the Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire…

…and Joseph Paxton was also given credit for designing the Crystal Palace to house the 1851 Great Exhibition in London in Hyde Park.

The Crystal Palace was described as a massive glass house that was 1,848-feet, or 563-meters, long, by 454-feet, or 138-meters, wide, and constructed from cast-iron frame components and glass. 

After his trip, Olmsted published “Walks and Talks of an American Farmer” in England in 1852, where he recorded the sights, sounds and mental impressions of rural England from his visit.

Frederick Law Olmsted was also commissioned by the New York Daily Times to start on an extensive research journey in the American South and Texas between 1852 and 1857.

The dispatches he sent to the Times were collected into three books, and considered vivid, first-person accounts of the antebellum South: “A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States,” first published in 1856…

…”A Journey through Texas,” published in 1857…

…and “A Journey in the Back Country in the Winter of 1853 – 1854,” published in 1860.

All three of these books were published in one book, called “Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom,” in 1861 during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of his English publisher.

Frederick Law Olmsted also provided financial support for, and sometimes wrote for, “The Nation,” a progressive magazine that is the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States, having been founded on July 6th of 1865, only three-months after the end of the American Civil War.

Frederick Law Olmsted’s career as a prolific and celebrated landscape architect was said to have gotten its start teaming up with Calvert Vaux in the design and creation of Central Park in New York City.

He had been introduced to English-born architect Calvert Vaux by his mentor, another founder of American landscape architecture, Andrew Jackson Downing, who died in 1852 in a tragic steamboat fire.

A prominent advocate of the Gothic Revival architectural movement, Andrew Jackson Downing had brought Calvert Vaux to the United States as his architectural collaborator after they met when Downing was travelling through Europe in 1850.

Olmsted and Vaux entered the Central Park design contest together after Downing’s death in 1852.

Vaux was said to have been impressed by Olmsted’s theories and political contacts, though Olmsted had never designed or executed a landscape design.

Their design, announced as the winner in 1858, was called the “Greensward Plan.”

Frederick Law Olmsted’s visit to Birkenhead Park in 1850 was said to have provided him inspiration for the Central Park design.

Backing up in time just a tad regarding Central Park, the land for it was said to have been donated by Robert B. Minturn, after he and his family’s return from an 18-month grand-tour of Europe between 1848 and 1850.

Robert B. Minturn was  one of the most prominent American merchants and shippers of the mid-19th century. 

Robert Minturn was also an active manager of many charitable associations in New York city, who aided in establishing the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and the New York Juvenile Asylum.

There were an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 homeless children in New York City by 1850, which was said to have a population at the time of 500,000 people.

Reportedly a close friend of Frederick Law Olmsted, Charles Loring Brace established the Children’s Aid Society in 1853.

It was during this time that the American West was opening up for settlement, and we are told Brace’s vision was to emigrate children to live with western farming families.

A movement going in this direction was widely supported by members of wealthy New York families, like Charlotte Augusta Gibbes, the wife of John Jacob Astor III, who was the wealthiest Astor family member of his generation.

The New York Juvenile Asylum (NYJA) that Central Park’s Robert Minturn was associated with, and which was established in 1851, sent an estimated 6,000 children out west between September of 1854 until 1923, and was in the top four of institutions participating in the American orphan train movement.

Criticisms of the orphan train movement focused on concerns that initial placements were made hastily, without proper investigation, and that there was insufficient follow-up on placements. Charities were also criticized for not keeping track of children placed while under their care.

What was the true significance of Charles Loring Brace’s orphan train movement?

Was it really about finding impoverished children from the city a good home and a better life, as we are taught?

Or was the orphan train movement the beginning of something else entirely, the organized shipping of children for other reasons?

What was really going on here?

Frederick Law Olmsted was the first executive secretary of the United States Sanitary Commission.

The United States Sanitary Commission was a private relief agency created by federal legislation on June 18th of 1861, with the mission of supporting the sick and wounded soldiers of the Union Army.

Sanitary Fairs were fundraising events held to support this agency.

The “Sanitary Fairs” had everything, including majestic “temporary” buildings said to have been built for the fairs, to be torn down after, and while not as elaborate as the big expositions such as in Chicago, they were still something in and of themselves.

The planner of the United States Sanitary Commission, and its only president from 1861 to 1878, was Henry Whitney Bellows, an American Unitarian Clergyman.

He was the Pastor of the First Congregational Unitarian Church of New York City at the time of the American Civil War, also known as the All Souls Unitarian Church.

This building for Henry Whitney Bellows’ congregation, also known as the “Church of the Holy Zebra,” was said to have been built between 1853 and 1855, and in use only until 1929, at which time they moved uptown.

This church building was destroyed by fire on August 23rd of 1931.

Here is a description of the organs that were once housed in this beautiful building destroyed by fire.

In addition to planning and organizing the United States Sanitary Commission, Henry Whitney Bellows was an organizer of the Union League Club of New York, along with Frederick Law Olmsted, George Templeton Strong, and Wolcott Gibbs.

It was a private social club for wealthy men that opened in New York City in 1863 where pro-Union men could come together “to cultivate a profound national devotion” and “strengthen a love and respect for the Union.”

It became the most exclusive mens’ club in Manhattan, and perhaps in the nation.

This location for the Union League Club was said to have been built on the northeast corner of 5th Avenue and 39th Street between 1879 and 1881.

This Union League Clubhouse closed its doors permanently on January 24th of 1931, after a new clubhouse was built on Park Avenue and 37th Street starting in 1929.

A little over a year later, on January 26th of 1932, a fire was said to have started in the basement, and engulfed the whole building in a short-period of time.

Unitarian clergyman Henry Whitney Bellows was also involved in the organizing of the Century Association in New York City, founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1857.

The Century Association was a private social, arts and dining club, and named after the first 100 people proposed as members.

The Century Association Building at 42 E. 15th Street was in-use by the association starting in 1857, and served as one of the headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission.

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were members of the Century Association, as well as many other famous architects, artists, writers, presidents, industrialists, financiers, and the like.

Frederick Law Olmsted’s prodigious career as a landscape architect also included the following works:

Olmsted and Vaux were credited with include the landscaping plan in 1866 for Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York…

…the community plan for Riverside, Illinois, one of the first planned communities, in 1868…

…the Buffalo Olmsted Park System, New York’s oldest system of paths and pathways, which included six parks, seven parkways, eight landscaped circles, and other public spaces, said to have been designed with Vaux starting in 1868.

According to the notation on the bottom of this image of his map of the Buffalo Park System, Olmsted proclaimed that “Buffalo was the best planned city in the United States…if not the world.”

The plan for the Walnut Hill Park in New Britain, Connecticut, was said to have been designed by Olmsted and Vaux in 1870.

The Mount Royal Park in Montreal Quebec was planned in 1877, said to be the first park Olmsted created after he and Vaux dissolved their partnership in 1872.

Other landscape plans for which Frederick Law Olmsted is listed as the primary landscape architect include:

Boston’s Emerald Necklace of Parks starting in 1878…

…and in 1888, in Rochester, New York, both Highland Park…

…and the Genesee Valley Park.

The Belle Isle Park in Detroit, Michigan, sometime in the 1880s…

…and the Cadwalader Park in Trenton, New Jersey, in 1890.

The Cherokee Park in Louisville, Kentucky in 1891…

…and starting in 1892, Olmsted is credited with the Grand Necklace of Parks in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, also known as the Emerald Necklace, which includes Lake Park…

…and Juneau Park.

For the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, we are told Frederick Law Olmsted collaborated with yet another prolific architect, Chicagoan Daniel Burnham, to adapt Olmsted’s design of a Venetian-inspired pleasure ground, complete with waterways and places for quiet reflection in nature that complemented the grand architecture of the exposition…

…for the South Park Commission Site for the World’s Columbian Exposition of Jackson Park, Washington Park, and the Midway Plaisance.

This area was described as a sandy area along Chicago’s lakeshore that looked like a deserted marsh before construction began, but Olmsted saw, we are told, the area’s potential, and that his design included lagoons and what became known as Wood Island since they had not been developed yet.

As the person responsible for planning the basic land- and water-shape of the exposition grounds, we are told that Olmsted concluded the marshy areas of Jackson Park could be converted into waterways, and that workers dredged sand out of the marshes to make lagoons of different shapes and sizes.

Of course, since the buildings of the Exposition were only intended to be temporary structures, they were torn down afterwards, but Olmsted’s Jackson Park was left as a legacy for Chicagoans to enjoy…

…which hosts one of two Exposition buildings that were left standing – the former Palace of Fine Arts, which houses the Museum of Science and Industry today.

The other still-standing building from the 1893 Exposition is the Art Institute of Chicago…

…which was said to have been utilized as an auxiliary building during the Exposition for international assemblies and conferences.

Also in the early 1890s, Olmsted was said to have been tasked with designing Druid Hills in Atlanta, one of the city’s first planned suburbs…

…with his curvilinear style in which small parks are like wings on both sides of a straight line, in this case Ponce de Leon Avenue.

Frederick Law Olmsted’s last project, we are told, was for the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina…

…where he was employed by George Washington Vanderbilt III to design the landscape for his new Biltmore Estate, which was said to have been built between 1889 and 1895.

The Olmsted Legacy in landscape architecture did not end, however, as it was carried on by his son, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. and adopted son and nephew John Charles Olmsted, in the form of the Olmsted Brothers architectural firm which they established in 1898.

The Olmsted Brothers architectural firm was credited with things like the completion of Piedmont Park in Midtown Atlanta, called the Central Park of the South…

…as well as the landscape architecture for the 1906 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oregon…

…the 1909 Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition in Seattle, Washington…

…and the Olmsted Brothers played an influential role, among many other things, in the creation of the National Park Service, which was established in August of 1916 by President Woodrow Wilson.

There are many famous architects and engineers to choose from for a study of the reset historical narrative, but Frederick Law Olmsted, and later the Olmsted Brothers, who carried on his legacy in the field of landscape architecture, seems to have been elevated in stature and ability to provide the explanation for how our current narrative came into existence after I believe was an unnatural occurrence that happened on earth not all that long ago, relatively-speaking.

Yet the stories we are told to explain the world we live in just don’t add up!

A year ago, when I was looking into the life of George Peabody, the lines of research kept growing because of all of the interconnected people and events of the 19th-century that he was connected to in one way or another.

Widely regarded as the “Father of Modern Philanthropy,” George Peabody was said to have been born into a poor family in Massachusetts in 1795.

There were other major historical figures who became wealthy said to have been born into poverty or difficult circumstances.

Ones off the top of my head included:

Canadian brewer John Molson, who was born in England in 1763 and said to have been orphaned at the age of 8, when first his father died, then his mother two years later. 

He ended up in Montreal, Quebec at the age of 18, and by the age of 21, completely took over the brewery in which he was a partner.

He was appointed the Provincial Grand Master of the District Freemasonic Lodge of Montreal by the Duke of Sussex in 1826, a position he held for five years before resigning in 1831.

Another poor boy made good story that comes to mind is another Canadian, distiller Joseph E. Seagram.

Born in 1841 in what is now Cambridge, Ontario, his parents died when he was a child and he and his brothers were said to have been raised by clergy.

He received education at a business college and eventually learned about the distilling process at Waterloo Distillery, and ultimately bought out other owners to become the full owner, and renamed it Seagram’s. His 1907 Creation of “VO Whiskey” became the largest-selling Canadian whiskey in the world.

Seagram was also a freemason, and at one time Senior Warden of the Grand River Lodge, Number 151, in what is now Kitchener, Ontario, which was previously known as Berlin.

Jack Daniel, same idea.

Jasper Newton “Jack” Daniel was born sometime in the mid-1800s. The birth date of 1850 was on his tombstone, however, his birthdate was said to be listed as September 5th, 1846 in Tennessee state records from the time.

He was the youngest of ten children, and his mother died shortly after he was born.

When his father died in the Civil War, he ran away from home because he didn’t get along with his stepmother.

He was taken in by the local lay-preacher and distiller, Dan Call, and began to learn the distilling trade.

Jack Daniel purchased the hollow and land the distillery was located on in Lynchburg, Tennessee, after taking over the distillery in 1884.

I couldn’t find anything about Jack Daniel being a Freemason, but I did find some interesting connections Freemasons and his whiskey.

One was a limited-edition commemorative bottle of “Jack Daniel’s Single Barrel Whiskey,” bottled exclusively for American Freemasons…

…and the other thing I found was a rare “Jack Daniel Whiskey Freemasonic Watch,” complete with skull and bones in between the compass and the square underneath the cover of it, that the information is no longer available for on the website where one was auctioned off.

This biographical information about these men would be otherwise unremarkable, but it is interesting they all share a similar theme in childhood and how they all came into fame and fortune.

And when I looked for a connection to Freemasonry for George Peabody, I found one…and much, much more.

I found this passage referring to the British Freemasonic Banker, George Peabody, on page 175…

…of the book “The Secret Founding of America, the Real Story of Freemasons, Puritans & the Battle for the New World,” by Nicholas Hagger.

There are the other names I am finding in the book here that are ringing bells from my past research, which I will be tying in as I go.

However, before I go any further down this Freemasonic rabbit hole, about which this book is a treasure trove of information, I am going to continue researching what we are told about George Peabody’s life, and then return to this subject because there is quite a bit that can be tied together using “The Secret Founding of America” as a guide about what has actually taken place here as opposed to what we have been told.

I didn’t know about this book’s existence until I did an internet search for “Was George Peabody a freemason?”

Here is another connection of George Peabody, where he is striking the Freemasonic “hidden hand” pose in this portrait, signifying “Master of the Second Veil.”

George Peabody was born on February 18th of 1795 in South Danvers, Massachusetts, near Salem, as one of seven or eight children in a poor family, as the number of siblings varied from reference to reference.

Only attending school for a few years, George left school at the age of 11 to work in his brother’s shop in Newburyport, Massachusetts, to help support his mother and siblings when his father died, and the poverty of his early years was said to have influenced his philanthropy in later years.

The George Peabody House Museum in Peabody, Massachusetts, is touted as his birthplace.

When his brother’s Newburyport, Massachusetts, dry goods business burned down, Peabody went to Georgetown in Washington, DC, in 1811, to work in a wholesale dry goods’ warehouse.

The owner of the warehouse, Elisha Riggs. hired George Peabody as his office boy, and by 1814, Riggs provided the financing for the wholesale dry goods firm of Riggs, Peabody & Company, specializing in importing dry goods from Great Britain.

When Riggs retired in 1829, the firm became Peabody, Riggs & Company, as George became the Senior Partner.

Elisha Riggs also financed the founding of Riggs National Bank, which was organized by his son George Washington Riggs.

This building on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, said to have been completed in 1902, served as the headquarters for Riggs National Bank until 2005, when Riggs was dissolved, and acquired by PNC Financial Services.

The reason for the change in ownership of the bank was the investigation of Riggs Bank for several money-laundering scandals, including “unknowingly” allowing the hijackers involved in 9/11 to transfer money “due to lax controls” at the bank…

…allowing the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet to hide his fortune after his accounts were frozen.

It is interesting to note that as a “National Bank,” Riggs was authorized to print currency at one time in its history.

Lots of rabbit holes on this trail, once I started looking for information on this particular bank!

During the years George Peabody lived in Baltimore, he established his career as a businessman and financier.

Here are some of the things I am finding about his business career.

He first travelled to England in 1827 to purchase wares, and negotiate the sale of American cotton in Lancashire.

This is interesting because by 1825, cotton was Britain’s biggest import, primarily from American cotton fields, and Lancashire was dominant force in the British economy with its cotton industry, where the raw cotton was turned into thread and fabrics in a factory-based production line with the advent of the Industrial Revolution in this industry, and marked the birth of the British-working class.

George Peabody opened an office in Liverpool, with British business playing a more and more important role in his business affairs.

The bankers who helped establish him in Liverpool included the son of the Irish-born banker in America, Alexander Brown, Sir William Brown, 1st Baronet of Richmond Hill, who managed his father’s Liverpool office.

Alexander Brown, an Irish linen merchant who immigrated to America, established the first investment banking firm in the United States in 1800.

He was joined in business by his sons William, George, John, and James, and the firm became “Alex. Brown & Sons” in 1810.

So his son William established the Liverpool office of the family business; George and John founded “Brown Bros. & Company” in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and James opened a branch in New York City and Boston.

This is what we are told about Brown Brothers & Company, that during the first 100-years of its existence, it helped make paper money standard currency in the United States; underwrote the first railroad and trans-Atlantic steamship companies; and essentially created the first foreign exchange system between the American dollar and the British pound.

In 1931, the Brown Brothers merged with the Harriman Brothers & Company, a private bank started with railway money, in 1931 to become known as the “Brown Brothers Harriman & Company,” one of the oldest and largest private investment banks in the United States.

Founding partners of the “Brown Brothers Harriman & Company” included W. Averill Harriman, the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman, and Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman…

…and Prescott Bush, American banker and politician, and the father of President George H. W. Bush.

Alexander’s son George stayed in Baltimore and took a leading role in the founding of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1827, and became the head of the business branch upon Alexander’s death in 1834.

The “Alex. Brown & Sons” company proclaimed itself “America’s Foremost International banking enterprise in the 19th-century.”

This bank building for “Alex. Brown & Sons” was said to have been built in 1901, and survived the 1904 Great Fire of Baltimore, having the least amount of damage of any building within the “Burnt District.”

Since then, the building has served as a “Capitol One” Branch, and in 2019 became the “Alex Brown Restaurant,” only to be permanently closed in 2020.

The company “Alex. Brown & Sons” was purchased by the Bankers Trust in 1997, absorbed into Deutsche Bank in 1999, and Alex Brown Wealth Management was sold to Raymond James in 2016.

“Alex. Brown & Sons” sure sounds like the American-Irish version of the Rothschild International Banking family dynasty, started by Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt in the 1760s, who established an international banking family through his five sons:

His oldest son, Amschel Mayer Rothschild, succeeded his father as the head of the Frankfurt bank.

Nathan Mayer Rothschild settled in Manchester, England in 1798, and established a business in textile trading and finance, and made a fortune in a banking enterprise he began in London in 1805 that dealt in foreign bills and government securities.

Nathan had become a freemason in London of the “Emulation Lodge, No. 12, of the Premier Grand Lodge of England” in October of 1802.

By the time of his death in 1836, Nathan Mayer Rothschild had secured the position of the Rothschilds as the preeminent investment bankers in Britain and Europe, and his own personal net worth was over 60% of the British national income.

Mayer Amschel’s son Salomon Mayer von Rothschild went to Austria, and established the “S M von Rothschild” banking enterprise in Vienna in 1820, and was raised to the Austrian nobility as a baron in 1822, with the offer extended to all of his brothers, and which Nathan turned down.

Among other major funding projects in Austria, his banking enterprise financed the Nordbahn Rail Transport Network, Austria’s first steam railway.

Mayer Amschel’s son Carl Mayer von Rothschild went to live in the “Kingdom of Sicilies,” located in Southern Italy between 1816 and 1860, in 1821.

He set up C M de Rothschild & Figli, which became the dominant financial house in Naples and operated as a satellite office to the main Rothschild bank in Frankfurt.

Clients of the Naples Rothschild bank included the Vatican, the Dukes of Parma and the Dukes of Tuscany.

James Mayer de Rothschild was the founder of the French branch of the Rothschild family, moving to Paris in 1812 to coordinate the purchase of specie (money in the form of coins rather than notes) and bullion (gold and silver in bulk before coining, valued in weight) for his brother Nathan back in London, and in 1817, opened the De Rothschilds Freres (The Rothschild Brothers) bank in Paris, and by 1823, was firmly established as the banker to the French government.

Just looking at parallels in the historical record between the Irish-American Brown business history, the German-Jewish Rothschild business history, and the born-into-poverty George Peabody’s business history, all which included links to textile merchants, banking and railroads.

With all of his great connections, George Peabody branched out.

He took up residence in London permanently in 1837, and went from being a wholesale dry-goods and cotton merchant, to a merchant-banker offering securities in American railroad and canal enterprises to British and European investors.

He started a banking business trading on his own account a year after he moved to London, and by 1851, he established the banking firm of “George Peabody & Company” to meet the increasing demand for securities issued by American railroads, and his company specialized in financing governments and large companies.

Apparently railroad and canal developers in the early 19th-century in the United States needed investment capital, and turned to European money markets for the funding to complete their projects.

George Peabody’s bank quickly rose to become the premier American banking house in London, and this is a statue of him that is located near the Royal Exchange in London.

Now I am going to go back and dissect information that I stumbled across about George Peabody being a Freemason in “The Secret Founding of America” book by Nicholas Hagger, and tie-in some if it in with other research I have done.

This type of information is very hard to find, but it dovetails with other information I have been finding about this period in history.

There is a lot more information contained in the pages of this book, but I am going to concentrate primarily on some things I have uncovered in my research that are 1) either hard to find in writing; or 2) hard to substantiate when found in writing.

This paragraph called “Rothschilds Plan an American Central Bank” from page 73 of “The Secret Founding of America” talks about Mayer Amschel Rothschild funding Adam Weishaupt’s Order of the Illuminati in the 1770s; his five sons controlling banks in the major cities of Europe; the Rothschilds’ wanting to start a central bank in America; and several of the Rothschilds being behind the funding of both North and South “in the planned division.”

In the “planned” division?

We have already seen Mayer Amschel Rothschild and his five sons establish their International banking family dynasty throughout major cities of Europe.

And this is the saying that has been attributed to more than one prominent member of the Rothschild family, starting with the first London family banker, Nathan Mayer Rothschild.

Adam Weishaupt established the Bavarian Order of the Illuminati on May 1st of 1776.

Born in Ingolstadt, Germany, He was educated by Jesuits starting at the age of 7, and was initiated into Freemasonry in Munich in 1777.

He died in Gotha in Germany, under the protection of Duke Ernest II, of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1830.

The lineage of the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg eventually became the House of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha, to which first-cousins Queen Victoria & Prince-Consort Albert both belonged, which became known to us as the House of Windsor in 1917.

On page 174, we find the name of “Giuseppe Mazzini,” taking over the Illuminati in 1834.

Apparently Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian politician, journalist, and activist, had links with Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, who served as Great Britain’s Prime Minister between 1855 and 1865, which was both the year of his death, and the year the American Civil War came down an end.

According to this book, Giuseppe Mazzini, who had founded a political movement for Italian youth (under age 40) in 1831, sent his right-hand man, Adriano Lemmi, and Louis Kossuth, head of the radical-democratic wing of the Hungarian-nationalists during the Uprisings of 1848, to the United States to organize “Young America” Lodges based on the same ideas.

The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe that year.

The Revolutions had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, and was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, with 50 countries being affected.

So, the goal was to remove the original ruling families, and ultimately replace them with a new form of government, which was ultimately controllable.

When I looked for information on the topic of Mazzini, Lemmo and Kossuth, this is what I found.

We will see some of these same names, and others, at the February 21st of 1854 meeting coming up in just a moment on page 175.

Before we get to the names at the February 21st, 1854, meeting on the same page, we also find references to U. S. Attorney General Caleb Cushing; British Freemasonic banker George Peabody; and J. S. Morgan, on page 175.

This passage says that Caleb Cushing was affiliated with the Northern Jurisdiction of Freemasonry, and became the architect of the Civil War.

The architect of the Civil War?

More from “The Secret Founding of America” in just a moment.

Let me see what else I can find out about Caleb Cushing in a search.

Caleb Cushing was an American Democratic politician who served as a Congressman from Massachusetts and Attorney General during the administration of the 14th-President of the United States, Franklin Pierce.

Here are a couple of other things about Caleb Cushing that I find interesting.

Caleb Cushing’s hometown in Massachusetts, from when his family moved there when he was ten, which would have been 1810, was Newburyport, which was the same town where George Peabody worked in his brother’s shop until Peabody moved to Baltimore in 1811.

No indication they knew each other, but an interesting connection nonetheless.

But an even more interesting find about Caleb Cushing was his connection to China.

Caleb Cushing was appointed by President John Tyler, the 10th-President of the United States, as Ambassador to China in 1843, a position which he held until March 4th of 1845.

The Cushing Mission to China arriving in Macau consisted of four American Warships, which were loaded with gifts, and devices like telescopes and revolvers, in the hopes of impressing the Royal Chinese Court.

When the Chinese were not inclined to receive Cushing as an envoy, Cushing threatening with the U. S. Warships in his entourage, to go directly to the Chinese Emperor.

This tactic resulted in the Chinese Emperor negotiating with Cushing, and the Treaty of Wanghia, also known as the Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between the United States and the Chinese Empire in 1844.

This sounds like exactly the same tactic that was used on the Japanese by the U. S. Navy’s Commodore Perry – warships visiting Tokyo and threats – resulting in the Treaty of Kanagawa, also known as a “Treaty of Peace and Amity” in 1854.

Within six years of the signing of the Treaty of Wanghia, China was enmeshed in the Taiping Rebellion, a civil war between 1850 and 1864.

It was a civil war between the established Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, an unrecognized oppositional state in China supporting the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty.

Though, we are told, the Qing Dynasty ultimately defeated the opposing forces with the eventual help of British and French forces, the Taiping Rebellion left the economic heartland of China in the central and lower Yangzi River basins in ruins, and millions of people lost their lives as a result of it, as well as that in western eyes, China was marked as poor and backwards.

Okay, so that’s little bit more about Caleb Cushing.

Been talking about George Peabody, so what about Junius Spencer Morgan, the man the book says George Peabody hired in 1854 to handle the funds Cushing had transferred from Peabody’s bank to the United States for the Southern insurrections who were calling for the dissolution of the Union.

Junius Spencer Morgan was the founder of the company that would become J. S. Morgan & Company in 1864, that was the successor company to George Peabody & Company, of which he became the Junior Partner in October of 1854.

In 1854, Morgan was put in charge of the firm’s iron portfolio, which included the marketing of railroad bonds in London and New York.

By the time J. S. Morgan died in 1890, the Morgan banks were the dominant forces in government and railroad finance, and his son John Pierpont Morgan had taken the helm of the company, becoming known as. J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895.

J. P. Morgan, an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout this period of time, also known as the “Gilded Age,” between the years of 1870 and 1900.

He was a driving force behind the wave of industrial consolidation in the United States in the late 18th- and early 19th-centuries…

…including the creation of U. S. Steel in 1901 by merging three companies into one, and creating the world’s first billion-dollar corporation!

So, anyway, what about the others who were at that February 21st of 1854 meeting at the house of George Sanders, American Consul, and the person who was said to have handled the Peabody funds in London, according to the “Secret Founding of America” book.

These two different sources information name many of the same names at being at this meeting.

The over-lapping names between the two lists are: Sanders, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Kossuth, Ruge, Herzen, and the future American President James Buchanan, the 15th-President, who served in the years immediately preceding the Civil War.

George Sanders was appointed as the Consul in London during the administration of President Franklin Pierce.

He was involved in the “Young America” movement, which had become a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s.

Sanders was believed to have been involved in the plot to assassinate Abraham Lincoln, though he escaped being taken into custody after it took place.

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general and revolutionary, and follower of Mazzini who embraced the republican nationalism of the Young Italy movement.

Garibaldi was born in Nice on July 4th of 1807, which was part of the French First Republic, which was founded in September of 1792 during the French Revolution and ended with the declaration of the First Empire in May of 1804 under Napoleon Bonaparte.

His family was Ligurian, the coastal region of northwestern Italy bordered by Monaco and France on the Ligurian Sea.

In 1814, Nice was returned to King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia by the Congress of Vienna.

Then Nice was returned to France in 1860 by the Treaty of Turin, conducted between France and Piedmont-Sardinia,and in which the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice were annexed to France.

Garibaldi ardently opposed this.

Garibaldi was certified in 1832 as a merchant navy sea captain and an active participant in the Nizzardo Italian Community of Nice that wanted the County of Nice annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.

In April of 1833, Garibaldi joined the Young Italy movement of Giuseppe Mazzini, a proponent of Italian unification as a liberal republic via liberal and social reform, and they met for the first time in November of 1833.

Garibaldi joined the Italian Carbonari movement, a network of secret revolutionary societies divided into small covert cells that was active from about 1800 to the 1830s.

Garibaldi participated in a failed Mazzini insurrection in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy in February of 1834, and fled the country ultimately finding his way to Brazil.

There, among other things, he participated in the successful effort of the Riograndense Republic to secede from the Empire of Brazil during the Ragamuffin War of 1835, a republican uprising that began in southern Brazil in what is now the Rio Grande de Sul Province.

In 1841, Garibaldi moved to Uruguay where first he worked as a trader and schoolmaster.

Garibaldi took command of the Uruguayan fleet, however, in 1842, and raised an Italian legion of soldiers, known as Red Shirts, from the large Italian population of the capital city of Montevideo for the Uruguayan Civil War, which officially went from 1839 to 1850, but unofficially started in 1832 and ended in 1904.

The Red Shirts became the symbols of Garibaldi and his followers.

Garibaldi joined the Freemasons in 1844 when he was initiated into a masonic lodge in Montevideo while in Uruguay.

He was eventually elected as the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy, and he saw freemasonry as a network othat united progressive men as brothers within nations and countries.

Garibaldi returned to Italy in the midst of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian States, and first offered his services in Piedmont to King Charles Albert of Sardinia.

Rebuffed, he offered his services to the provisional government of Milan in Italy’s Lombardy region, and won some minor battles for them in their fight against Austrian occupation during the First War of Italian Independence from March of 1848 to August of 1849, after which Austria remained dominant in Italy until the Second War of Italian Independence.

Garibaldi commanded the Defense of Rome against a French Force sent by Louis Napoleon.

The French overthrew the Roman Republic,which had briefly replaced the Papal States, and the Pope was restored to power, but the defeat in Rome strengthened the cause of Italian Unification.

Garibaldi went to New York in 1850, where he anticipated becoming the captain of a merchant ship which was being built, but for which the funds ran out.

While in New York, he was said to have attended masonic lodges there, meeting supporters of democratic internationalism and socialist thought, and he worked in a candle factory in the Rosebank section of Staten Island owned by Italian inventor Antonio Meucci, preserved today as a memorial to Garibaldi.

He was dissatisfied with this, and Garibaldi left New York for Central America, going first to Nicaragua and other parts of the region with a travelling companion.

Then, he went on to Lima, Peru, in and took command of the ship Carmen, going first to the granite Chincha Islands off the coast of Peru for a load of guano.

Guano is defined as the excrement of seabirds and bats that is used as a fertilizer.

Then Garibaldi took off on several trading voyage across the Pacific, to places in China like Canton, and Manila in the Philippines; around the southern coast of Australia and the Bass Strait; and around Cape Horn at the tip of South America heading back to New York and Boston with goods like copper and wool.

In November of 1853, after resigning his command of the Carmen, he sailed to England in command of the Commonwealth, and having arrived on March 21st of 1854 according to the references I have found about Garibaldi’s life. This still puts him in England in the ballpark of the historical time-frame of the February 21st meeting at George Sanders house.

There’s a lot more to Garibaldi’s story, but this gives you the idea about how he fits in to our historical narrative.

Arnold Ruge was a member of the “Young Hegelians” and expressed his belief that history is a progressive advance towards the realization of freedom, and that freedom is expressed in the State, the creation of a rational general will, which is the will of the people as a whole.

A believer in a unified Germany, and also involved in the Revolutions of 1848, Ruge organized the extreme left in the Frankfurt Parliament.

He was forced to take refuge in London in 1849, where he met up with Giuseppe Mazzini, and formed the “European Democratic Party.”

He was considered a leader in religious and political liberalism in his time.

As mentioned in this paragraph from “The Secret Founding of America,” Ruge was co-editor of a revolutionary magazine for “Young Germany” with Karl Marx, who also happened to be living in London during this same time-frame, where he had moved in 1850, and was to have his home base in London for the rest of his life.

As a matter of fact, another German-born revolutionary socialist, Friederich Engles, and Russian revolutionary socialist, Vladimir Lenin, along with Karl Marx, all lived in London at some point in time!

The name Herzen at the February 1854 meeting was Alexander Herzen, a Russian writer and thinker known as the “Father of Russian Socialism” and one of the main fathers of “Agrarian Populism.”

Herzen was born out of wedlock to a rich Russian landowner in April of 1812, right before Napoleon’s invasion of Russia.

He left Russia for good in 1847, landing first in Paris, where he supported the Revolutions of 1848, but was disillusioned with the failure of associated European Socialist movements.

He had assets from his inheritance that were frozen after he emigrated from Russia, but because of a business relationship of his family with Baron James de Rothschild in Paris, who negotiated the release of Herzen’s assets which were nominally transferred to Rothschild.

He ended up in London in 1852, where he started his own printing company, the “Free Russian Press” in 1853, with a view to becoming the “uncensored voice of free Russia.”

The “Free Russian Press” was launched shortly before the beginning of the Crimean War, which started in October of 1853, and ended in February of 1856, and which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance comprised of France, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia.

This is a painting depicting the “Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava,” which took place during the Crimean War in the Ukraine on October 25th of 1854, which resulted in a failed attack by a British Light Cavalry unit led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces.

Alfred Lord Tennyson, the Poet Laureate during much of Queen Victoria’s long reign, made the battle famous in his poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade,” which was published only six-weeks after the event, in which he emphasized the valor of the brave cavalry carrying out its orders, regardless of well-prepared artillery units and high casualties until it was forced to retreat.

The Russian Empire lost the Crimean War in the end, resulting in a weaker Imperial Army, a drained treasury, and its influence undermined in Europe.

The future U. S. President James Buchanan was named as President Franklin Pierce’s Ambassador, or Minister to the United Kingdom, a position he held from August 23rd of 1853 to March 15th of 1856.

So he would have also been in London at the time of the aforementioned meeting on February 21st of 1854.

James Buchanan was nominated to be the Democratic Party’s Presidential nominee in 1856, and said to have benefited from being out of the country when he was living in London and not associated with slavery issues, and won the 1856 election with his running mate John C. Breckinridge.

As President, he was said to have intervened in the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott case to gather majority support for a pro-slavery decision, in which a majority of the Supreme Court ruled in March of 1857 that the United States Constitution was not meant to include citizenship for people of what was called African-descent (who were in actuality the indigenous Moorish people of North America), so that the rights and privileges of the Constitution could not be conferred on them…

…and Buchanan attempted to engineer Kansas entering the Union as a slave state, by sending a message to Congress urging the acceptance of Kansas as a slave state, which it rejected and set the admission for Kansas as a free state in June of 1861.

This was several years after the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law on May 30th of 1854, creating the two new Territories and allowing for popular sovereignty.

It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas” when pro-slavery and anti-slavery activists flooded into the new territories seeking to sway the vote.

Ultimately the cause of eleven states to secede from the Union in 1860 was in support of states’ rights in the context of slavery to support the South’s agricultural economy, and the federal government not overturning abolitionist policies in the North and in new territories.

As a matter of fact, James Buchanan went down in history as the worst President of the United States.

I wonder if he took a hit to his reputation for the team?

More on this possibility from “The Secret Founding of America” book in just a moment.

The last named person at the meeting in London that I haven’t touched upon being in London yet was Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian Revolutionary.

Louis Kossuth, a member of the Hungarian lower nobility through his family origins, was a leader of the 1848 Revolution in Europe, and he inspired the people in speeches to rise up against the Austrian Empire, which was created by proclamation in 1804 out of the realms of the Habsburg Empire, and included Hungary.

The Hungarian Declaration of Independence declared the Independence of Hungary from the Habsburg Monarchy during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, issued by Louis Kossuth from the Protestant Great Church of Debrecen, said to have been built between 1805 and 1824, and which passed the National Assembly on April 13th of 1849.

Subsequently, Kossuth was the first, and only, Governor-President of the short-lived Hungarian State in 1849 from April 14th to August 11th.

In the meantime, an alliance was formed in May between the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire, and by August of 1849, the Hungarian Army had been defeated, and the new State of Hungary ended.

Louis Kossuth left Hungary, and as things went, ended up in Great Britain, touring and speaking for a couple of weeks, in 1851, and then left for a trip to the United States, and in the 1851 – 1852 time-frame toured the country, during which time he gave a speech to a meeting of the joint-houses of the U. S. Congress, where a bust of him in the U. S. Capitol building can be found today.

He applied for admission to the Freemasonic Grand Lodge #133 of Cincinnati…

…which was the same Cincinnati lodge used by Kossuth and Lemmi as headquarters for their “Young America” lodges mentioned previously in the book, which also referenced the steps taken to “begin the process of bringing about a civil war by forming revolutionary groups throughout the United States to intensify the debate on slavery.”

Kossuth returned to London from America in July of 1852, where he lived for the next eight-years.

So, based on a review of what is in the written historical narrative about the men listed that were said to have been at the February 21st of 1854 meeting in London were actually living in London at the time of the meeting, and most of the men at the meeting were known revolutionaries.

What else did “The Secret Founding of America” have to say?

I was really interested in this section because I have come across Albert Pike on several occasions in my research.

According to the earlier paragraph shown, Caleb Cushing had ties to the Northern Jurisdiction of Freemasonry and became the architect of the Civil War…

…and in the next paragraph, it says that Caleb Cushing tapped Albert Pike to take the steps necessary to become the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction of Scottish Rite Freemasonry.

It is not hard to find Albert Pike’s connection to Freemasonry in the historical record.

Not hard at all.

What is hard to find is Albert Pike’s and Freemasonry’s connection to historical events, and that is why I was so glad to find this, because there are other very interesting pieces of information that I have come across that point to a deep involvement in major events of the 20th-century that are hard to substantiate.

I will explain what I mean by this shortly.

A couple more things before I leave this informative book.

One was the mention Caleb Cushing’s role in encouraging the previously mentioned 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act.

According to this paragraph, Caleb Cushing used former Master Mason John Brown to cause the Civil War.

And indeed John Brown was very involved in what happened in “Bleeding Kansas.”

John Brown was best known for the Harper’s Ferry raid on October 16th of 1859 in West Virginia.

There was a federal arsenal located there, and while the plan was to raid the arsenal and instigate a major slave rebellion in the South, he had no rations or escape route.

In 36-hours, troops under the command of then Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee had arrested him and his cohorts, who had withdrawn to the engine house after they had been surrounded by local citizens and militia.

So while his plan was doomed from the start, it did serve to deepen the divide between the North and South.

John Brown was hung on December 2nd of 1859, less than two months after the onset of the Harper’s Ferry Raid.

Did John Brown take one for the team, too?

Or did he not see that one coming?

Another involves several of Albert Pike’s roles during the Civil War.

One is that when he became the most powerful Mason in the World when he became the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Southern Jurisdiction; he secretly organized the rebellion in the Southern States using this jurisdiction as a cover; and that most of the leadership of the Confederacy, both political and military, were Freemasons under Pike’s secret command.

One of the first times in my research that I came across Albert Pike’s name in connection with the Civil War was finding out that he was a senior officer in the Confederate Army who commanded the District of Indian Territory, what later became known as Oklahoma, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.

The Trans-Mississippi Theater of the Civil War covered everything west of the Mississippi River as pictured here.

We are told that there were all together 7 battles in Arkansas, New Mexico, Missouri and Louisiana between 1862 and 1864 in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of War.

This region was also the heart of the ancient Washitaw Empire, with Monroe, Louisiana being the Imperial Seat, in what was known as “Washitaw Proper.”

I think what was really going on here was very different from what we are told, and it has everything to do with what actually happened to the advanced, ancient Empire that was originally here.

Let’s take a look at some details from the American Civil War.

During the entire course of the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865, there were an estimated 10,500 battles, engagements, and other military actions fought in 23 states, with over 650,000 casualties.

I am going to focus on Fort Sumter and Charleston Harbor and see what comes up.

The official beginning of the American Civil War was said to be the Battle of Fort Sumter between April 12th and 13th of 1861, in South Carolina’s Charleston Harbor, with victory going to the Confederate forces under the command of General P. G. T. Beauregard.

This is Fort Sumter today.

It is described as a sea fort that was said to have been built starting in 1829 as one of a series of fortifications on the southern coast of the United States to protect American harbors from foreign invaders, and said to have never been fully completed.

70,000 tons of granite? Which is 63,500 metric tons?

To build up the artificial island the fort is situated on, we are told that 70,000 tons of granite were transported to South Carolina from New England.

How did they manage to accomplish transporting that weight of stone according to the history we have been taught?

Oh…okay…apparently on schooners.

That makes perfect sense, right?!

When I pulled up a map looking for Fort Sumter, I found this one showing at least 9 references to forts, batteries, castles in Charleston Harbor.

The “Star of the West” Battery is at the head of the Main Channel leading into Charleston Harbor.

Apparently the battery received its name from a civilian steamship that was built in 1852 for Cornelius Vanderbilt.

The “Star of the West” was used in an effort to re-supply Union troops at Fort Sumter on January 9th of 1861, several weeks after South Carolina had become the first state to secede from the Union on December 20th of 1860, and was fired upon by an artillery battery situated on Morris Island.

The “Star of the West” steamship ended up having a storied career during the Civil War, and ended up at the bottom of the Tallahatchie Channel near Yazoo City in Mississippi, where she was deliberately scuttled and sunk by Confederate forces before the Battle of Fort Pemberton, an earthen fort said to have been built hurriedly by Confederate forces, which resulted in a victory for them which took place on April 12th of 1863, two years exactly after the Battle of Fort Sumter.

The Cummings Point Battery was located on a promontory of Morris Island, and was directly across the harbor from Fort Sumter.

The battery on Cummings Point was said to be an earthwork in a belt of waterfront fortifications, and to have originally been built in February of 1780, during the American Revolutionary War, under the direction of Colonel William Moultrie when it became clear that the British were going to attack Charleston from the south and west.

By the time of the American Civil War, it had been faced with bars of railroad iron placed side-by-side, and became known to history as the “ironclad battery.”

A story about the ironclad battery at Cummings Point appeared in Harper’s Weekly Magazine, on March 2nd of 1861, along with the 21st Chapter of Charles Dickens novel “Great Expectations,” which was first released in a serial format in his weekly periodical “All the Year Round,” starting December 1st of 1860, and apparently it appeared in other magazines as well.

Interesting.

I have come to believe most famous novelists including, but not limited to, Charles Dickens, Victor Hugo, Mark Twain, Jack London, and John Steinbeck, were all involved in delivering the brand-new historical narrative right into our collective minds.

When looking for information on the Cummings Point battery, I found the historical Fort Wagner on Morris Island, which would have been located between the “Star of the West” battery to the south and the Cummings Point battery to the north of it.

The Battle of Fort Wagner took place on July 18th of 1863, where the 54th Massachusetts, known to history as the first African-American regiment in the Union Army, unsuccessfully assaulted Fort Wagner as depicted in the 1989 movie “Glory.”

Nothing remains of the physical infrastructure of Fort Wagner today…

…as apparently it was somehow lost to the sea in the late-1800s.

On the same side of the Charleston Harbor as Fort Wagner, and the two batteries I just mentioned, Fort Johnson was located further up towards the city of Charleston, on the coast of James Island, where the first shot of the Civil War was said to have been fired at Fort Sumter by Confederate soldiers…

…of which its only remains today are only two cisterns…

…and the old magazine, said to have been built in 1765, buried by Confederate soldiers during the Civil War, and uncovered in 1931.

Fort Sumter was located in Charleston Harbor almost directly in-between where Fort Johnson was located on James Island, and Fort Moultrie, which is still standing on Sullivan Island on the other side of the Harbor from Fort Sumter.

The first fort built on this location, Fort Sullivan, was said to have been built from Palmetto logs, giving the inspiration for the flag of South Carolina and its nickname “The Palmetto State,” and said to have been still incomplete when it was attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War in 1776, and named after the commander, Colonel William Moultrie.

This is the fort standing on Sullivan Island today.

What is called the Moultrie flag on the left was flown during the defense of Fort Sullivan in 1776.

The Palmetto was added in 1861, and it was adopted as the state flag.

Another battle commander’s flag with the crescent symbol in the upper-left-hand corner was the flag of Confederate Army Major General Earl van Dorn, the great-nephew of Andrew Jackson, who led the Confederate forces at the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas in March of 1862.

This was the battle flag of General Van Dorn.

Why are there crescent images on these battle flags?

The star and crescent symbolism has been identified with Islam, and what we are told is that this happened primarily with the emergence of the Ottoman Turks, and for one example of several national flags, are depicted on the modern Turkish flag.

I also read where the Egyptian hieroglyphs of a star and the crescent moon denote the Venus Cycle from morning star to evening star.

The Floating Battery was said to be located at the northern tip of Sullivan Island, above the location of Fort Moultrie.

We are told it was an ironclad vessel constructed by the Confederacy early in 1861 before the start of the war, and as a strategic naval platform, it was utilized in the April 12th and 13th bombardment of Fort Sumter.

The last three things I am going to look at on the map of the Charleston Harbor Defenses are the Mt. Pleasant Batteries; the Castle Pinckney; and the tip of Charleston known as “the Battery.

Along the coast of Mt. Pleasant which includes Hog Island, there were three Confederate batteries said to have been constructed over the course of the war to defend Charleston Harbor.

Battery Gary was said to be the first one constructed, and utilized in the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April of 1861.

Interesting side-note…Charleston’s professional soccer team is called the “Charleston Battery” and their stadium is located at Patriots Point in Mt. Pleasant.

Next up for scrutiny is Castle Pinckney.

Castle Pinckney is located on what is called Shute’s Folly in Charleston Harbor between Patriot’s Point and “The Battery” of Charleston.

We are told that Castle Pinckney was a small masonry fortification built by the United States government in 1810, and was used as an artillery position during the Civil War, garrisoned by the Charleston Zouave Cadets, a light infantry regiment of the French Army, after the attack on Fort Sumter.

Zouave units were said to have been used on both sides of the conflict.

Castle Pinckney was declared a National Monument in 1924, and then in 1951, Congress passed a bill to abolish its status as a National Monument.

Since then, primarily under state ownership, it has undergone some limited restoration efforts, but is in the process of being reclaimed by nature.

Lastly, I am going to take a look at “The Battery,” described as a defensive seawall and promenade in Charleston, and said to have been named for a civil war coastal defense battery at the site.

The Battery is famous for its antebellum homes…

…and its great view of Fort Sumter!

Interestingly, this is called the “Crisp Map of Charleston” from 1711, named after its English publisher Edward Crisp based on a 1704 survey he did, showing Charleston as a walled, bastioned star city.

I found one reference that called this map a “flawed, 19th-century fake.”

Well, that may be, but this is said to be the 1721 Herbert Map, showing the same idea.

I am going to end with the subject of what kinds of things happened in the year of 1871, a very eventful year it would seem, only a short 6-years after the end of the American Civil War in 1865.

First, I encountered in my research the short-lived Paris Commune, established on March 28th of 1871, which was a radical socialist, anti-religious and revolutionary government that ruled Paris until it was suppressed by the French army in May of 1871.

What happened in the Paris Commune was closely followed by London resident Karl Marx, who published a pamphlet in June of 1871, called “The Civil War in France,” about the significance of the struggle of the Communards in the Paris Commune.

What we know of as Commune-ism is also known as Marx-ism, and still very much with us today.

Why is that?

The second subject are these graphics I have encountered displaying alleged quotes of Albert Pike’s about World Wars I, II, and III.

The following three quotes that appear to be the military blueprint for three world wars were said to have been contained a letter written Albert Pike to Giuseppe Mazzini in 1871.

I have encountered the quotes and the information about them being from Pike’s letter to Mazzini before, but this is the first time I have encountered a real-life Mazzini, and others, with which to connect the information.

For the First World War, he was talking about the Illuminati overthrowing the Czars and making Russia a fortress of atheistic communism in the same year Karl Marx first wrote about Communism with regards to the Paris Commune. 

Coincidence?

For the Second World, he talked about taking advantage of the differences between Fascists and Zionists; destroying Nazism; Zionism creating Israel, and Communism being strong enough to control Christendom.

And for the Third World War, the Illuminati taking advantage of the differences between Zionist and Islamic leaders so they mutually destroy each other.

Any of this sound familiar to what we know in the present-day?

It does to me.

Could all of these conflicts, at least since the American Civil War, and maybe even the Crimean War and other wars of the 19th-century, been planned, even scripted out, for the Controller’s desired outcome, which was world control and domination?

Also, 1871 was the year the U. S. Congress passed the “District of Columbia Organic Act,” which repealed the charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and established a new territorial government for the District of Columbia.

This created a single municipal government for the federal district, which was incorporated, defined as the process of “constituting a company, city, or other organization as a legal corporation.”

Thus the 1871 U. S. Corporation was born, which opened the door for ownership by foreign interests.

I am passionate about trying to find out how we got to the craziness of the world we live in today from what was originally a very advanced, integrated, and harmonious world civilization…when it was the Old World Order and not the New World Order.

Hopefully I have been able to shine some light on this vast subject of what might have taken place here that is available to find in a search, that in some way, shape, and form provides a plausible explanation for how we might have gotten to this point.

Did you know that the famous American author, Jack London, was also a Socialist?

And that he published a book in 1908 called “The Iron Heel,” about the rise of an oligarchic tyranny in the United States.

An oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.

The story-line emphasized future changes in society and politics, and not technological changes. It is called a dystopian novel, meaning characterized by mass poverty, public mistrust and suspicion, a police state or oppression.

They have actually been telling us in a disguised way all along because they are required to tell us what they are doing in order to gain our consent because of our Free Will…

…so they have to managed to convince us that handing over our freedom is our own idea.

See how that works?!!

They have been working on getting us to this place for a very long time, but they have lost control of the narrative, no matter how hard they try to get it back!

I have noticed a recurring pattern coming up in my research, which is that of finding German entrepreneurs and settlements dating from the 19th-century whenever I have researched cities situated along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

This has piqued my interest and I am going to look specifically for historical German influences found in cities specifically along these two rivers.

While some of what I will include in this two-part video series is from previous research, much will be from new research.

What we are told is that in the decade from 1845 to 1855, more than a million Germans fled to the United States to escape economic hardship…

…and that altogether over 7 1/2-million immigrants came the United States between 1820 to 1870, primarily from Ireland and China.

Many of the German immigrants were said to have had enough money to journey to the midwest in search of farmland and work, unlike the Irish and Chinese who typically ended up in large cities on the coast in low-paying, menial jobs.

The Germans sought to escape the political unrest caused by riots, rebellion, and the Revolutions of 1848.

The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe that year.

The Revolutions had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, and was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, with 50 countries being affected.

The most important of these revolutions were in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries

There are some things I would like to point out about the Mississippi River and Nile River before I jump into the subject matter I have chosen to investigate in this post.

I have drawn a red line on this world map to demonstrate that there is a straight, west-to-east, linear relationship between the location of the Mississippi River Delta, and that of the Nile River Delta.

The Mississippi River, also known as the “Father of Waters,” flows southward 2,320 miles, or 3,730 kilometers…

…from its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota, not far from Lake Superior, and the Great Lakes Region of North America…

…to the Mississippi Delta in southeastern Louisiana.

The Nile River, also known as the “Father of African Rivers,” and along with its major tributary, the White Nile, is 4,130 miles, or 6,650 kilometers, long.

The source of the White Nile is Lake Victoria, in what is called the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa.

The source of the Blue Nile is Lake Tana, a sacred lake in Ethiopia, and it joins the White Nile to become the Nile at Khartoum, the capital of Sudan.

From Khartoum, the Nile flows northward to the Nile Delta.

Here is a side-by-side comparison of the Mississippi River and the Nile River…

…as well as what the Mississippi River Delta and the Nile River Delta look like together in person.

This is an aerial view of the Mississippi Delta, which is on the southeastern coast of Louisiana, showing many geometric and straight channels…

…and the same type of straight, geometric channels are also found in the Nile Delta.

I am going to first look at the Mississippi River Valley…

…with a starting point of New Orleans, located a short-distance northwest of the Mississippi River delta region…

…and what I found out was that there was a substantial German contribution to the New Orleans economy in the 19th-century…

…where apparently before the American Civil War, New Orleans was the largest German colony below the Mason-Dixon line.

The Mason-Dixon Line was a line of demarcation between the northern states and southern states surveyed in 1760s, before the Civil War.

Let me be clear right from the start.

This work will expose evidence of a Hidden Hand…

…of a small number of related, elitist family bloodlines, hiding in different nationalities and religions, along with other allies, to carry out their plans for complete power and control over the world.

We are told that German immigrants started arriving in New Orleans from the time it was founded in 1718.

It is interesting for me to note that 1717 is the exact mid-point year between 1492 and 1942, boundary years for what I believe was a 3D-timeloop that was created by negative beings to hijack the original positive timeline Humanity was on.

Everything was grafted on to the existing infrastructure on the planet, and falsely attributed in the new historical narrative.  The world history we have been taught is filled with war and violence, death and destruction, which was not our original evolutionary path.

There are 450 years in between 1492 and 1942, and halfway, at 225 years is 1717.

In that same year, the Premier Grand Lodge of England – the first Free-Mason Grand Lodge – was founded in London on June 24th, 1717.

This star-city depiction of New Orleans was circa 1763.

We are told that the construction of St. Mary’s Assumption Church was completed in 1860 for the expanding number of German Catholics settling in the Lower Garden section of the city…

…and apparently St. Alphonsus, not far from St. Mary’s Assumption Church, was completed in 1857 for the burgeoning Irish Catholic immigrant population, in New Orleans Lower Garden section as well.

There was an explosion of parentless children in the 19th-century, and New Orleans was no exception to this occurrence.

In addition to the German Protestant Orphanage, established in 1867, and the German Evangelical Lutheran Bethlehem Orphanage, established in the 1880s, there was a whole host of orphanages and houses of refuge in New Orleans:

…with countless children of all ages institionalized in palatial residences…why all of the kids??

Along with the explosion of parentless children in the 19th-century, there was the systematic introduction of hard liquor and beer into the adult population occurring at the same time, starting as early as 1830 with the establishment of Teacher’s Scotch Whiskey in Scotland.

I already know we will come to many examples in this post of the development of breweries and distilleries in the 19th-century….starting in New Orleans, at one time the biggest, beer-brewing city in the South.

The Jackson Brewery in New Orleans, known by the shortened version of Jax, was established in 1890 by Lawrence Fabacher, and in business until the 1970s, after which time it was converted into a shopping mall.

The Dixie Brewery was established in 1907 by Valentine Merz, and is still business as a brewery as of 2019, though the original building was severely damaged in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina, and never re-opened.

…and the Falstaff Brewery, operating in New Orleans between 1936 and 1978…

…and the building was later repurposed for apartment living-space.

There’s a lot more of all things German to find in New Orleans, so I will just mention a few more before I go up the Mississippi River to find more examples.

Kolb’s Restaurant was established by Conrad Kolb in 1899, and closed its doors in 1994…

…the Jung Hotel on Canal Street was said to have been constructed between 1927 and 1928..

…and the Hotel Grunewald, a 504-room hotel, said to have been built by German immigrant Louis Grunewald in 1893 and now known as The Roosevelt New Orleans of the Waldorf-Astoria hotel chain.

There is much more here to find, but I have a lot of ground yet to cover, so I am going to move on from New Orleans.

Immediately after leaving New Orleans, I stumbled upon the German Coast in my research, a region of early Louisiana German settlement along the Mississippi River comprised of the present-day Acadiana, or French Louisiana, parishes of St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, and St. James.

German immigrants were settled along this Mississippi River region in 1718 by John Law and the Company of the Indies.

I am going to digress from the German focus of this post for a moment because I believe this information about John Law and the Company of the Indies is a signifcant finding.

John Law was a Scottish gambler-turned-economist & banker who served as Controller-General of Finances for his friend, Phillipe II, the Duke of Orleans, regent for the juvenile Louis XV of France.

After escaping prison and execution in London for killing an opponent in a duel in 1694, he fled to the European continent and travelled for ten years.

He continued to make good money from gambling and made acquaintances that were useful to him later, like the Duke of Orleans.

While he was in the Netherlands, he studied the Amsterdam Exchange Bank and the Dutch East India Company, also known as the VOC.

The Dutch East India Company was the world’s most valuable company of all-time, worth $7.9-trillion as a stand-alone company.

Law was intrigued by these things working together: bankers accepting shares as collateral for loans, and conversely, borrowing to buy new shares, in an interaction between the stock market and lenders that produced a new kind of economy.

With these ideas, Law devised a system based on paper-money, and within which he was convinced that in order for an economy to work well, credit was necessary.

In his book, Money and Trade Considered, he used terms like money supply, inflation, and the relationship between money and labor, as well as taxation being applied across all socioeconomic levels.

His proposals were rejected by the Scottish Parliament, but the Duke of Orleans was prepared to give it a go.

In 1716, John Law set-up a public bank in France known as the General Private Bank, issuing paper money against deposits of gold and silver.

It met with success, and in 1717, the French government approved Law’s proposal to merge a number of existing businesses under the name Company of the Indies, which was also known as the Mississippi Company, comprising a vast area of eight states which at that time belonged to France, and Law became the Company’s Chief Director in 1718.

The Mississippi Company acquired important monopolies in the tobacco trade, exclusive trading rights in Louisiana, the Mississippi River Valley, China, East India, and South America.

The General Private Bank became the Royal Bank in 1718, which meant that the bank-notes were guaranteed by the king.

The key to the Bank Royale agreement was that France’s National Debt would be paid by the revenues coming from the opening of the Mississippi Valley.

The Mississippi Company boomed on paper, however it only took 2 years for the the bubble to burst in 1720.

What does all of this have to do with the today?

I am seeing the underpinnings of everything.

For one thing, all of this certainly sounds like the genesis of the financial and economic system under which the world has been operating for quite some time.

For another, it illustrates one of the mechanism by which the New World Order was created from the Old World Order, the Earth’s original ancient, advanced civilization and control of the financial system and resources was undertaken, as well as everything everything else, in this New World.

It is interesting to note that the original Ouachita National Bank opened in Monroe, Louisiana, in 1906.

Before closing in 1933, the Ouachita National Bank printed six different types of national currency, and moved twice, during that 27-year-period.

Monroe was the ancient Imperial Seat of the Washitaw Empire, in an area known as Washitaw Proper.

Known as the Mound Builders of Mu and the Ancient Ones, the Washitaw Mu’urs were formally recognized by the United Nations in 1993 as the “Oldest Indigenous Civilization on Earth.”

Watson Brake is an archeological site in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, dated to 5,400 years ago, and is the oldest earthwork mound complex in North America, acknowledged to be older than the Egyptian Pyramids and Stonehenge in England.

It is located on private land, so is not available for public viewing.

Stonehenge, which has an earthwork very similar to Watson Brake around its perimeter, according to what we are told, dates from starting at 3,100 BC, about 5,100 years ago.

The next place I am going to look at in the Mississippi River Valley is Baton Rouge, the capital of Louisiana.

The modern history of Baton Rouge dates to 1721, and it became the state capital in 1849.

On another side-note, it is interesting to note that the old Louisiana State Capitol building, called a castle, was said to have been constructed by 1847 and 1852…

…and since 1990, serves as the “Museum of Political History.”

It was replaced as the State Capitol Building by this one, with its construction said to have been completed in 1931, which would have been during the Great Depression.

The German community in Baton Rouge was said to have its origins in Pennsylvania German settlers, the name given to immigrants from modern-day Germany, The Netherlands, and Switzerland.

These particular German settlers came from Bayou Manchac after flooding in the 1780s…

…in search of higher ground to live along a line bluffs south of Baton Rouge, and came to be known locally as “Dutch Highlanders.”

We are told Baton Rouge’s historic Highland Road was established as a supply road for the indigo and cotton plantations of the early settlers.

Today, Highland Road is where you find luxury homes and high-end real estate in Baton Rouge.

Highland Road is known as the “Miracle Mile” between Louisiana State University…

…where there are two mounds believed to be more than 5,000 years old, and along with Watson Brake, considered to be part of the oldest mound system in North America.

…and the Country Club of Louisiana.

One of my first a-ha’s in my awareness of the advanced ancient civilization that was hidden in the landscape all around us was the realization that golf courses were a cover-up of mound-sites – just carve out the top of a mound, and voila, you have a bunker…

… and the existence of two acknowledged ancient mound sites at Louisiana State University across town from the Country Club of Louisiana just underscores that belief for me.

The next place we come to in the Lower Mississippi Valley is Natchez in Mississippi…

…named for the Natchez people, a matrilineal kinship society who inhabited the region historically before the arrival of Europeans.

One of the largest mounds in North America is Emerald Mound, located on the Natchez Trace Parkway near Stanton, Mississippi, and served as one of the main ceremonial centers for the Natchez people prior to European contact.

The Natchez Bluffs and Under-the-Hill Historic District is bounded roughly by South Canal Street, Broadway, and the Mississippi River.

There are some interesting things to point out in this location.

Fort Rosalie was nearby on South Canal Street.

If there was once a canal here, there is not one any longer.

No longer standing, Fort Rosalie was said to have been built in 1716 when it was part of the French Colonial Empire.

Fort Rosalie was situated close to the main ceremonial center known as the Grand Village of the Natchez.

The Natchez Bluffs running alongside of the Mississippi River most definitely don’t even look close to a natural feature…

…yet there is nothing I can find to say that it was man-made.

This is Natchez’ Under-the-Hill District, with its mud-flooded appearance.

Did I find a historical German presence in Natchez?

I most certainly did.

While there had been some early arrivals in the late 1700s, the German-Jewish community in Natchez started to organize in the 1840s, many of whom opened retail stores in the Under-the-Hill District.

Interesting there would be a cotton boll in the Star of David picture here.

Apparently, according to an 1858 survey, 8-out-of-12 Jewish businesses in Natchez traded in clothing or dry-goods, merchants like Aaron Beekman.

After the Civil War, the Natchez Jewish community continued to grow in size and prominence.

It is interesting to note there was a Monsanto Chemical Company connection to Natchez.

The Monsanto brothers Benjamin and Jacob were from a Sephardic Jewish slave-trading family originating in Spain, ended up coming to live in Natchez.

Benjamin Monsanto, a slave-holder-and-seller, purchased the cotton-producing Glenfield Plantation in 1787.

A Natchez Monsanto descendent by the name of Olga Mendez Monsanto married John Francis Queeny, who founded the Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis in 1901 and named it after his wife’s family.

“Monsanto” means sacred or holy mountain in Spanish and Portuguese.

The first product the Monsanto Chemical Company manufactured was saccharine, which Queeny sold to the Meyer Brothers Drug Company in St. Louis.

Monsanto was acquired by the German multinational Bayer Pharmaceutics and Life Sciences Company after gaining United States and EU regulatory approvals on June 7th of 2018 for $66-billion in cash, and Monsanto’s name is no longer used.

Natchez is considered to have the greatest concentration of splendid antebellum mansions in the United States.

The Longwood Mansion, also known as “Nutt’s Folly,” is the largest octagonal house in the United States at 30,000-square-feet, or almost 2,800-square-meters, and six floors.

Said to have been built by local cotton-planter Haller Nutt, who was said to have wanted something unusual for his family home and was intrigued by octagonal homes.

He decided to build it in 1860 to replace his first home and started construction shortly after.

Estimates of as many as one million bricks were made for this house.

Then the Civil War started and construction was halted after only the first floor was completed.

The family moved in with the intention that they would return to complete the house after the war was over.

Work halted in 1861 with only nine rooms on the basement floor completed.

Haller died at the age of only 48 from pneumonia.

His wife was Julia was left to raise their eleven children in poverty in the lower level of the home.

After the last child who lived here passed away, the home was sold to Kelly MacAdams in 1968 for $200,000.

She repaired the home for two years, leaving the upper levels unfinished to show what war can do.

She gave the home to a local association, the Pilgrimage Garden Club, with the agreement that the home would never be finished.

The colonnaded onion dome of Longwood Mansion…

…reminds me of the one at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut…

…and the one at the Pena National Palace in Sintra, Portugal.

Something tells me the Master Builder ancestors of the enslaved people working the plantations for the wealthy land-owners were the ones that built all of the splendid mansions….

The next place I am going to look at is Vicksburg in Mississippi, the county seat of Warren County, and located roughly half-way between Memphis and New Orleans at the confluence of the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers.

We are told French colonists were the first Europeans to settle the area, which was part of the historical territory of the Natchez people, and it was the French who built Fort St. Pierre in 1719…

…on high-bluffs at Redwood on the Yazoo River.

Perhaps Vicksburg is best-known for the Vicksburg Campaign and Siege during the American Civil War, which took place between 1862 and 1863, and at the end of which the Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant captured the Confederate stronghold of the port of Vicksburg and divided the Confederacy.

Along with the Battle of Gettysburg in July of 1863, it was considered a turning-point in the American Civil War.

We are told that after the Vicksburg National Military Park was established in 1899, the nation’s leading architects and sculptors were commissioned to honor the soldiers and sailors from their respective states that fought in the Vicksburg campaign, leading it to be called the “Art Park of the World” with more than 1,400 monuments found throughout the park.

Like the Mississippi Memorial…

…the Michigan Memorial…

…and the Illinois State Memorial.

The Vicksburg National Military Park also hosts the USS Cairo, one of seven river ironclads named after towns along the Upper Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

The Shirley House is said to be the only-surviving wartime structure inside the Vicksburg National Military Park.

This is a wartime picture of the Shirley House circa 1863, with what is described as the camp of the 45th Illinois Infantry behind it.

But there are things going on in this photo that don’t make sense to me.

Why all the digging and entrances?

Apparently during the Siege of Vicksburg, the people of the city dug caves into the sides of hills to get out of harm’s way from the hail of iron that was coming their way from Union forces.

A possible explanation…but is it plausible?

This photo was notated as Union soldiers on the lawn of the Warren County Courthouse after the siege.

It was said to have been constructed between 1858 and 1860.

Interesting to note the contrast between the size of the soldiers and that of the courthouse.

Considered to be Vicksburg’s most historic structure, a museum is operated within the old courthouse today.

The mud-flooded-looking Washington Hotel in Vicksburg was said to have been used as a military hospital during the Civil War.

There was a castle in Vicksburg which was said to have been built in the 1850s, including a moat, but it was destroyed by the Union Army and the site turned into an artillery battery.

I just wanted to set the stage of what the historical narrative tells about Vicksburg.

This is what I found about Vicksburg’s German Jewish community, dating to early in the city’s history.

Back when I was doing research about Monroe in Louisiana, I found Joseph Biedenharn, a German-American businessman from Vicksburg, whose parents immigrated to the United States following the Revolutions of 1848.

Joseph was a candy-maker, the first bottler of coca-cola, and the first to develop an independent network of franchise bottlers to distribute the drink.

This was his original company building in Vicksburg.

He moved his manufacturing and coca-cola bottling operations to Monroe, Louisiana, from Vicksburg, Mississippi in 1913.

The same soft drink that dissolves stuff, like teeth…

…rust…

…unclogs drains…

…and contains Monsanto’s artificial sweeteners in the diet version.

Along with his son, Malcolm and other investors, Joseph Biedenharn bought a crop-dusting business in 1925, added eighteen planes to the fleet, and moved the company headquarters from Macon, Georgia, to Monroe.

Crop-dusting involves the spraying of crops with pesticides and fertilizers, like you know, other Monsanto products!

Also, it is interesting to note that Biedenharn’s crop-dusting business was the origin of Delta Airlines, which was incorporated in December of 1928.

Delta’s headquarters moved from Monroe to Atlanta in 1941.

The next place we come to is Memphis, a city situated on the Chickasaw Bluffs of the Mississippi River…

…in land historically inhabited by the Chickasaw people, one of the five civilized tribes, along with the Cherokee, Seminole, Creek and Choctaw.

The majority of people in the Five Civilized Tribes were removed to Indian Territory in the 1830s, now the State of Oklahoma, after President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Indian Removal Act in 1830, giving him the authority to grant them lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for their ancestral lands.

As a matter of fact, Andrew Jackson, before he was President, along with John Overton and James Winchester, were credited with the founding of Memphis on May 22nd of 1819, and named after the ancient capital of Egypt on the Nile River.

Downtown Memphis is situated on what is called Chickasaw Bluff #4.

This feature in the river across from it caught my attention, so I searched around for what it was called.

I found out that it is called Mud Island River Park…

…at the tip of Mud Island, which is actually a peninsula and not an island.

The Mud Island River Park is accessible by ferry, car, foot and monorail suspension railway.

Mud Island has, among other things, a 5,000-seat amphitheater…

…and a hydraulic scale model of the Lower Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois to New Orleans, Louisiana.

The Memphis Pyramid is nearby…

…with a 1991 construction date given, and it was utilized as sports’ arena, church and entertainment venue until…

…it was converted into a Bass Pro Shops Superstore, which opened in 2015.

I had already encountered the German-Jewish department stores established in Memphis in previous research.

Many customers perceived Goldsmith’s Department Store on Main Street as Memphis’ Greatest Store.

With its beginnings at its Beale Street location, in 1870 the German immigrant Goldsmith brothers, Isaac and Jacob, started doing business in Memphis.

This was the Goldsmith Brothers store on Main Street starting in 1895, and became a true “department store” in 1902, when they arranged merchandise by departments, among the first in the South to do so.

The Kress Department store in Memphis was the first opened in 1896 in what was to become a nationwide chain of five-and-dime stores, and moved to this new location on Main Street, said to have been designed by E. J. T. Hoffman and built in 1927.

In 1980, the Kress Store became McCrory’s and the store finally closed in 1994.

We are told that due to being conscious of the historical significance of the building, the structure was restored and is now a museum.

Elias Lowenstein immigrated to Memphis from Germany in 1854, where he opened Lowenstein’s Department Store, prominent in Memphis for 125-years.

He was a leader in the Memphis Jewish community and contributed liberally, we are told, to rebuilding the city of Memphis after the disastrous yellow fever epidemic in 1878, the worst American outbreak of yellow fever occurring in the Mississippi River Valley that year.

The outbreak originated in New Orleans in the spring and summer of that year, and spread up the Mississippi River and inland.

Yellow fever was so named because of the yellow-ish hue of the skin and eyes it causes, affecting multiple organ systems and causing internal bleeding.

What we are told is that in July of 1878, an outbreak of yellow fever was reported in Vicksburg, so Memphis officials stopped travel to the city from the safe.

However, a man from a quarantined steamboat slipped away and went to Kate Bionda’s restaurant in Memphis on August 4th.

He was hospitalized and quarantined the next day and died, and Kate Bionda became Memphis’ first death from yellow fever on August 13th, and from there the yellow-fever infections spread quickly throughout Memphis.

We are told unequivocally mosquitoes were the carriers of yellow fever.

Elias Lowenstein was said to have built his mansion in 1891, called one of the most important Victorian Romanesque mansions in Memphis, and one of the finest of its style in the South.

This is an illustration of the original Lowenstein’s Department Store in Memphis, said to have been built in 1886, with its classic mud flood feature of the slanted pavement from the ground-level windows in front of the building, to the not-ground-level windows with the slant of the pavement, and showing dirt -covered streets as well.

The original Lowenstein’s Department Store building, vacated by the Lowensteins in the 1920s, was first taken over by a furniture company who eventually moved out in 1980, and the building sat vacant for 30-years. It was saved from demolition and today houses apartment and retail space.

New Madrid is next, the seat of New Madrid County on the Missouri side of the Mississippi River’s Kentucky Bend…

…and best-known for the New Madrid Earthquakes, three of which in the winter of 1811 and 1812 were estimated to be the largest earthquakes ever recorded in the United States, that the USGS estimated were between 7 and 8 on the Richter Scale.

The first large one took place on December 16th of 1811; the second one on January 23rd of 1812; and the third large one on February 7th of 1812.

Descriptions of what happened during the first one included rolling ground; uprooted trees; huge chasms opening up and swallowing whatever was above; the Mississippi River flowing backwards; and general pandemonium from frightened people.

The series of earthquakes in the New Madrid region dramatically affected the landscape, causing bank failures along the Mississippi River; destroyed entire communities; caused landslides along the Chickasaw Bluffs in Tennessee and Kentucky; large tracts of land subsided on the Mississippi flood plain; and liquified subsurface sediment spread over a large area at great distances.

Liquefaction was described as widespread and severe.

Sand blows, described as large sandy deposits resulting from an eruption of water and sand to the ground surface, formed over an area of 4,015-square-miles, or 10,400-square-kilometers.

Well, this would certainly explain the mud-flooded appearance of places I have found along the Mississippi River as that is what the liquefaction of earth results in.

This is a photograph of soil liquefaction that occurred during the 7.5 magnitude earthquake that occurred on September 28th of 2018 on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia.

St. Francis Sunken Lands Wildlife Management Area in northeastern Arkansas today sank during the New Madrid earthquakes, turning once fertile and abundant landscape into a swamp.

It is interesting to note that after all of this devastation, it took three-years to get federal action on disaster relief for the region with the onset of the War of 1812.

Congress finally approved $50,000 for the New Madrid Relief Act on February 17th of 1815, making it the nation’s first disaster relief of its kind.

The Act provided that anyone who lost land due to the earthquake was eligible to receive between 160 and 640 “like acres” of land elsewhere in Missouri.

What we are told ended up happening was land agents arriving in the area to buy up the acreage and conned many New Madrid residents, offering them pennies on the dollar, and speculators subsequently claimed the new lands, and that of the 516 certificates issued by Congress, only 20 went to New Madrid residents, with most being held by people in St. Louis.

In the years following, the fertile flood-plain land was developed for growing cotton.

Today, New Madrid is the second-leading producer of cotton in the State of Missouri, and the percentage of organic farming in New Madrid County indicates none.

One more thing before leaving New Madrid.

This signage about the New Madrid earthquakes explaining that the city was destroyed and very few people died because the population was sparse.

This is the New Madrid County Courthouse today, said to have been built in 1915 and 1919 in Classical Greek Revival style.

The next place we come to on the Mississippi River is St. Louis, the second largest city in Missouri after Kansas City.

Prior to European settlement, St. Louis was a hub of the original Mississippean Civilization, with Cahokia Mounds in the area being a major regional center.

For purposes of comparison, this is a photo of a tree- and soil-covered mound at Teotihuacan, outside of Mexico City, that was taken in 1832.

These next two photos were taken of Teotihuacan in 1905, a few years prior to the beginning of the first major excavations of the site.

Here’s a comparison on the left of Monk’s Mound at Cahokia on the left and the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan on the right with all of the ground cover removed, with similar stairways and directional orientation.

There were numerous major earthworks inside the St. Louis City boundaries, which was nicknamed “The Mound City,” that were mostly destroyed during the city’s development.

These photos document the destruction what was called “Big Mound” in St. Louis in 1869.

In an 1819 land survey, Army engineers counted twenty-five mounds from Biddle Street north to Mound Street, east of Broadway, and north of LaClede’s Landing.

In another comparison with Teotihuacan, there was an extensive pyramid-temple complex there.

I am going to give one example in St. Louis of German-Jewish business practices because it is a comprehensive example of what has taken place here.

The Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. This is a post card of it from the 1930s.

Today the company employs over 30,000 people, and operates twelve breweries in the United States.

It was founded as the Bavarian Brewery in 1852 by George Schneider, but financial problems forced him to sell the brewery to various owners during the late 1850s, one of which Eberhard Anheuser, a prosperous soap and candle-maker.

The name of the brewery became E. Anheuser & Company in 1860.

A wholesaler who had immigrated from Germany to St. Louis in 1857, Adolphus Busch, became Eberhard Anheuser’s son-in-law in 1861.

He was the twenty-first of twenty-two children in a family that did well financially selling winery and brewery supplies in Mainz-Kastel in Wiesbaden, in Germany’s State of Hesse.

After serving in the Union Army during the American Civil War for six months, Adolphus Busch returned to St. Louis and began working for the brewery.

Soon he became a partner, and served as company secretary until his father-in-law died in 1880, at which time he became president of the business.

During the 1870s, Adolphus Busch had toured Europe to study changes in brewing methods at the time. In particular he was interested in the pilsner beer of the town of Budweis, located in what is now the Czech Republic.

In 1876, he introduced Budweiser…

…and 1876 was the same year he introduced refrigerated railroad cars to transport beer.

By 1877, the company owned a fleet of 40 refrigerated railroad cars.

Expanding the company’s distribution range led to increased demand for their products, and the company expanded its facilities in St. Louis during the 1870s.

Busch implemented pasteurization in 1878 as a way to keep beer fresh for a longer period of time.

He established the St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company in 1878, and by 1888, the company owned 850 cars.

In addition to refrigeration and pasteurization, Busch adopted vertical integration as a business practice, in which he bought all the components of his business, from bottling factories to ice-manufacturing plants to buying the rights from Rudolf Diesel to manufacture all diesel engines in America.

This illustration was of the Bevo Bottling Facility in St. Louis.

Vertical integration is where the supply chain of a company is owned by the company. It secures the supplies need by the company to produce its product, and the market needed to sell it. It is also a way to consolidate control over production and increase profits for the company. It was a common practice during this era.

He also founded the Manufacturers Railway Company in 1887, which operated until 2011.

Adolphus Busch died in 1913.

A text-book case of how to accumlate immense wealth, his net worth $60 million in US dollars at the time of his death.

The Busch Entertainment Corporation, which was founded in 1959, became SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment in 2009 with its sale to the Blackstone Group, an American multinational private equity, asset management, and financial services firm based in New York City.

Now, I am going to take a look at the Ohio River Valley Basin, starting at Cairo, Illinois.

The city of Cairo, Illinois, was located at the southernmost point in Illinois, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

I say was because today, Cairo is empty and deserted, and considered a ghost town.

In its heyday, Cairo was an important city along the steamboat routes and railway lines. 

Here is a comparison of the appearance of the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers on the top left with the confluences of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis in the top middle; the Blue Nile and White Nile near Khartoum, in the African country of Sudan on the top right; the Raccoon and Des Moines Rivers near Des Moines, Iowa, on the bottom left; and at the Six Rivers National Forest in Eureka, California on the bottom right.

Is nature responsible for the striking similarities, or are we looking at something else here?

Fort Defiance was situated right where the two waterways come together.

It has Illinois State Park status, and in lieu of an actual fort, it displays historic signage, with no fort in sight.

It was said to have been constructed under the direction of Union General Ulysses S. Grant in order to gain strategic access to the rivers.

Southern Illinois where Cairo is referred to as “Little Egypt.”

It is geographically near Thebes, Makanda, and Carbondale in Illinois and is just down the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri.

Like Cairo, Thebes was said to have been named for the Egyptian city of the same name, and is perhaps best-known for the Thebes Bridge, a five-span cantilever truss railroad bridge said to have been built for the Union Pacific Railroad and opened for use in 1905.

Construction of the Thebes Bridge was said to have started in 1902…

…and the bridge was said to have been designed by civil engineer Ralph Modjeski, a pre-eminent bridge designer in the United States.

The Giant City State Park is in nearby Makanda, Illinois.

The City of Makanda used the slogan “Star of Egypt” in the early 20th-century.

Makanda was once a major shipping hub for Chicago on the Illinois Central Railroad for fruits and vegetables.

The city of Carbondale in Illinois, just a short-distance north of Makanda, is the home of Southern Illinois University…

…and is in the crossing point of the paths of totality of both the 2017 and the 2024 solar eclipses.

Were Egyptians, and Hebrews for that matter, in actual fact, already long-established in America, and not imported from somewhere else?

Back to Cairo.

In the 2010 census, there were 2,831 people listed as still living here, though most of the businesses are gone and its buildings in a state of decay.

I am not finding references for historical German influences here, but that doesn’t mean there weren’t any and as we continue along the Ohio River from here, I know the influences will be there from past research.

One more thing before I leave abandoned Cairo for the next city along the river.

The English novelist Charles Dickens visited Cairo, Illinois in 1842.

Dickens created some of the world’s best known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian-era.

He was said not to have been impressed with Cairo, and that the nightmare city of Eden was based on Cairo in his novel “Martin Chuzzlewit,” which was published in serial form between 1842 and 1844.

Martin Chuzzlewit is the story of the trials and adventures of a young architect of the same name, who ends up in America from England with travelling companion Mark Tapley to seek their fortunes.

In New York, Martin purchased land “sight unseen” on a “major American river,” having been told that the place would need an architect for new building projects.

When they arrived at Eden/Cairo, what they found instead was a swampy, disease-filled settlement, virtually empty of people and buildings as previous settlers had died, and both Martin and Mark got ill from malaria while they were there.

They recover from their illnesses and return to England, where Martin ultimately reconciles with his family.

I have explored the idea in past posts that the Literature and Art of the 19th- and 20th-centuries were programming devices.

Many of these authors were required reading in secondary-school English classes, and many of their books were also turned into movies.

I think famous authors like Charles Dickens, Leo Tolstoy, Jack London, Mark Twain, and John Steinbeck were giving shape and form to the new historical narrative in our collective minds.

Was the old Cairo Custom House actually built between 1869 and 1872…

…or did someone just stick a plaque telling us what to believe?

The next place we come to is Paducah in Kentucky, at the confluence of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers.

Once upon a time it was the location of Fort Anderson, called a Union Army fortification built in 1861, the same year as Fort Defiance back in Cairo was said to have been built.

Also like Fort Defiance, it no longer stands, and the only memory of its existence is Historical Marker 828 at the place where it once stood.

Paducah was first incorporated in 1830, and its port facilities made it an important location for steamships and river commerce.

The railroad arrived in Paducah in the 1850s and that it became an important railway hub for the Illinois Central Railroad, which connected major cities both north-and-south, and east-and-west.

German-Jewish businessmen started arriving in Paducah in the 1840s, and then in greater numbers after the railroad came on the scene.

They dominated the local whiskey business as well.

In 1890, Joseph Friedman and his brother-in-law John Keiler started a distillery and wholesale whiskey business in 1890, with the distillery becoming one of the largest in the country.

Another one who got his start in the whiskey business in Paducah was Isaac Wolfe Bernheim, a German-born businessman who started the I. W. Harper brand of bourbon whiskey along with his brother in Louisville, Kentucky.

I found good examples of subliminal advertising in these ads for I. W. Harper Whiskey, which is “always a pleasure,” and “America’s Finest” and associated with patriotic symbolism.

Isaac W. Bernheim established the location for the Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest south of Louisville in 1929 on land he was said to have purchased at the bargain-basement price of $1/acre because it had been strip-mined for iron ore.

When I was looking for photographs of the Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest, I found these giant wooden trolls there that people seem to love to pose with.

I myself find the imagery they evoke to be on the very disturbing side.

Apparently they were made from recycled wood by Danish artist Thomas Dambo, and have been on the grounds since 2019.

A few more things back in Paducah before I move on.

Paducah has had major flooding three times resulting in enormous amounts of property damage and loss of life – in 1884, 1913, and 1937.

Here is one photo of the 1884 Paducah flood…

…and another that I found that is one of those creepy, staged-looking photographs with the words “stage of water” even mentioned on this one that I find from time to time…

…like the ones that I found in Nelson County Virginia on the Orange and Alexandria bridge…

…this one taken in Trenton, New Jersey sometime in the 1870s…

…and this one taken in front of the Machinery Hall in Cincinnati at the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and the Central States.

The American German National Bank of Paducah printed currency between 1872 and 1910…

…though they didn’t make that distinction on the actual currency notes.

Lastly, twenty blocks of Paducah’s downtown have been designated as a historic district, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The next stop on the Ohio River is Evansville, the largest city in southern Indiana and a hub for everything in the region…

…as well as the seat of Vanderburgh County.

This is the Old Vanderburgh County Courthouse, said to have been built between 1888 and 1890.

The city of Evansville was said to have been founded in 1812, and incorporated in 1817.

It is interesting to note that Evansville was founded around the same time of the New Madrid earthquakes.

Evansville is not geographically distant from New Madrid, Missouri, being only 144-miles, or 232-kilometers, apart from each other.

New Madrid is best-known for the New Madrid Earthquakes, three of which in the winter of 1811 and 1812 were estimated to be the largest earthquakes ever recorded in the United States, that the USGS estimated were between 7 and 8 on the Richter Scale, and which created widespread devastation through the region.

The Wabash and Erie Canal was said to have been built starting in 1832…

…and its construction completed by 1853, between Toledo, Ohio, and Evansville.

…but we are told the canal was already made obsolete with the opening of the Evansville & Crawfordsville Railroad to Terre Haute was opened that same year, and only two flat barges made the entire trip.

Lumber Baron John Augustus Reitz immigrated from Germany to America to seek his fortune at the age of 21 in 1863.

He eventually found work in a sawmill in Evansville, and in 1856 opened his own sawmill with his sons on Pigeon Creek, and became one of the largest in the area.

Evansville was the largest hardwood market in the country from 1845 to 1885.

Besides the lumber industry, Reitz was involved in banking and the railroad as well, organizing the Crescent City Bank and incorporating the Evansville, Carmi and Paducah Railroad which later became the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.

So John A. Reitz was a very busy and wealthy man.

The Reitz Home in Evansville is now a Victorian House museum, and considered to be one of the finest examples of the French Second Empire-style architecture.

He was said to have built the house in 1871, with things like hand-painted ceilings, intricately-patterned hand-laid wood parquet floors, stained glass windows, and French gilt chandeliers.

John A. Reitz was said to have been a devout Roman Catholic in the biographical references I looked at, but I wanted to see if there as a possibility he was actually Jewish.

Well, I found there is a possibility when I looked up the origin of the family name.

Known for his philanthropic activities, John A. Reitz was said to have been a big contributor to the construction and maintenance of Evans Hall, a building solely dedicated to temperance.

The Temperance Movement was called a social movement against the consumption of alcohol, and typically criticized alcohol consumption and emphasized alcohol’s negative effects on people’s health, personalities, and lives, in many cases demanding the complete prohibition of it.

Interesting that there would be a building dedicated to temperance in a community with a robust beer-making industry.

Apparently by the year of 1862, there were sixteen breweries already, and the first one to have been set up was taken over by brewmaster John Hartmetz in 1877.

It eventually became a large regional brewery with a national reputation for quality with regards to its famous Sterling beer brand.

Not only was there was an alcohol industry in Evansville, there was also a cigar industry.

The Fendrich Cigar Company became the largest independent cigar factory in the world, at its peak producing 100-million cigars each year.

The Fendrich Brothers immigrated first to Baltimore in America in 1833 from a part of Germany with a history of cigar-making.

They started in the tobacco and cigar business in the 1840s, and in 1855 moved their company headquarters to Evansville.

There was a good-sized German-Jewish presence in Evansville from its beginnings as well.

There were a number of big fires in Evansville’s history.

The Main Street fire of January 3rd of 1951 blazed through the city’s central retail hub, destroying almost all of the Main Street landmarks, some of which are shown here in a photograph that was taken a few weeks before the fire.

Before I leave Evansville, I want to take a look at Angel Mounds.

The site named after the Angel family who purchased the farmland they are on starting in 1852.

This sounds just like the magnificent mound-building civilization of North America being named the Hopewell Culture in 1891, after a family who owned the land that the Hopewell Mound Group earthworks were located on in Ross County, Ohio, and not having any connection made in the name with the indigneous people of this continent.

The Angel Mounds site included six large platform mounds, five small mounds, at least one large plaza, and palisaded walls.

The moundbuilders are typically-depicted like this, wearing loin-cloths and living in thatched huts.

I counted 21 cities on my map of the Ohio River Valley at the beginning of this post, so I am going to hit the highlights from just a few more of the cities as there is so much to find here it would take me forever to finish this.

Then I will summarize and expand on my findings at the end.

Next I am going to look at the Louisville area on the border with the state of Indiana.

Founded in 1778 on the Ohio River, Louisville is one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians, and the settlement was said to have grown as a portage site for Ohio River traffic because of the Falls of the Ohio, the only obstruction for river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico.

The Falls of the Ohio were also where Lewis and his crew met up with Clark at what is now Clarkville, Indiana in October of 1803, across the river from Louisville, Kentucky.

…after a keelboat for their expedition was said to have been built to Lewis’ specifications near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the summer of 1803.

The earliest settlements around the Falls of the Ohio are shown here:

Louisville was the destination of the first German immigrants starting around 200 years ago, and by 1850 they represented nearly 20% of the population, said to have influenced every aspect of daily life from politics to art.

By 1854, Louisville Public Schools not only taught German, but classes were taught in English and German.

The Moses & Henry Levy brothers immigrated to America from Germany, in 1853, and opened their first Levy’s Department store in 1861, and then moved to their flagship store after it was said to have been constructed between 1888 and 1893 by prominent Louisville architects Arthur Loomis and Charles Julian Clarke.

The Levy Brothers Building still stands today, is on the National Register of Historic Places, and was renovated to have a restaurant on the first two floors, and apartment units above the restaurant.

Kunz’ The Dutchman Restaurant started out as a wholesale liquor business in 1892, and was a restaurant between 1941 and 1966.

Alcohol that is 100 proof is 50% Alcohol By Volume (ABV) and straight-up flammable.

Alcohol is classified as a depressant because it slows down the Central Nervous System, causing a decrease in motor coordination, reaction time, and cognitive function, and high doses the respiratory system slows down drastically, potentially causing a coma or death.

Founded in 1797 as Brunerstown, by 1870, seventeen-percent of the citizenry of Jeffersonville, Indiana across the river from Louisville, were foreign-born, mostly from Germany.

This is the German-American bank location in Jeffersonville today.

The Butcherville neighborhood of Louisville was so-named because it became the area for butchers and stockyards in Louisville, Kentucky because of its proximity to the Beargrass Creek where animal remains were said to have been dumped.

The Bourbon stockyards were built in 1836, and waves of German immigrants found their way to Butchertown.

The Bourbon Stockyards closed in 1996, after untold millions of animals were led to slaughter here.

The most prominent of the German meat-packers was Henry Fischer, whose Fischer Packing Company still exists today.

The Germantown neighborhood in Louisville was predominately settled by Germans in the mid-1800s as well.

The next place is Cincinnati, located on the northern side of the confluence of the Ohio and Licking Rivers, the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky.

…and it is the seat of Hamilton County, with construction of the present courthouse said to have been completed in 1915.

Cincinnati was booming in the 19th-century, when during the 1800s it was listed among the top ten cities for its population.

During that time, a significant number of German immigrants arrived in Cincinnati.

Mass immigration began in the 1830s with Cincinnati’s boom in the meatpacking and shipping industries.

Ohio farmers brought their live-stock to Cincinnati for processing and shipment to various markets

Meat-packing resulted in tremendous wealth for some, while at the same time workers received little pay for working long-hours without benefits and if they couldn’t keep up the pace, they were simply replaced.

Upton Sinclair published the book “The Jungle” in 1906, which was about the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in Chicago, depicting the working-class poverty, lack of social supports, harsh living and working conditions, health violations and unsanitary practices, and the deeply-rooted corruption of people in power.

While the book’s publication and public outcry surrounding it led to reforms in the meat-packing industry, like the Meat Inspection Act…Upton Sinclair was a socialist, and promoting socialism was another purpose of the book.

Political refugees came to Cincinnati after the 1848 Revolution in the German states.

The Revolutions had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, and was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, with approximately 50 countries being affected.

The most important of these revolutions were in the Habsburg Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries, as well as in France, the Netherlands, and Italy.

Between 1840 and 1850, the German population increased almost ten times, and thirty-percent of Cincinnati’s population was of German stock. by 1860.

It is important to note Cincinnati has the oldest Jewish community west of the Allegheny Mountains.

In 1854, Isaac Mayer Wise became the rabbi of the B’ne Yeshurun Congregation in Cincinnati, and a leader in establishing what became known as American Reform Judaism.

Formerly the Plum Street Temple, the Isaac M. Wise Temple was said to have been erected in a Byzantine-Moorish synagogue architectural style that originated in Germany during the 19th-century for his congregation in 1865, and that it was dedicated in 1866.

Among the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States, in the historical narrative we are given, the year it was built in 1865 was the last year of the Civil War.

Rabbi Isaac M. Wise’s brother-in-law, a publisher named Edward Bloch followed him to Cincinnati in 1854, who helped set up the production-side of the oldest Jewish-American Newspaper in America, “The Israelite,” which was first published in 1854.

Edward Bloch then went on to found the Bloch Publishing Company in Cincinnati, at the time the largest Jewish publisher in the country.

His son Charles moved the headquarters of the company to New York City in 1901.

Rabbi Isaac M. Wise established the “Union of American Hebrew Congregations” for Reform Judaism in Cincinnati in 1873.

Cincinnati’s Over-the-Rhine neighborhood is among the most intact and largest historic districts in the United States.

The name of the neighborhood came from the mostly German immigrants who developed the area in the mid-1800s.

Amongst the districts within the Over-the-Rhein neighborhood is the Brewery District, the heart of Cincinnati’s beer-brewing industry.

It was here that the first German-owned brewery was opened in 1829.

By 1860, there were as many as 36 breweries operating in Cincinnati.

By 1889, there were 13 fewer breweries, bu they were shipping beer the world over, and by 1890, Cincinnati was named the “Beer Capital of the World.”

Some of the members of Cincinnati’s Beer Barons Hall of Fame include:

John Kauffman, who established the Kauffman Brewery in 1844…

…Friedrich and Heinrich Schmidt, who in 1852 founded the Schmidt Brothers Brewery first as the St. Louis Brewery…

…and Christian Moerlein, who established his first brewing company there in 1853, the city’s largest brewery developing into a national and international market.

From Cincinnati, I am going to end in Pittsburgh, and show you several of the cities along the way there without going into detail:

Maysville, seat of Mason County in Kentucky…

…Huntington, the seat of Cabell County in West Virginia…

…Steubenville, the seat of Jefferson County in Ohio…

…and East Liverpool in Columbiana County in Ohio, once called the “Pottery Capital of the United States” due to the large number of potteries in the city at one time, of which only three remain.

I am going to end my journey at Pittsburgh, the largest city in the Ohio River Valley.

This is a view of the “Forks of the Ohio” at present-day Pittsburgh…

…which like Fort Defiance back in Cairo, Illinois, at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers…

…has a star fort presence, in this case Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio River.

During the mid-19th-century, Pittsburgh received a dramatic influx of German immigrants, including the parents of Henry John Heinz, the founder of the condiment-manufacturing H. J. Heinz Company .

By the time of his death in 1919, the H. J. Heinz Company owned over twenty food-processing plants, as well as seed farms and container factories.

Heinz merged with Kraft in 2015 to become the world’s fifth-largest food and beverage company.

At least one biographical reference I found said H. J. Heinz’ parents were Lutheran and he was raised Lutheran, but like with John A. Reitz back in Evansville, Heinz is also listed as an Ashkenazic Jewish family name.

The Pittsburgh Jewish Community starting in 1838, and is known in the broader American Reform Jewish community for the 1885 Pittsburgh Platform that called for Jews to adopt a modern approach to the practice of their faith, though it was never formally adopted by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations.

It contained eight principles, one of which was the recommendation to do away with rabbinical laws that regulate diet, priestly purity, and dress.

Two other of the principles of the “Pittsburgh Platform” I would like to bring forward mention Palestine by name.

One states: “We recognize in the Mosaic legislation a system of training the Jewish people for its mission during its national life in Palestine, and today we accept as binding only its moral laws, and maintain only such ceremonies as elevate and sanctify our lives, but reject all such as are not adapted to the views and habits of modern civilization.”

The other states: “We recognize, in the modern era of universal culture of heart and intellect, the approaching of the realization of Israel’s great Messianic hope for the establishment of the kingdom of truth, justice, and peace among all men. We consider ourselves no longer a nation, but a religious community, and therefore expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws concerning the Jewish state.”

These two principles establish the notion of the physical location of Palestine, presumably in the Middle East, as having been the ancestral homeland of the Jews, but at that time, they considered themselves a religious community with no expectation of returning to Palestine.

Twelve years after the promulgation of the eight principles of the Pittsburgh Platform, the first World Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland in 1897, which was convened by Theodore Herzl for the small minority of Jewry in agreement with the implementation of the Zionist goals.

The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued in November of 1917 addressed to Lord Rothschild, the leader of the British Jewish Community, from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announcing support for “the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people.”

The Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) declaration in its 1937 Columbus Platform of “an affirmation of the obligation of all Jewry to aid in Palestine’s upbuilding as a Jewish homeland…,” and its assertion in the 1976 Centenary Perspective that “we are bound to the newly born State of Israel by innumerable religious and ethnic ties…,” was accepted by the CCAR in the Miami Platform of 1997.

Let’s talk about Zionism now, because the Mormons are Zionists as well, and actually say there was an ancient civilization of Israelites in the Americas.

Among other things in Mormonism, Zion is a metaphor for a unified Society of Latter Day Saints, metaphorically gathered as members of the Church of Christ, and in this sense, any stake of the Church may be referred to as a “Stake of Zion.”

A stake is the name given to administrative units composed of multiple congregations in certain denominations of the Church, like the Palestine Stake of Zion, in Palestine, Illinois.

There is a city named Palestine in Illinois?

It must must have been named after the Palestine in the Middle East, right?

Or is it?

Could there have actually been a place or region called Palestine in America as well?

Then there was what Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement, believed, that the entirety of the Americas was Zion, and that the American tribes were descended from the Hebrew Tribes of Israel.

Was the founding of the Mormon Church what is defined as “Controlled Opposition?”

Controlled Opposition is a strategy in which an individual, organization, or movement is covertly controlled or influenced by a 3rd-party and the controlled entity’s true purpose is something other than its publicly stated purpose.

The controlled entity serves a role of mass deception, surveillance or political/social manipulation. The controlled party is portrayed as being in opposition to the interests of the controlling party.

So it sure looks to me like the early Mormon leaders were also involved in the creation of the new civilization and narrative, as well as Catholic orders like the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries, the Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church and the Royal Houses of Europe…

…and their secret activities involved with the creation of the New World Order were carried out with the involvement of the highest echelons of secret societies including the Freemasons, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias, and the Skull and Bones Society.

The definition of Zionism as an international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel.

I think Zionism is the vehicle by which the world’s controllers, known by names such as the Illuminati, Cabal, Globalist elite, and Bilderbergers that planned and executed the corporate structure for their global take-over of the world’s finances, resources and people.

They are a small number of related, elitist family bloodlines, hidden in different nationalities and religions, to carry out their plans for world domination.

What was the origin of their Zionist template?

This is the King James Version of Psalm 76:1-2:

¹In Iudah is God knowen: his name is great in Israel. 
²In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Sion. 

The word Salem or Shalom in Hebrew, means “Peace’…

…which the similar sounding word salaam in Arabic also means.

A Tabernacle was a portable sanctuary in the wilderness, and the earthly dwelling-place of God.

On the surface, we are told that “Sion” is the Greek form of “Zion;” denotes Mt. Hermon in Deuteronomy 4: 48, where Mt. Hermon referred to as Mt. Sirion…

…and a hill where King David captured a stronghold, a temple was later built, and later become synonymous with Jerusalem.

I also found a definition of “Sion” as ‘an imaginary place considered to be perfect or ideal.’

The metaphysical meaning of “Sion” is defined thus, with words describing things like high power, virtue, courage and strength:

So, what if the King James Version of Psalm 76:2 of “God’s tabernacle is in Salem, and his dwelling place in Sion” actually means something to the effect of:

“God’s portable sanctuary is in Peace, and his dwelling place in the Highest Ideals,” which could also be applied to each individual Human Being as a “portable sanctuary of peace” striving to live life in the highest manner possible.

The word Zion instead has come to be associated as a place name for Jerusalem, as well as the Jewish homeland, and is not synonymous with Sion, which is a State of Being the people of the original civilization strove for.

What if the Twelve Tribes of Israel were not from a specific location on the Earth, but an integral part of how the original worldwide civilization was laid out?

The following is a summary of some my findings regarding the creation of the world we live in today by focusing my research primarily on German entrepreneurs and settlements in the Mississippi River and Ohio River Valleys.

German-Jewish immigrants starting primarily around 1830 started arriving in cities all along these important waterways, setting up shop, monetizing all available resources through the creation of different industry sectors…

…creating the new economy and financial system…

…and generally laying the groundwork for the New World on top of the original infrastructure of the ancient Moorish Civilization that built everything, which had its origins in Mu, also known as Lemuria.

In my opinion, the infrastructure was dug out of mud flows and/or re-started in order to be able to use whatever form of infrastructure it was, like canals, railroads, and streetcars among many other things, and not built by the people who took the credit for building them.

These businessmen created jobs for which they paid immigrants, not only from Germany but other countries as well, low wages, which was in turn returned to as wealth in the form of payment for goods…

…purchased in their department stores and other shops, among many other ways of increasing wealth by payment.

It is also an interesting side-note that Child Labor Laws didn’t go into effect in the United States until 1938.

Creating an environment filled with the widespread-availability of addictive substances, establishing alcohol- and tobacco-use as socio-cultural norms, which was glamorized in glitzy advertising.

Beautiful old buildings were either intentionally modified, demolished or left abandoned to deteriorate on their own over time.

Following the Mississippi River, I found the origins of the Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis, from which its very first product, Saccharin, was manufactured by the company founder for the Meyer Brothers Drug Company in the same city, and the start of a whole host of poisonous products.

Monsanto was acquired by the German multinational Bayer Pharmaceutics and Life Sciences Company after gaining United States and EU regulatory approvals on June 7th of 2018, and Monsanto’s name is no longer used.

I found this picture of a cotton field in New Madrid County, the second-leading producer of cotton in Missouri, with signage displaying the “Bayer” logo.

I found Joseph Biedenharn originating in Vicksburg, Mississippi, a German-American businessman who was the first bottler of coca-cola, and the first to develop an independent network of franchise bottlers to distribute the drink.

He moved his coke-bottling business to Monroe, Louisiana, in 1913, and he along with his son and other investors, Joseph Biedenharn bought a crop-dusting business in 1925 (for spraying pesticides, which were other product-lines of Monsanto)…

…which was the genesis of Delta Airlines, incorporated in 1928.

And lastly, in following the Ohio River, I found the origins of American Reform Judiasm, which connects directly back to the formation of the Zionist movement as we know it in the 20th-century, in Cincinnati and Pittsburgh.

In conclusion, the same people that don’t want you to believe Henry Kissinger ever said this at the World Health Organization Council on Eugenics on February 5th of 2009…

…want you to believe that “The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion,” first published in Russia in 1903, describing a Jewish plan for global domination, was an anti-semitic forgery.

I want to end this by saying I personally believe the world’s elitist controllers will not get away with all that they have done, and that things are in motion to bring about their Day of Reckoning in the near future.

So far in the National Statuary Hall, from Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, and Arkansas, there have been two journalist/politicians (Bob Bartlett & Ernest Gruening); two military hero/politicians (Joseph Wheeler/Barry Goldwater); a Jesuit missionary (Father Eusebio Kino); one lawyer/politician (James Paul Clarke); one lawyer (Uriah M. Rose); and one disability rights advocate/socialist (Helen Keller).

From California, Colorado, Connecticult and Arkansas, there was an actor/politician (Ronald Reagan); astronaut/politician (Jack Swigert); two Founding Father/Lawyer/politicians – Robert Sherman and Caesar Rodney; a merchant/politician – Jonathan Trumbull; a lawyer/politician (John M Clayton); a Woman Scientist/Public Health Doctor (Florence R. Sabin); and a Franciscan Missionary (St. Junipero Serra).

From Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, and Idaho, there were two physicians – John Gorrie and Crawford Long; two military leaders during the Civil War, Edmund Kirby Smith, who commanded the Trans-Mississippi Theater, and George L. Shoup, a Cavalry leader in Colorado, who later became Governor of Idaho and a U. S. Senator; a lawyer and politician who became Vice-President of the Confederacy, Congressman, and later Governor of the State of Georgia, Alexander H. Stephens; a lawyer and politician who had a 33-year-career in the U. S. Senate, William E. Borah; the founder and ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii, King Kamehameha I; and a Belgian Catholic priest and missionary, who attained Sainthood for his work with the lepers of Hawaii, Father Damien.

So far the count of U. S. politicians in the National Statuary Hall is at 13-out-of-24 statues, once again over half of them, with seven of them being lawyers.

James Shields and Frances Willard represent the State of Illinois in the National Statuary Hall.

James Shields is one of the statues representing the State of Illinois.

He was an Irish-American Democratic politician and U. S. Army officer, and the only person in U. S. history to serve as Senator for three different states, and one of only two to represent more than one state.

He represented Illinois from 1849 to 1855; Minnesota from 1858 to 1859; and Missouri in 1879.

Born in Ireland in 1806, and raised there, Shields came first to North America in 1826, starting out as a purser on a merchant ship, first landing in Florida during the Second Seminole War, and then in Quebec, before going on to settle in Kaskaskia, Illinois in the early 1830s.

The village of Kaskaskia where he settled was named for the indigenous Kaskaskia people who lived here, part of the Illinois Confederation of the Great Lakes Region, and it was the location of the “Grand Village of the Illinois,” now a state historic site known as the Zimmerman site.

The French explorers Luke Joliet, a fur trader, and Father Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit Missionary, came across Kaskaskia in 1673, on their expedition to chart the Mississippi River.

What is known today as “Starved Rock State Park” is located across the Illinois River from the village of Kaskaskia.

Starved Rock was the location of what was called the Fort St. Louis du Rocher, and said to have been built on the butte by trusted men of the Sieur de la Salle during the winter of 1682 and 1683.

The fort was the center of what was called “LaSalle’s Colony,” a place LaSalle’s agents traded with the estimated 20,000 Native Americans who lived in the Starved Rock Region.

No surface remains of the fort are found at the site of the fort today.

The French were said to have built Fort Crevecoeur in 1680, near modern-day Peoria, also said to have been destroyed by members of LaSalle’s expedition, who feared it was going to be destroyed in the on-going French and Indian Wars, which took place between 1609 and 1701.

Subsequently, the French were said to have built Fort St. Louis du Pimiteoui, also known as Old Fort Peoria, in the same area.

Apparently…there were A LOT of historical forts in this region.

Were they built by who we are told, or were they star forts built by the indigenous people?

Back to James Shields.

While still in Ireland, he was educated at St. Patrick’s Pontifical University in Maynooth, Ireland, where he studied military science, French, and fencing.

Pontifical Universities were established or approved directly by the Holy See in Rome.

After Shields arrived in Kaskaskia, Illinois, he studied law and began to practice in 1832, and by 1836, he was serving as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives, and he was elected State Auditor in 1839.

Abraham Lincoln denounced Shields as State Auditor in an inflammatory letter that was published in a local newspaper, that came to a head on September 22nd of 1842, when the two men almost fought in a duel.

There were reported interventions by others at the duel site, and the two men were said to part on good terms and subsequently become good friends.

Shields was appointed as an Illinois Supreme Court Justice in February of 1845 to take the place of Stephen Douglas.

He resigned to become Commissioner of the U. S. General Land Office, during which time he surveyed land in Iowa he wanted to become a colony for Irish immigrants.

He resigned from that position in order to become a Brigadier-General following the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1846.

He commanded the 3rd Brigade during the Battles of Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded and spent nine-weeks recovering, and returned to fight for one-day, in both the Battles of Contreras and Churrobusco, and then once-again wounded in the Battle of Chapultepec, where he was again wounded resulting in a fractured arm, and he was forced to remain recovering through the end of the war.

After the Mexican-American War ended in 1848, Shields was promoted to the rank of Major-General, and received two honorary swords from South Carolina and Illinois.

He returned to his law practice in Illinois, though soon tapped by President James Polk, and confirmed by the Senate, to be the Governor of the Oregon Territory on August 14th of 1848, which was created on the same day.

He declined the offer in order to run for the Senate in the State of Illinois.

Shields won the election in 1848, but the resulted was voided because he had not been a naturalized citizen for the nine-years required by the U. S. Constitution.

He won a special election held by the Illinois Governor after the 9-years had passed, with his first term starting in October of 1849.

After being defeated for his Senate seat in Illinois in 1855 by Lyman Trumbull, Shields moved to Minnesota, where he had been awarded lands in return for his military service.

He arranged for Irish immigrants to move from the East Coast to Rice and LeSueur counties.

He founded Shieldsville in Rice County and was involved in the early settlement of Faribault in Rice County as well.

When Minnesota became a state in 1858, Shields became a compromise candidate for the U. S. Senate along with Henry Mower Rice, and the two drew straws to determine who would serve the longer and shorter terms.

Shields drew the short straw, and only served as Minnesota’s U. S. Senator from May 11th of 1858 to March 3rd of 1859.

During the American Civil War, Shields was appointed as Brigadier General of Volunteers for California, which was where he was living at the time having moved there from Minnesota.

He subsequently commanded the 2nd Division of the V Corps, Army of the Potomac, during the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862.

The Shenandoah Valley Campaign was chalked up as a victory for Confederate forces under the leadership of Major General Stonewall Jackson, whose troops prevented three Union Armies from reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond between March and May of 1862.

Though Shields was wounded as a result of the battle, his troops inflicted Stonewall Jackson’s only tactical defeat of the campaign at the Battle of Kernstown on March 22nd of 1862, for which he was promoted to Major General.

His promotion was subsequently withdrawn and rejected, however, and Shields resigned from the Army.

James Shields moved to San Francisco in 1863, and served as the State Railroad Commissioner until 1866.

In 1866, Shields settled in Carrollton, Missouri, where he lived for the rest of his life.

He lost his election to Congress for the State of Missouri in 1868, but in 1879, he was elected to the fill a vacant Senate seat, where he served only three-months before resigning on March 3rd of 1879. This made him the only person to have served as senator from three different states.

He died unexpectedly only three-months later, on June 1st of 1879, in Ottumwa, Iowa, while on a lecture tour, at which time he complained of chest pains before his death.

James Shields was buried in an unmarked grave in Carrollton for 30-years in St. Mary’s Cemetery, until the local government and Congress funded a granite and bronze monument in his honor.

Frances Willard is the other historical figure representing Illinois.

Frances Willard was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women’s suffragist.

She was born in 1839 in Churchville, New York, near Rochester, to Josiah Flint Willard, a farmer, naturalist and legislator, and businessman, and Mary Willard.

The family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, in 1841, where her parents took classes at Oberlin College.

Oberlin College was established in 1833, and is the oldest coeducational liberal arts college in the United States, and the second-oldest in the world.

Then in 1846, the family moved to Janesville, Wisconsin, for the given reason of her father Josiah’s health.

There, Frances and her sister Mary were said to have attended the Milwaukee Normal School, where their mother’s sister taught.

The Willard Family moved to Evanston, Illinois, in 1858, where Josiah Willard became a banker.

Frances and her sister Mary attended the North Western Female College there.

Their brother Oliver attended seminary at the Garrett Biblical Institute in Evanston.

After Frances Willard graduated from the North Western Female College, she worked at the Pittsburgh Female College…

…and also at the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary in New York, which later became Syracuse University.

Then in 1871, she was appointed as President of the newly-founded Evanston College for Ladies, and in 1873, she was named as the first Dean of Women when the same school became the Woman’s College of Northwestern University.

This position didn’t last long for her over confrontations in 1874 with the University’ President, Charles Henry Fowler, who had been her fiance.

After this happened, she focused her career energies into the Women’s Temperance Movement, and she was involved in the founding of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), also in 1874, and was elected the first Corresponding Secretary.

The WCTU was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform, playing an influential role in the Temperance Movement, supporting the 18th Amendment to the Constitution that established Prohibition, and influential in other social reform issues of the Progressive Era.

She was elected President of the National WCTU in 1879, and held this post until her death in 1898.

Frances Willard was also editor of the organization’s weekly newspaper, “The Union Signal” from 1892 to 1898.

Willard argued for the right for women to vote, based on “Home Protection,” as President of the WCTU, as a part of which she argued that having the right to vote gave women a means of protection in and outside of the home against violent acts caused by intoxicated men.

Frances Willard founded the World WCTU in 1888 and became its first President in 1893.

After 1893, Willard became a committed Christian Socialist, having been influenced by the Fabian Society in Great Britain.

The Fabian Society was a British Socialist organization whose purpose was to advance the principles of Democratic Socialism rather than by revolutionary overthrow.

Christian Socialism was established as a religious and social philosophy that blended Christianity and socialism, advocating for left-wing politics and socialist economics from a Biblical perspective.

Frances Willard died in her sleep from influenza on February 17th of 1898 where she was staying at the Empire Hotel in New York City just prior to leaving for a European tour…

…and was buried in the Rose Hill Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois.

She bequeathed her home in Evanston to the WCTU, and it became her museum and the headquarters for the organization in 1900.

The State of Indiana is represented by Oliver P. Morton and Lew Wallace in the National Statuary Hall.

Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton, better known as Oliver P. Morton, was a Republican Party politician from Indiana.

He was the 14th-Governor of Indiana during the American Civil War, making significant contributions to the war effort, and he was a close ally of President Abraham Lincoln’s.

He also served as a senator from Indiana for a period of time during the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War.

Oliver P. Morton was born in Wayne County Indiana, on the border with Ohio, in August of 1823 to James Throck and Sarah Morton.

His mother died when he was three-years-old, and he went to live with his mother’s parents in Ohio.

As a young man, he rejoined his family in Centerville, Indiana, where he was apprenticed to a hatmaker for four years.

He quit the hat-making business to enroll in Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he studied law for two-years.

After briefly attending Cincinnati College, Morton returned to Centerville in 1845, and was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1846.

Morton campaigned and was elected to serve as a Circuit Court Judge in 1852, but resigned after a year because he preferred to practice law.

By 1854, however, Morton was active in Indiana politics.

That same year, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, which allowed settlers of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether or not slavery would be allowed within.

It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas” when pro-slavery and anti-slavery activists flooded into the new territories seeking to sway the vote.

Master Mason John Brown…

…was very involved in what happened in “Bleeding Kansas.”

Ultimately the cause of eleven states to secede from the Union in 1860 was said to have been in support of states’ rights in the context of slavery to support the South’s agricultural economy, and the federal government not overturning abolitionist policies in the North and in new territories.

In 1856, Morton became a member of the Resolutions Committee of the Republican Party on the national level of the preliminary national convention for the new political party in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania…

…and was a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia.

Morton lost his first election as a Republican for Governor in 1856 to Democrat Ashbel Willard (apparently no relation to Frances), a popular state senator.

In 1858, the name of “Republican” had been officially adopted by the “People’s Party” and in 1860, Indiana Republicans nominated Morton, known as a Radical Republican for his anti-slavery position, for the office of Lieutenant Governor, with the more Conservative choice Henry Lane for the party’s candidate as Governor.

Lane and Morton won the state’s general election and Republicans gained control of the state legislature.

The day after the election, the General Assembly chose Lane to fill a U. S. Senate seat. He resigned, and Morton became the 14th Governor of the State of Indiana on January 18th of 1861.

Morton, who was Governor of Indiana form 1861 to 1867, was a strong supporter of the Union, during the Civil War, advocating for the use of force to preserve it as opposed to compromise, and staunchly supported President Abraham Lincoln’s conduct during the war.

As Governor, Morton went to great lengths to make sure that Indiana contributed as much as possible to the war effort.

Morton attended the “Loyal War Governors” conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania in 1862, which gave Lincoln the needed support for the “Emancipation Proclamation.”

Once Emancipation became an issue in 1862, Indiana Republicans suffered defeats in the mid-term elections, and Democrats gained the majority in the State Legislature, leading to many conflicts between the State Legislature and Governor Morton over the next few years.

Even though the Democrats fiercely opposed Morton, he still managed to win reelection in 1864, and the Republicans managed to retake control of both houses of the General Assembly.

Morton was partially crippled by a stroke in October of 1865, and during the time he was recovering, his Lt. Governor, Conrad Baker, served as Acting Governor.

Morton returned to the governorship in March of 1866, though needing assistance to walk.

In 1867, Morton was elected by the General Assembly to serve as a U. S. Senator, and he resigned as Governor. He s was elected to a second-term, but died before the end of it.

In his first term, he quickly became a leader in the Senate, becoming a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee and chair of the Committee of Privileges and Elections.

This was during the time of Reconstruction and Morton supported the Radical Republican program for re-making the former Confederate states, supporting such things as legislation to void the southern states’ constitutions, and to require elections for representatives to state constitutional conventions that would be charged with writing new ones.

Morton died on November 1st of 1877, after having a second stroke on August 6th of 1877.

His remains laid in-state at the Indiana State Capitol building and his funeral held at the Roberts Park Methodist Church in Indianapolis, after which he was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery.

The other statue for Indiana is represented by Lew Wallace.

Lew Wallace was a lawyer; Union General during the Civil War; Governor of the New Mexico Territory; politician from Indiana; and author, best known to the general public for writing “Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ” in 1880.

Lew Wallace was born in April of 1827 in Brookville, Indiana.

Wallace’s father David was a graduate of West Point, and after he left the military in 1822, he moved to Brookville where he became a lawyer and entered politics, serving in the Indiana General Assembly, later becoming the State’s Lieutenant Governor, Governor and a member of Congress.

After moving to Covington, Indiana in 1832, Lew’s mother Esther died from tuberculosis in 1834.

His father remarried in 1836, to Zerelda Gray Sanders Wallace, who later became a prominent suffragist and temperance advocate.

In 1837, when he was 10, the family moved to Indianapolis when his father became Governo

By 1846, at the start of the Mexican-American War, Lew Wallace was studying law at his father’s law office, but he left there in order to become a 2nd Lieutenant for the Marion Volunteers on June 19th of 1846, a local militia group that he was already a part of, until he departed that service in the military, after not seeing combat, on June 15th of 1847, and returned to Indiana to pursue law.

Wallace was admitted to the Bar in February of 1849, and he established a law practice in Covington, Indiana.

In 1851, he was elected the prosecuting attorney of Indiana’s 1st Congressional District.

From 1849 to 1853, his law office was in the Fountain County Clerk’s Building, said to have been built in 1842, and known today as the Lew Wallace Law Office.

He resigned from that position in 1853 to move to Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he continued to practice law and was elected to a two-year term in the Indiana Senate in 1856.

The General Lew Wallace Study & Museum in Crawfordsville, a National Historic Landmark, contains his personal mementoes and houses the Ben Hur Museum as well.

Wallace organized an independent Militia called the Crawfordsville Guards, later called the Montgomery Guards, which would later form the core of the 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, his first military command during the Civil War.

Wallace adopted the Zouave uniform and training style of the elite units of the French Army in Algeria for the unit.

Wallace began his full-time military career shortly after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, which took place on April 12th of 1861, considered the beginning of the Civil War.

His 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into the Union Army two-weeks later, on April 25th of 1861, and he received a commission as a Colonel the next day.

On June 5th of 1861, his regiment won a minor battle at Romney, West Virginia, near Cumberland, Maryland, leading to the Confederate evacuation of Harper’s Ferry on June 18th.

Wallace was promoted to Brigadier General in September of 1861, and given command of a brigade.

On February 4th and 5th of 1862, Union troops made their way towards the Confederate Fort Henry on the Tennessee River in western Tennessee.

Wallace’s brigade was ordered to occupy Fort Heiman, called an uncompleted Confederate fort across the river from Fort Henry.

They watched from Fort Heiman as Union troops attacked Fort Henry on February 6th, resulting in a Union Victory and the Confederate surrender of Fort Henry.

Wallace was left in command of Fort Henry as another general moved troops overland towards Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River.

Then on February 13th, Wallace received the order to move out towards the Cumberland River, and his brigades took positions in the center of the Union Line, facing Fort Donelson.

Wallace’s decisions in the battlefield led to checking the Confederate assault and stabilizing the Union defensive line.

He was promoted to Major General, and became the youngest Major General in the Union Army.

Wallace was the 3rd Division Commander under General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Shiloh, which took place on April 6th of 1862.

There was controversy surrounding Wallace’s actions in the field concerning whether or not he followed General Grant’s orders that led to a significant setback in his military career, even though overall Shiloh was considered a Union victory because Confederate forces ended up retreating, and ending their hopes of blocking the Union advance into northern Mississippi.

Wallace’s most notable service during the Civil War was said to have been the Battle of Monocacy, which took place on July 9th of 1864 near Frederick, Maryland, in which even though they were defeated by Confederate troops, Wallace’s men were able to delay a Confederate march towards Washington, DC, for a day giving the city time to organize its defenses and force the Confederates to retreat to Virginia.

Among other duties after the Civil War ended, Wallace was appointed to the military commission that investigated the Lincoln assassination conspirators that began in May of 1865, and ended on June 30th of 1865 after finding all eight conspirators guilty.

In 1867, Wallace returned to Indiana to practice law, but it no longer appealed to him, so he turned to politics.

He lost two Congressional elections, in 1868 and 1870, but as a reward for supporting the candidacy of President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, Wallace was appointed Governor of the New Mexico Territory, a position in which he served from August of 1878 to March of 1881.

From May 19th of 1881 to March 4th of 1885, Wallace served as the U. S. Minister to the Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) in Constantinople (now Istanbul).

As an author, Lew Wallace was best known for writing “Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ” in 1880…

…which was turned into an award-winning movie in 1959 starring Charlton Heston as the wealthy Jewish Prince, Ben-Hur.

Wallace returned to Crawfordsville, Indiana, from the Ottoman Empire.

Among other pursuits, he was given the credit for building the Blacheme in 1895, a 7-story apartment building in Indianapolis.

He lived in Crawfordsville until his death in February of 1905, where he was buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery there.

Norman Borlaug and Samuel J. Kirkwood represent the State of Iowa in the National Statuary Hall.

Norman Borlaug was an American Agriculturalist who led initiatives around the world that lead to significant increases in agricultural production, known as “The Green Revolution.”

Norman Borlaug was born in March of 1914 on his Norwegian great-grandparents’ farm in the Norwegian-American community of Saude, Iowa, in Chickasaw County.

Borlaug worked on the family farm west of Protivin, Iowa, from the ages of 7 to 19, raising things like corn, oats and livestock.

He attended the one-room New Oregon #8 rural school in Howard County, Iowa, through the 8th-grade, a building that is owned by the Norman Borlaug Heritage Foundation as part of his legacy.

For the remainder of his secondary-education he attended Cresco High School, excelling in athletics.

He received his higher education at the University of Minnesota, where he received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Forestry in 1937, a Master of Science degree in 1940, and a Ph.D in plant pathology and genetics in 1942.

Borlaug was employed as a microbiologist by DuPont in Wilmington, Delaware, between 1942 and 1944, where it was planned he would lead research in agricultural bacteriocides, fungicides and preservatives.

With the entry of the U. S. into World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th of 1941, his lab instead was converted to conduct research for the U. S. Military, like the development of glue that resisted corrosion in the warm salt water of the Pacific; camouflage; canteen disinfectants; DDT to control Malaria; and insulation for small electronics.

The Mexican President Avila Camacho, elected in 1940, wanted to augment Mexico’s industrialization and economic growth, and the U. S. Vice-President Henry Wallace, who saw this as beneficial to the interests of the United States, persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to work with the Mexican government in agricultural development.

They in turn contacted leading agronomists who proposed the Office of Special Studies within the Mexican Government to be directed by the Rockefeller Foundation, and staffed by Mexican and American scientists focusing on soil development; maize and wheat production and plant pathology.

Borlaug was tapped to be the head of the newly established Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program in Mexico, a position which he took over as a geneticist and plant pathologist after he finished his wartime service with DuPont in 1944.

In 1964, he was made the Director of the International Wheat Improvement Program at El Batan on the outskirts of Mexico City, as part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research’s International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (or CIMMYT), the funding for which was provided by the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, and the Mexican Government.

Interesting to note that Borlaug felt that pesticides, like DDT, had more benefits than drawbacks, and advocated for their continued use.

Borlaug retired as Director of the CIMMYT in 1979, though stayed on as a Senior Consultant and continued to be involved in research in plant research.

He started teaching and doing research at Texas A & M University in 1984, and was the holder of the Eugene Butler Endowed Chair in Agricultural Biotechnology, for which he advocated the use of as he had for the use of pesticides, in spite of heavy criticism.

Norman Borlaug died at the age of 95 in September of 2009 in Dallas.

There is a memorial to him outside of the city of Obregon, at CIMMYT’s Experiment Station in Mexico’s Sonora State, where there are miles and miles of cultivated land, where tractors plow the land, airplanes spray pesticides on the crops; mechanical harvesters reap the wheat; trucks carry the crops to town from where they are shipped around the world.

Among other awards in recognition for his achievements, Borlaug received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970; the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977; and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2006.

It is interesting to note that the old Des Moines Public Library Building has been the Norman E. Borlaug/World Food Prize Hall of Laureates for the World Food Prize since 1973, an international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality, quantity, or availability of food in the world.

The old Des Moines Public Library Building was said to have been constructed in 1903, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

The World Food Prize is awarded here in October of every year and the World Food Prize Foundation is endowed by the Rockefeller Foundation.

It is also interesting to note that in Norman Borlaug’s home state of Iowa, Power Pollen is located in Ankeny.

Power Pollen’s mission statement is to preserve and enhance crop productivity by enabling superior pollination systems.

Well, that sounds great, but when I was looking for information on Power Pollen, I encountered the information that in 2021, Power Pollen announced a commercial license agreement with Bayer Pharmaceuticals designed to help corn seed production.

And what’s wrong with that picture?

Monsanto was acquired by the German multinational Bayer Pharmaceutics and Life Sciences Company after gaining United States and EU regulatory approvals on June 7th of 2018 for $66-billion in cash, and Monsanto’s name is no longer used.

Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa’s other statue, was Iowa’s Civil War Governor, and he also served as a U. S. Senator and as the U. S. Secretary of the Interior.

Samuel J. Kirkwood was born in 1813 in Harford County, Maryland, which is located in the middle between, the cities of Washington, DC; Baltimore, Maryland; and Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In 1835, Kirkwood moved to Ohio with his father, where he practiced law and was involved in politics.

Kirkwood moved to Iowa in 1855, near Iowa City, and got involved in the milling business with the Clark family, who he married into as well.

Kirkwood took an interest in the newly-founded Republican Party, and he delivered a speech at the founding meeting of the Iowa Republican Party in February of 1856.

Kirkwood was elected in 1856 to the Iowa Senate as a Republican, where he served until 1859.

Kirkwood was nominated for Governor in 1859, and defeated Augustus C. Dodge, who like Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, participated in a series of debates, during which slavery was the main issue.

Kirkwood spoke in opposition to slavery, and Dodge was in favor of popular sovereignty, where the people in the territories decided.

Kirkwood was elected as Governor, and during his first year in office, John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry in West Virginia took place on October 16th of 1859, and further polarized the nation over slavery.

There was a federal arsenal located there, and while the plan was to raid the arsenal and instigate a major slave rebellion in the South, he had no rations or escape route.

In 36-hours, troops under the command of then Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee had arrested him and his cohorts, who had withdrawn to the engine house after they had been surrounded by local citizens and militia.

John Brown was hung on December 2nd of 1859, less than two months after the onset of the Harper’s Ferry Raid.

Kirkwood was on the side of the militant abolitionists, and when Barclay Coppock, a young man from Iowa who was part of Brown’s raid, fled home, Kirkwood refused to accept extradition papers from Virginia and allowed Coppock to escape.

Like Governor Oliver P. Morton back in Indiana, Samuel Kirkwood was a strong supporter of President Abraham Lincoln, and was active in raising troops and supplies from Iowa for the Union Army, and as well attended the Loyal War Governors’ Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania in 1862, which gave support for Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.

In 1864, he left the office of governor to practice law in Iowa City.

Then between 1865 and 1867, he finished out someone else’s term in the U. S. Senate, and then he served again between 1877 and 1881.

In between that time, he was Governor of Iowa again between 1876 and 1877, and in March of 1881, Kirkwood resigned from the Senate to become President James A. Garfield’s Secretary of the Interior, which he was until April of 1882.

Kirkwood died in September of 1894 in Iowa City, where he was buried in Oakland Cemetery.

The two statues representing the State of Kansas are Dwight D. Eisenhower and John J. Ingalls.

Dwight David Eisenhower during World War II achieved the rank of 5-star general and was the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe; the first Supreme Commander of NATO from 1951 to 1952; and the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was born in Denison, Texas, in October of 1890.

His Eisenhauer ancestors immigrated to America from Karlsbrunn, Germany, and settled in Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1741, considered part of the what are called the Pennsylvania Dutch.

The Eisenhower family moved to Abilene, Kansas, in 1892, and Dwight graduated from high school there in 1909.

In 1911, Eisenhower accepted an appointment to the U. S. Army military academy at West Point in New York, and graduated in the middle of the class of 1915.

His 1915 class at West Point became known as the “Class the Stars Fell on” because 59 out of 164 graduates that year became general officers, besides Eisenhower, including the 5-Star World War II General Omar Bradley.

During the years of World War I, between 1914 and 1918, Eisenhower served in infantry and logistics at bases in Texas, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, like Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio…

…Fort Oglethorpe in northern Georgia…

…Fort Leavenworth in Kansas…

…Camp Meade in Maryland…

…and Camp Colt in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

By the time he received orders to go to France, the war was over.

After the war, Eisenhower was promoted to Major, a rank he held for 16-years.

His assignments included being assigned to a convoy that drove the 3,000-mile, or 4,800-kilometer, length of the Lincoln Highway, from Washington, DC to California, to test vehicles and show the need for improved roads to the nation, and said to have inspired the National Highway System…

…and commanding a battalion of tanks at Camp Meade.

He was the Executive Officer under Major General Fox Conner in the Panama Canal Zone from about 1922 to 1924, under whom he studied military history and theory…

…and on General Conner’s recommendation, he attended the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, between 1925 and 1926.

From there, he was a Battalion Commander at Fort Benning in Georgia until 1927.

Then he was assigned to the Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and graduated from there in 1928.

While Eisenhower was the Executive Officer to the Assistant Secretary of War George Mosely from 1929 to 1933, he attended the Army Industrial College at Fort McNair in Washington, DC, where he graduated from in 1933.

The Army Industrial College today is known as the Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy.

Eisenhower was posted as the Chief MIlitary Aide to General Douglas MacArthur, and accompanied him to the Philippines in 1935, where he was assistant military advisor to the Philippines government in developing their army.

In December of 1939, Eisenhower returned to the United States and became the Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion of the 15th Infantry Regiment at Fort Lewis, Washington, later becoming the Regimental Executive Officer.

He was promoted to Colonel in March of 1941, and assigned as Chief of Staff to the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce.

Then in June of 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff for General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army at Fort Sam Houston.

Eisenhower participated in the Louisiana Maneuvers, a series of major U. S. Army exercises held in northern and west central Louisiana from August to September of 1941…

…and he was promoted to Brigadier General on September 29th of 1941.

Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, DC, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941, where he served until June 1942, with the responsibility to create war plans to defeat Japan and Germany.

After going to London in May of 1942 with the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces, Lt. General Henry Arnold, to assess the effectiveness of the Theater Command in Europe, he returned to London in June of 1942 as the Commanding General of the European Theater of Operations, and was promoted to Lt. General on July 7th of 1942.

Then in November of 1942, Eisenhower was appointed the Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations through the new Allied Expeditionary Force Headquarters.

Under the command of Lt. General Eisenhower, Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa took place from the 8th through the 16th of November of 1942, and was planned in the underground headquarters at the Rock of Gibraltar.

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula.

By December of 1943, President Roosevelt had chosen Eisenhower, by this time a four-star general, to be the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.

He was tasked with planning and carrying out Operation Overlord, the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy, starting with the D-Day landings on June 6th of 1944.

Eisenhower was promoted to the highest officer rank in the Army of 5-star General, known as “General of the Army,” on December 20th of 1944.

By the end of the War in Europe on May 8th of 1945, Eisenhower commanded all Allied Forces.

After World War II ended, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the American Occupation Zone, located primarily in southern Germany, and headquartered at the IG Farben building in Frankfurt, the world’s largest office building in Europe until the 1950s.

Besides documenting evidence of the atrocities of Nazi concentration camps for the Nuremburg Trials, he arranged for the distribution of American food and medical equipment in response to the post-war devastation in Germany.

Eisenhower went back to Washington, DC, in November of 1945 to replace General George C. Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army.

Eisenhower became President of Columbia University in 1948, and one of his accomplishments there was establishing the Institute of War and Peace Studies.

Eisenhower became the Supreme Commander of NATO in December of 1952, and was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe.

He retired from the Army on June 3rd of 1952, and was also elected President of the United States in November of 1952.

He held the office of President of the United States from 1953 – 1961.

Eisenhower gave his final televised address as President on January 17th of 1961, one in which he raised the issues of the Cold War, the role of the U. S. Armed Forces, and raising the alarm about the need to guard against the unwarranted influence of the Military-Industrial complex.

Eisenhower died on March 28th of 1969 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC, from Congestive Heart Failure.

After numerous viewings of his body around Washington, he was returned to Abilene, Kansas via a special funeral train, and laid to rest inside the Place of Meditation on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Center.

John James Ingalls is the other statue representing the State of Kansas.

He was one of the Republican Senators from Kansas, serving between March 4th of 1873 and March 3rd of 1891.

He was credited with the suggestion of the state motto, Ad Astra Per Aspera (“to the stars”) and the designing of the state seal.

Ingalls was born in Middleton, Massachusetts, in December of 1833.

He graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1855.

He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857.

In 1860, Ingalls moved to the Kansas Territory, which was created in 1854, and settled in Atchison.

Joining the anti-slavery forces to make Kansas a free state, Ingalls was a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in 1859, which ultimately created the constitution for the State of Kansas.

For several years, Kansas had two governments, in two different cities – Lecompton and Lawrence – with two constitutions, one of which was pro-slavery, and the other anti-slavery, and each one claiming to be the legitimate government of the Kansas Territory.

By the time of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention held between July 5th and July 29th of 1859, there were three other constitutions for Kansas citizens to vote on – the Topeka Constitution, the Leavenworth Constitution, and the Lecompton Constitution, which was drafted by pro-slavery advocates.

Initially, the Lecompton Constitution won the popular vote, but there was a climate of intimidation and violence around the voting, and it was overruled.

The Wyandotte Constitution, which admitted Kansas to the Union as a Free State, won the second round of popular voting, and was the Constitution which was approved for the admission of the State of Kansas in the U. S. Congress, which took place on January 29th of 1861.

Ingalls became a State Senator in 1862, and served as the Secretary of the first State Senate.

He was also a Judge Advocate in the Kansas Militia during the Civil War.

Judge Advocates functioned as legal advisors within the military.

In 1873, he was elected to the U. S. Senate, and served Kansas as a Senator there for the next 18-years.

During the time he was in the U. S. Senate, he was a supporter of the 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which mandated that most positions within the federal government be awarded on the basis of merit and not for political patronage…

…and the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which regulated the railroad industry.

John J. Ingalls died in August of 1900, and was buried in Atchison’s Mount Vernon Cemetery.

John Ingalls was a second-cousin to Charles Ingalls, the father of Laura Ingalls Wilder who wrote the “Little House on the Prairie” books.

Henry Clay and Ephraim McDowell represent the State of Kentucky in the National Statuary Hall.

Henry Clay was an attorney and statesman, who served in both houses of Congress; as the ninth U. S. Secretary of State; ran for U. S. President three times; and helped establish both the Whig Party and the Republican Party.

Henry Clay was born in April of 1777 at the Clay Homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, the 7th of 9 children born to the Baptist minister John Clay and his wife Elizabeth.

His father died in 1781, and his mother subsequently remarried, to Captain Henry Watkins, a successful planter.

When Watkins moved the family to Kentucky in 1791, Henry Clay remained in Virginia.

He ended up becoming a clerk at the Virginia Court of Chancery, where he got the attention of George Wythe, a professor at William and Mary College in Williamsburg, signer of the Declaration of Independence, mentor of Thomas Jefferson, and judge on Virginia’s High Court of Chancery.

Wythe chose Clay to be his secretary, a position he held for four years.

During this time, Wythe influenced Clay’s view that the United States could help spread freedom around the world.

Clay finished his legal studies with Virginia Attorney General Robert Brooke; was admitted to the Virginia Bar in 1797; and moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where he set up his law practice.

Henry Clay married Lucretia Hart in April of 1799, the daughter of Colonel Thomas Hart, a prominent businessman and early settler of Kentucky, and they lived at first in downtown Lexington.

We are told the Clays started building Ashland, a plantation outside of Lexington, in 1804.

Ashland encompassed over 500 acres (or 200 hectares), on which Henry Clay’s slaves planted crops of corn, wheat, rye, and hemp, the chief crop of Kentucky’s Bluegrass region.

He also imported Arabian horses, Maltese Donkeys, and Hereford Cattle as livestock.

The Maltese donkeys were one of the large breeds of donkeys bred by Henry Clay, and George Washington among others, to produce the American Mammoth Jackstock to be used as work animals.

Shortly after arriving in Kentucky, Henry Clay entered politics, and was a member of the what was called the “Democratic-Republican Party,” also known as the “Jeffersonian Republican Party,” that championed republicanism, agrarianism, political equality, and expansionism.

He clashed with state “Democratic-Republican Party” leaders over a state constitutional convention.

Clay was an advocate for direct election of public officials and the gradual emancipation of slavery in Kentucky.

The 1799 Kentucky Constitution included direct election of public officials, but not Clay’s plan for gradual emancipation, and instead retained the pro-slavery provisions of the original Kentucky Constitution of 1792, under which Kentucky was accepted as the 15th State admitted to the Union by the U. S. Congress.

Clay won election to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1803, where he was quite active, among other things initiating the partisan gerrymander of Kentucky’s electoral college districts, which insured that Kentucky’s electors voted for Thomas Jefferson in the 1804 presidential election.

Clay’s influence in Kentucky politics was such that the Kentucky Legislature elected him to the U. S. Senate in 1806, which he served in for two-months before returning to Kentucky, at which time he was elected as Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives.

In 1810, Henry Clay was selected by the Kentucky Legislature to fill the U. S. Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Buckner Thruston to become a federal judge.

Clay quickly became a “War Hawk,” favoring expansionist policies.

He was a fierce critic of British attacks on American shipping and supported going to war against Great Britain…

…and advocated for the annexation of Spanish West Florida.

Henry Clay was elected as Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives for the 12th Congress, held between March 4th of 1811 and March 4th of 1813.

Both Houses of Congress had a Democratic-Republican Majority in the 12th Congress.

Historical events that took place during the 12th Congress included:

The Battle of Tippecanoe fought on November 7th of 1811 in Battle Ground, Indiana, where William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s forces of a confederacy of tribes opposed to European-American settlement of the American Frontier…

…the New Madrid Earthquake on December 16th of 1811…

…Louisiana was admitted to the Union as the 18th state on April 30th of 1812…

…the War of 1812 began when the United States declared war on Great Britain on June 18th of 1812…

…Detroit surrendered to the British on August 16th of 1812…

…and the Battle of Queenston Heights in Upper Canada took place on October 13th of 1812, the first major battle in the War of 1812, resulting in a British victory.

Altogether, Henry Clay was elected to seven terms in the House of Representatives, and was elected Speaker of the House six times.

Henry Clay’s first run for the Presidency of the United States was in the 1824 election.

There were five candidates representing the Democratic-Republican Party, including Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson.

Clay fell behind in state electoral votes, effectively knocking him out of the race, and he threw his support behind John Quincy Adams, who was elected President by the House of Representatives, and Henry Clay became Adams’ Secretary of State.

Followers of John Quincy Adams became known as National Republicans, and followers of Andrew Jackson became known as Democrats, and Andrew Jackson won the 1928 Presidential election.

It was during the Jackson Administration that the U. S. Congress authorized, and the President signed into law, the Indian Removal Act of 1831, which authorized the administration to relocate Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi River, something which Henry Clay was opposed to.

Henry Clay returned to Federal office in 1831, when he won election in the Kentucky Legislature to the U. S. Senate, and with Adams’ defeat in the 1928, Clay became the leader of the National Republicans, who nominated Clay for President in the 1832 election.

Jackson, a popular sitting President, won re-election.

Several of the things that happened during the second Jackson Administration revolved around banking and financial matters.

One of the policies pursued by President Jackson and has Secretary of the Treasury, Roger Taney, involved removing all federal deposits from the national bank and placing them in state-chartered banks, a policy seen as illegal by many since federal law required the president to deposit federal revenue in the national bank so long as it was stable.

This policy of removing deposits united Jackson’s opponents into one political party, which became known as the Whig Party, which had been the name of an earlier British political party opposed to absolute monarchy.

The American Whig Party base consisted of wealthy businessmen, professionals, and large planters.

Clay chose not to run in the 1836 election because of the death of one of his daughters, and the Whigs were not organized enough to nominate a single candidate.

Despite the presence of multiple Whig candidates, Martin Van Buren, a Democrat, won the 1836 presidential election.

Van Buren’s Presidency was negatively impacted by the Panic of 1837, a financial crisis that touched off a depression until the mid-1840s.

Clay and other Whigs argued that Jackson’s policies had encouraged speculation and caused the panic.

As the 1840 Presidential election came closer, many thought the Whigs would gain the presidency because of the economic crisis.

Though Henry Clay ran in this election, he faced a number of issues facing his electability, and the Whig party member William Henry Harrison was elected that year.

Harrison had the shortest presidency in U. S. history, dying from pneumonia 31-days after his inauguration in 1841.

Harrison was succeeded by his Vice-President, John Tyler, another Whig.

Tyler disappointed his fellow Whigs by not signing a bill to reestablish the National Bank, an important part of the Whig Party platform, and they ended up voting to expel him from the party.

Clay won the Whig presidential nomination in 1844, and faced Democrat candidate James Polk, who won the election that year.

Henry Clay returned to his career as an attorney after the election of 1844.

The Mexican-American War started in 1846 over the disputed border region between Mexico and Texas.

Clay gave a speech in November of 1847 in which he was highly critical of the war and attacked President Polk for fomenting the conflict with Mexico.

Also, by 1847 General Zachary Taylor, who commanded American forces during the war, emerged as one of the Whig candidates for the Presidency.

Henry Clay announced his candidacy for the nomination in April of 1848.

Taylor ended up winning the Whig nomination at the 1848 Whig National Convention, and the ultimately the Presidency that year, with Millard Fillmore as his running mate.

Interesting to note that Zachary Taylor died in July of 1850, allegedly after consuming copious amounts of raw fruit and iced milk at a July 4th fundraising event at the Washington Monument, became severely ill with a digestive ailment, dying several days later, and Millard Fillmore became president.

Henry Clay accepted re-election to the U. S. Senate in 1849, and was directly involved in formulating the Compromise of 1850, a package of bills that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of U. S. territories gained as a result of the Mexican-American War.

Henry Clay died from tuberculosis in June of 1852 in his room at the National Hotel in Washington, DC.

The National Hotel building was demolished in 1942.

Henry Clay was the first person to lie in-state in the U. S. Capitol Rotunda.

The remains of Henry Clay and his wife Lucretia are encased in marble in the mausoleum in the center of the Lexington Cemetery, with the 120-foot, or the 37-meter, -high Henry Clay Memorial towering above the mausoleum.

Some interesting points of information I found in researching Henry Clay.

One was that he was a Master Mason.

Another was that Henry Clay’s cousin was another influential 19th-Century Kentucky politician Cassius Marcellus Clay…

…the namesake of Cassius Marcellus Clay, better known to history as the famous 20th-century boxer Muhammed Ali, who was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky.

No indication there was a direct connection, just that the more recent Cassius Marcellus Clay was named after the famous 19th-century Kentuckian, but definitely find this to be interesting nonetheless.

The other statue representing the State of Kentucky in the National Statuary Hall is that of Ephraim McDowell.

Ephraim McDowell was a physician and pioneer surgeon, described as Founding Father of both the ovariotomy and abdominal surgery.

McDowell was born in Rockbridge County Virginia in November of 1771.

His father, Samuel McDowell moved the family to Danville, Kentucky, in 1784 after being appointed Land Commissioner, and presided over the ten conventions the resulted in the drafting of the Kentucky Constitution.

After receiving his early education at classical seminary of Worley and James, McDowell studied under the Irish-American Dr. Alexander Humphries in Staunton, Virginia, who was a 1782 graduate of the University of Edinburgh and had emigrated to America in 1783.

McDowell himself attended lectures in medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1793 and 1794…

…and studied privately in Edinburgh with the Scottish anatomist and surgeon John Bell.

Ephraim McDowell started his practice as a surgeon back home in Danville, Kentucky, after his return from Scotland.

He is credited with the perfection of lithotomy as a modern surgical technique, which is the removal of stones obstructing the bladder…

…and the first successful ovariotomy and abdominal surgery with the removal of a rather large ovarian tumor from a patient.

McDowell had married Sarah Shelby in 1802, the daughter of war hero and Kentucky’s first governor, Isaac Shelby.

He was a founder of Danville’s Centre College, which was established in 1819 and completed in 1820.

Old Centre at Centre College is the oldest continuously operated academic building west of the Allegheny Mountains.

McDowell had been a Presbyterian but became an Episcopalian.

Sometime around 1829, he and his wife became members of a committee formed to establish Danville’s Trinity Episcopal Church, one of the first churches organized in the Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky, the oldest in-use church structure in Danville, and the oldest continually used Episcopal Church building in the Episcopal Diocese of Lexington.

The building of the church was said to have been completed sometime in late 1830 or 1831.

This caught my attention because I came across the Trinity Episcopal Church not too long ago in Apalachicola, Florida, of which Dr. John B. Gorrie was a founder, one of Florida’s two statues in the Statuary Hall, and best-known for being the “Founder of Mechanical Refrigeration.”

Gorrie had received his medical training at the Fairfield Academy, also known as the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York, in Fairfield.

The Trustees of the Fairfield Academy had petitioned the Trinity Episcopal Church in Fairfield in 1812 for a funding grant with which to establish a college of liberal culture under Episcopalian auspices, but the petition was denied.

According to what we are told, the Trinity Episcopal Church in Fairfield was built in 1808.

The following year, a different petition to the Corporation of Trinity Church granted the funding for the theological seminary at the Fairfield Academy, until the Theological School was transferred to Geneva, New York, in 1821, at what later became the Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

It is interesting to note that Trinity Church is even today one of the largest landowners in New York City, now under the name of Trinity Real Estate.

In 1894, the Trinity Corporation was exposed by a New York Times reporter to have substandard living conditions on their Charlton Street properties.

Interesting connections between Dr. McDowell of Kentucky and Dr. Gorrie of Florida, and interesting to think about what the roles of the Trinity Corporation and Trinity Episcopal Churches might have been during this time.

Ephraim McDowell was believed to have died from acute appendicitis in June of 1830, and his wife died 18-years later.

They were originally buried in the Traveller’s Rest cemetery on the homestead of Isaac Shelby…

…but were reinterred in near a monument dedicated to Ephraim McDowell near Danville in 1879.

I am going to end this post here, and in the next post will be looking at who is representing the states of Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Michigan in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol building.

So far in the National Statuary Hall, from Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, and Arkansas, there have been two journalist/politicians (Bob Bartlett & Ernest Gruening); two military hero/politicians (Joseph Wheeler/Barry Goldwater); a Jesuit missionary (Father Eusebio Kino); one lawyer/politician (James Paul Clarke); one lawyer (Uriah M. Rose); and one disability rights advocate/socialist (Helen Keller).

From California, Colorado, Connecticult and Arkansas, there was an actor/politician (Ronald Reagan); astronaut/politician (Jack Swigert); two Founding Father/Lawyer/politicians – Robert Sherman and Caesor Rodney; a merchant/politician – Jonathan Trumbull; a lawyer/politician (John M Clayton); a Woman Scientist/Public Health Doctor (Florence R. Sabin); and a Franciscan Missionary (St. Junipero Serra).

So far the count of politicians in the National Statuary Hall is at ten out of 16 statues, so over half of them, with four of those being lawyers as well.

The State of Florida is the next in line. The two people who represent Florida are John B. Gorrie and Edmund Kirby Smith.

John B. Gorrie was a physician and scientist, credited with the invention of mechanical refrigeration.

John B. Gorrie was born to Scottish parents in October of 1803 in St. Kitts and Nevis, which were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be colonized by Europeans.

St. Kitts and Nevis is the smallest sovereign state and federation in the western hemisphere, in area and population, in the British Commonwealth, with the Queen as its head-of-state.

Gorrie spent his childhood in South Carolina, and received his higher education at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York, also known as the Fairfield Academy.

The Trustees of the Fairfield Academy had petitioned the Trinity Episcopal Church in Fairfield in 1812 for a funding grant with which to establish a college of liberal culture under Episcopalian auspices, but the petition was denied.

According to what we are told, the Trinity Episcopal Church in Fairfield was built in 1808.

The following year, a different petition to the Corporation of Trinity Church granted the funding for the theological seminary at the Fairfield Academy, until the Theological School was transferred to Geneva, New York, in 1821, at what later became the Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

It is interesting to note that Trinity Church is even today one of the largest landowners in New York City, now under the name of Trinity Real Estate.

In 1894, the Trinity Corporation was exposed by a New York Times reporter to have substandard living conditions on their Charlton Street properties.

Back to John B. Gorrie.

He moved to Apalachicola, Florida in 1833, where he was a resident physician at two hospitals, and served as a council member; postmaster; President of the Bank of Pensacola’s Apalachicola branch; secretary of his Masonic Lodge; and was a founding vestryman of Trinity Episcopal Church, that is still in use today, located at the corner of ‘D’ And 6th Street in Gorrie Square.

Dr. Gorrie’s medical research involved Yellow Fever, for which the prevalent hypothesis at the time was that mal-aria – or ‘bad air’ – caused diseases.

Hurged the draining of swamps and cooling of a sickrooms based on this theory, and to this end he experimented with making artificial ice.

Gorrie first mechanically produced ice in 1844, and by 1850, he was able to mechnically produce ice the size of bricks.

He was granted the patent on May 6th of 1851 for a “machine to make ice.”

Just as a point of reference, the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition in London started on May 1st of 1851 and went until October 15th of 1851.

John B. Gorrie died, however, in 1855, not long after his invention was patented.

He was unable to raise the money needed to manufacture his machine and everything in his life went south for him, including his health.

The other statue for the State of Florida is represented by Edmund Kirby Smith.

Edmund Kirby Smith was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded its Trans-Mississippi Department between 1863 and 1865.

The Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States Army was comprised of Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, western Louisiania, Arizona Territory and Indian Territory.

Edmund Kirby Smith was born in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1834, the youngest child of attorney Joseph Lee and his wife Francis.

Both of his parents were natives of Litchfield, Connecticut before moving to St. Augustine in 1821, where his father was appointed as a Superior Court Judge in the new Florida Territory, of which St. Augustine was the capital between 1822 and 1824.

As mentioned in Part 2 of this series, Litchfield was the location of the Litchfield Law School, the first independent law school established in America for reading law,  founded by lawyer, educator and judge Tapping Reeve in the 1770s, and it was a proprietary school that was unaffiliated with any college or university.

I looked up meanings for the unusual name of “Tapping Reeve,” and here is what I found as some possibilities:

Tapping – To exploit or draw a supply from a resource.

Reeve – Administrator, attendant; curator; agent; director; foreman; and the list goes on.

Something to think about.

Edmund Kirby Smith entered West Point in 1841 and graduated in 1845, and by August of 1846 was serving in the 7th U. S. Infantry as a Second Lieutenant.

He served in several battles of the Mexican-American War, which took place between 1846 and 1848 after the United States annexed Texas in 1845, and had obtained the rank of captain by the end of it.

After the Mexican-American War and before the American Civil War, Smith taught mathematics at West Point between 1849 and 1852, as well as pursuing his scientific interest in botany, and was credited with collecting and describing species of plants native to Florida and Tennessee.

Then, he returned to leading troops in 1859 in the Southwest.

Smith was promoted to Major in January of 1861 when Texas seceded from the Union, and he refused to surrender his command at Camp Colorado in what is now Coleman to the Texas State Troops.

Within just a few months, Smith had resigned his commission in the United States Army to join the Confederacy.

He had been promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General in June of 1861, and given a command of a brigade in the Army of the Shenandoah, which he led in the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21st of 1861, the first major battle of the civil war, in which he was severely wounded.

Smith recovered from his injuries, and returned to duty in October of 1861 as a Major-General and division commander of the Army of Northern Virginia for awhile, the primary military force of the Confederate States in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War.

Then in February of 1862, he was sent west to command the eastern division of the Army of Mississippi, cooperating with General Braxton Bragg in what was called the “Invasion of Kentucky,” during which time he was victorious in the Battle of Richmond in Kentucky, called one of the most complete confederate victories in the war, and the first major battle in the Kentucky Campaign.

By October of 1862, Smith was promoted to Lieutenant-General, commanding the 3rd Corps, Army of Tennessee.

Then in January of 1863, Edmund Kirby Smith was transferred to command the Trans-Mississippi Department, and for the rest of the Civil War he remained west of the Mississippi River.

His Trans-Mississippi Department never had more than 30,000 men stationed over a large area and he wasn’t able to concentrate his forces enough to challenge the Union Army or Navy.

After the Union forces captured Vicksburg, Mississippi…

…and Port Hudson in Louisiana…

…Edmund Kirby Smith’s forces were cut off from the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia.

As a result of being cut-off from Richmond, Smith commanded and administered a nearly independent area of the Confederacy, and the whole region became known as “Kirby Smithdom.”

Ultimately, the Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the Trans-Mississippi Department on May 26th of 1865 on board the U. S. S. Fort Jackson on Galveston Bay in Texas to the Union Major General Edward Canby, approximately eight-weeks after General Robert E. Lee’s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia.

Edmund Kirby Smith was active in the telegraph business as the President of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company…

…served as the Chancellor of the University of Nashville from 1870 and 1875…

…and taught mathematics and botany at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee…

…in whose cemetery he was buried after his death from pneumonia in 1893.

The statue representatives for the State of Georgia are Crawford Long and Alexander H. Stephens.

Crawford Long was a surgeon and pharmacist, best known for his use of inhaled sulphuric ether as an anesthetic.

Crawford Long was born in Danielsville, Georgia, on November 1st of 1815.

His father was a state senator, merchant and planter.

Danielsville is 16-miles, or 23-kilometers, north of Athens, Georgia.

He started attending the University of Georgia in Athens after he graduated from the local academy at the age of 14.

His friend and roommate at the University of Georgia was Alexander H. Stephens, the other statue representing Georgia.

More on him shortly.

Crawford Long received his Master of Arts degree, and first went on to study medicine at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he studied under the revered surgeon Benjamin Dudley, and Long was said to have first noticed the effects of operating without anesthesia.

Crawford Long went on to complete his studies at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and received his M.D. in 1839.

Crawford Long returned to Georgia after an 18-month internship in New York, and took over a rural practice in Jefferson, Georgia, in 1841.

Crawford Long was credited with using ether for the first time as an anesthetic on March 30th of 1842 to remove a tumor from the neck of a patient, even though the first public demonstration of using either didn’t take place until four-years later by William Morton, to a medical audience at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

Long was also credited with being the first to use ether as an anesthetic during childbirth, when he had his wife inhale ether when she was giving birth, and this practice was dominant in the field for many, many years afterwards.

Though others published their results before he did, Crawford Long was declared the official discoverer of anesthesia by the National Eclectic Medical Association in 1879…

…and led to “Doctors Day” being celebrated on March 30th every year to commemorate his first use of anesthesia on March 30th of 1842.

Crawford Long and his wife are buried next to each other at the Oconee Hill Cemetery in Athens, Georgia.

The other statue represented by Georgia is one of Alexander Hamilton Stephens, an American politician who served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Georgia between October of 1843 to March of 1859 and December of 1873 to November of 1882; was Vice-President of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865; and the 50th Governor of Georgia from November of 1882 to March of 1883.

Alexander H. Stephens was born in February of 1812 in Talioferro County, near Crawfordsville, Georgia, the county seat.

Alexander H. Stephens was born on February 11th of 1812. His mother, Margaret Grier, died that same year.

His mother’s brother Robert Grier was the founder of Grier’s Almanac, one of Georgia’s longest-running publications, having been published continuously since 1807.

His father Alexander remarried in 1814, and both his father and his stepmother died from pneumonia in 1826, when Alexander was 14-years-old.

Though he grew up poor and in difficult circumstances, he went to live with another of his mother’s brothers, Revolutionary War General Aaron Grier, near Raytown in Talioferro County. His Uncle Aaron had inherited one of the best libraries in that part of the country from his father.

Stephens continued his education through several benefactors, and attended college in Athens, where I mentioned previously his roommate was Crawford Long.

He was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and he graduated at the top of his class in 1832.

Stephens began legal studies and was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1834, and began his career as a successful lawyer in Crawfordsville with a career in law that spanned 32-years.

On top of that, he entered politics in 1836 when he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, where he served until 1841, and then he was elected to the Georgia Senate in 1842.

Then, Stephens served in the U. S. House of Representatives from October of 1843 to March of 1859.

He quickly rose to prominence as one of the leading southern Whigs in the House.

In 1861, Stephens was elected as a delegate to the Georgia Secession Convention to decide Georgia’s response to the election of Abraham Lincoln.

He came to be known as the “Sage of Liberty Hall” for his call for the South to remain loyal to the Union.

He voted again secession at the convention, but asserted the right to secede if the federal government continued to allow the northern states to nullify the “Fugitive Slave Law” with “Personal Liberty Laws.”

Liberty Hall was Alexander Stephens’ home in Crawfordville, and today is a museum, and part of A. H. Stephens Historic Park.

Stephens was elected to the Confederate Congress in November of 1861, and was chosen as Vice-President of the Provisional Government.

Stephens was outspoken in his support of institutionalized slavery.

He remained in this position through the end of the Civil War.

Stephens was arrested for treason against the United States at his home in Crawfordville on May 11th of 1865, and spent 5 months at Fort Warren on George’s Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor.

In 1866 Stephens was elected to the United States Senate by the first legislature that opened under the new Georgia Constitution, but was not allowed to take his seat because of restrictions against on former Confederates.

Then in 1873, he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives as a Democrat, and was re-elected four more times – in 1874, 1876, 1878 and 1880.

He became Governor of Georgia on November 4th of 1882, but died a short time later, on March 4th of 1883.

He is buried next to his statue in front of his home in A. H. Stephens Historic Park.

Alexander H. Stephens never married, and has no known descendents.

Next we come to Hawaii, which is represented by Father Damien and King Kamehameha I in the National Statuary Hall.

Father Damien, or Saint Damien of Molokai, was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium and a member of the Congregation of Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, a missionary religious institute.

The Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary came about from the religious upheaval caused by the French Revolution.

Its original members founded new schools for poor children, seminaries to help grow their priesthood and parish missions throughout Europe, and in 1825, the Holy See entrusted the evangelization of the Hawaiian Islands to the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.

Father Damien was recognized for his ministry from 1873 until his death in 1889 for people with leprosy in the Kingdom of Hawaii who lived in government-mandated quarantine in a settlement on Molokai.

Damien de Veuster arrived in Honolulu from Belgium on March 19th of 1864, and was ordained there as a priest on May 21st of 1864 at what is now the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, the Mother Church of the Diocese of Honolulu.

Father Damien was first assigned to the Catholic Mission in North Kohala on the island of Hawaii.

The Kingdom of Hawaii was struggling with a public health crisis and labor shortage.

Many of his native Hawaiian parishioners had infectious diseases like leprosy, smallpox, cholera, influenza, syphilis, and whooping cough, brought to the Hawaiian Islands by foreigners, and from which thousands died.

In 1865, out of fear of the contagious disease of Leprosy, King Kamehameha V and the Hawaiian Legislature passed the “Act to Prevent the Spread of Leprosy.”

This Act quarantined the lepers of Hawaii, and the most serious cases were emoved to the settlement colony of Kalawao, and later a second one named Kalaupapa, on the island of Molokai.

From 1866 to 1969, approximately 8,000 Hawaiians were sent to these two settlements for medical quarantine.

The Kingdom of Hawaii did not provide enough resources, having planned for the people who lived there to take care of themselves and grow their own food, but this was not practical and did not work out well.

The Bishop of the Honolulu Diocese believed the lepers needed a Catholic priest to assist them, and the first volunteer to arrive at the isolated settlement of Kalaupapa was Father Damien.

We are told he worked with them to build a church and establish the Parish of St. Philomena.

Father Damien cared for the lepers and helped to establish leaders in the community to improve the quality-of-life there.

He was also said to have taught, painted houses, and organized farms, the construction of chapels, roads, hospitals and churches, as well as serving as their priest.

Father Damien worked for 11-years at the leper settlement on Molokai.

In 1884, he realized that he himself had contracted leprosy when he felt nothing when he put his foot into scalding hot water.

With his remaining time, he tried to advance as many projects as possible, including the completion of several building projects and improved orphanages.

Four volunteers arrived on Molokai to help him: Louis Lambert Conrardy, a Belgian priest; an American Civil War veteran, Joseph Dutton; James Sinnett, an nurse from Chicago; and Mother Marianne Cope, formerly the head of the Franciscan-run St. Joseph’s Hospital in New York City.

By March 23rd of 1889, he was bedridden, and he died from leprosy on April 15th of 1889.

Initially buried at the leper settlement where he had lived, his remains were returned to Belgium in 1936, though later the remains of his right hand were returned to Molokai for re-interment when he was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1995.

He was canonized as a saint in October of 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI.

The other statue for Hawaii is represented by King Kamehameha I.

King Kamehameha I , also known as the Great, was the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which originated in 1795, but became official when the whole Hawaiian Archipelago became unified in 1810.

Kamehameha was believed to have been born in the Kohala District of the island of Hawaii in November of 1758, at which time a bright star was said to have appeared just before he was born, which would have coincided with the return of Halley’s Comet in 1758.

He was the son of a high chief and daughter of King Alapa’i, who died in 1754.

King Kalani’opu’u was king when the expedition of British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in November of 1778, and went aboard his ship.

He went aboard Cook’s ship again in January of 1779, when the ship anchored in Kealakekua Bay, and gifts were exchanged.

Then in February of 1779, Cook’s ships returned to repair storm damage.

On this visit, Captain Cook tried to take the king hostage after the theft of a longboat, which lead directly to Captain Cook’s death when he was killed by the King’s attendants.

There’s differing reports about what happened after the death of King Kalani’opu’u in April of 1782.

One version of what happened is that the island of Hawaii was divided between his son Kiwalao, and his nephew, Kamehameha.

Things were peaceful we are told, until July of 1782, when a dispute between their chiefs broke out, which lead to war.

Kiwalao was slain at the Battle of Mokuohai, Kamehameha’s first major victory and solidified his leadership over much of the island.

Then Kamehamema embarked on a series of conquests that brought all the islands except for Kauai and Nihau under his control, which were eventually ceded to him through peaceful negotiations in 1810.

As King, Kamehameha set up governors to administer each island, and as a shrewd businessman, amassed a fortune for his kingdom through a government monopoly on the sandalwood trade and the imposition of port duties on visiting ships.

He was described as an open-minded sovereign who maintained his kingdom’s independence through the period of European discovery and exploration of the islands.

He died in May of 1819, his final resting place unknown as his trusted friends hid his body according to the ancient practice of “hiding the body in secret” to preserve his ‘mana’ or power.

This was King Kalakaua.

When King Kamehameha V died in December of 1872, he had not named a successor the last elected Monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. 

Kalakaua ultimately became king through an election process by the legislative assembly in February of 1874.

He lost his absolute power in 1887 when he was forced by Hawaiian elites to accept a constitution that provided for a constitutional government.

He died in January of 1891.

Liliuokalani was proclaimed Queen of Hawaii after the death of her brother, King Kalakaua, in 1891.

She was the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian kingdom, from January 29th, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17th, 1893, by subjects of the Hawaiian kingdom, U. S. citizens, and foreign residents residing in Honolulu 

The last state I am going to be looking at in this part 3 of this series is Idaho, which is represented in the National Statuary Hall by William Borah and George L. Shoup.

William E. Borah was an outspoken Republican Senator, and considered to be one of the best-known figures in the history of Idaho.

He served in the U. S. Senate from 1907 until his death in 1940.

William Edgar Borah was born to parents who were farmers in June of 1865 in Jasper Township, Illinois, near Fairfield in Wayne County.

He received his initial education at Tom’s Prairie School near Fairfield, and then in 1881, his father sent him to Southern Illinois Academy, a Cumberland Presbyterian academy, to train for the ministry, but Borah was expelled in 1882.

Borah decided he wanted to be a lawyer, so his father sent him in 1883 to Lyons, Kansas, to live with his sister Sue, and her husband, Ansel M. Lasley, an attorney.

In 1885, he enrolled in the University of Kansas in Lawrence but contracted tuberculosis in 1887 and had to withdraw from his studies there.

He returned to Lyons, where his sister helped him recover his health, and he read law under his brother-in-law’s supervision, and passed the bar in 1887.

Though he was appointed as City Attorney of Lyons by the Mayor, Borah decided he wanted bigger and better things, and in 1890, he boarded the Union Pacific Railroad in Omaha, Nebraska, and headed west, and landed in Boise, Idaho.

Idaho had been admitted to the Union earlier in 1890,and the state capital, Boise, was considered a “boom town.”

Borah prospered in Idaho as an attorney in law and politics, serving as the chair of the Republican State Central Committee in 1892.

Borah joined many in Idaho in 1896 in breaking from the Republican Party to support the Democrat William Jennings Bryan in support of his platform of “Free Silver,” a major economic policy issue in the 19th-century, an expansionary monetary policy that featured unlimited coinage of silver as money on-demand, as opposed to the more carefully fixed money supply inherent in the gold standard.

The Republican-candidate, former Ohio Governor William McKinley, won the presidential election, and kept the gold standard in place.

As a point of historical information, President McKinley was shot twice in the abdomen by a gunman at the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York on September 13th of 1901, and died as a result of his wounds on September 14th of 1901, at the beginning of his second term as president.

Back to William Borah.

Borah supported the Spanish-American War in 1898, and remained loyal to the Silver Republicans.

Then in 1900, he decided that the issue of silver versus gold standard was no longer important in the light of increased gold production and national prosperity, and subsequently made a return to the Republican Party.

Borah was prominent as an attorney in southern Idaho, and he sought election to the U. S. Senate in 1902, but was defeated by Weldon B. Heyburn, a mining lawyer from northern Idaho, in his first Senate run.

Borah set his sights on replacing the Senate seat of Fred Dubois in 1907, and, long story short, was successful in doing so.

Right before Borah entered the Senate in December of 1907, he was involved in two trials in Idaho – one in which he was counsel for the prosecution and the other in which he was a defendent.

In the case of the former, he had a role as counsel in the prosecution of Big Bill Haywood, who was tried for conspiracy in the murder of former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg, who was assassinated on December 30th of 1905 by a bomb placed at the gate of his home.

Though Haywood’s defense attorney Clarence Darrow, best known for his defense of high school teacher John Scopes in the 1925 “Scopes Monkey Trial” for teaching evolution in a state-funded school in Tennessee, won an acquital for his client, the trial made William Borah a national figure.

While defendents in the Haywood case awaited trial, Borah was indicted in federal court for land fraud, having to do with acquisitions by the Barber Lumber Company, of which Borah was counsel, of title to timber land claims. Individuals had purchased the claims, and sold them to the lumber company, after having sworn they were for they are own.

The indictment of Borah was perceived to be political by Idaho Republicans who had lost state party leadership because of the new Senator.

Borah was tried in September of 1907, and he was acquitted because the prosecuting U. S. Attorney was unable to tie Borah to any offense.

When William Borah arrived for the Senate’s regular session in December of 1907, he was already known for the trials in Idaho, and for wearing a ten-gallon hat.

Borah immediately staked out progressive positions, and was one of a growing number of progressive Republicans in the Senate, even though he often opposed liberal legislation.

The Progressive Era was what was called a period of widespread social activism and political reform in the United States that spanned the time-period from the 1890s to World War I, which started at the end of July in 1914.

The stated main objectives of the movement were to address problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration and political corruption.

Borah had a hand in his first term in what became the 16th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, which allowed Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the States on the basis of population, which was passed by Congress in 1909.

Borah also had a hand in the 17th Amendment, which was ratified in 1913.

The 17th Amendment established the direct election of Senators in each State instead of election by the State Legislatures.

Borah’s popularity in Idaho won him re-election to a second term in the Senate in 1913, during the administration of President Woodrow Wilson.

He was given a seat on the Senate’s Foreign Relations Committee, a seat which he held for the next 25 years.

He became one of America’s leading figures on International Affairs.

Borah voted against the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which passed Congress on December 23rd, 1913, and was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. 

It created and established the Federal Reserve System, and created the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (commonly known as the US dollar) as legal tender.

After World War I began in 1914, Borah believed that the United States should keep completely out of it, supporting American neutrality.

In early 1917, when Germany resumed unlimited submarine warfare, Borah remained hopeful the U. S. could stay out of World War I, though he supported Woodrow Wilson on legislation to arm merchant ships, and voted in favor when the President requested a declaration of war in April of 1917, in order for the U. S. to defend its own rights.

William Borah again won re-election in November of 1918.

Borah fought against the 1919 Treaty of Versailles which ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers, and the Senate did not ratify it.

As a result of the Senate not ratifying the treaty, the U. S. never became an official member of the League of Nations, which was established in January of 1920, and was the first worldwide, intergovernmental organization with a stated mission of maintaining world peace.

Borah often fought with the Republican Presidents in office between 1921 and 1933, including Warren Harding, who was in office between 1921 and his death on August 2nd of 1923, and Calvin Coolidge who became President upon Warren Harding’s death.

The Teapot Dome Scandal broke in 1924, in which Coolidge himself was not involved but some of his cabinet members were implicated.

The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery scandal that took place during the Harding Administration between 1921 and 1923, in which the Secretary of the Interior, Albert Bacon Fall, had leased Navy Petroleum Reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, and two other locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding.

In order for Calvin Coolidge to get Borah’s support in the crisis, Borah wanted the Attorney General Harry Daugherty fired, which Coolidge resisted, but Daugherty ended up resigning under pressure.

Borah became the senior member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1924, and he became the committee’s chair, greatly increasing his influence.

He was involved in the efforts through the 1920s to outlaw war.

Chicago attorney Salmon Levinson formulated a plan to outlaw war called the “Kellogg-Briand Act,” or the “General Treaty of the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy, and worked to get Borah on board as its spokesman, which turned out to be an on-and-off kind of support.

In the end, Borah supported it and after it was negotiated and signed by other countries on August 27th of 1928, secured the ratification of the treaty in the Senate…

…though the pact didn’t actually stop war, as World War II began eleven-years almost to the day it was signed, on September 1st of 1939.

Borah ran for the Republican nomination in 1936, however, his candidacy was opposed by Republican Conservative leadership, and the nomination went to Alf Landon from Kansas.

He won his sixth-term in the Senate that year instead.

In the years leading up to World War II, Borah sought to settle the troubled international situation through personal diplomacy, seeking to visit Germany and talk to Hitler himself, but he never made the trip realizing that making the trip would compromise him in foreign policy debates.

He died from a cerebral hemorrhage on January 19th of 1940.

He had a state funeral in the U. S. Capitol and then went to the Idaho State Capitol in Boise for a second funeral, where an estimated 23,000 people, half the state’s population at the time, passed by his body.

He was buried in the Morris Hill Cemetery in Boise.

George L. Shoup, the other statue representing Idaho, was the first governor of Idaho, the State, and the last governor of Idaho, the Territory.

After serving as Governor of Idaho after statehood 1890 for several months, he became one of Idaho’s first United States Senators.

George Laird Shoup was born in June of 1836 in Kittanning, Pennsylvania, northeast of Pittsburgh.

In 1852, he moved to Galesburg, Illinois, and farmed with his father.

Shoup moved to the Colorado Territory in 1859 to engage in mining and merchandising first near Pike’s Peak, and later in Denver, after he was financially devastated in the Panic of 1857, which was said to have been caused by the declining international economy and overexpansion of the domestic economy.

During the Civil War, Shoup enlisted with independent scouts working in the New Mexico Territory, Colorado Territory and Texas.

He was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant when the Third Colorado Cavalry was formed in 1861 and left as a colonel in 1864.

He took part in the Battle of Apache Canyon in the New Mexico Territory…

…which was part of the Battle of Glorieta Pass from March 26th to March 28th of 1862, the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War in which the Confederate forces failed to break the Union possession of the West along the base of the Rocky Mountains.

Shoup was also noted to have taken part in the Sand Creek Massacre during the Colorado War, a massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U. S. Army in the American Indian Wars.

It occurred in November of 1864 when a 675-man force of the 3rd Colorado Cavalry attacked and destroyed their village in the southeastern Colorado Territory, in which an estimated 69 to over 600 Native American people were killed or mutilated.

After the war, he moved to Virginia City in the Montana Territory…

…and then settled across the Continental Divide in Salmon, a town in the Idaho Territory he helped found.

After the end of the Civil War, Shoup moved to Virginia City in the Montana Territory.

Shoup owned general merchandise stores in both locations.

Shoup was appointed Commissioner of Idaho’s Lemhi County, of which Salmon was the county seat…

…and in 1874, he was elected to the Territorial Legislature.

He served on the Republican National Committee for Idaho from 1880 to 1904.

And in 1889, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Shoup Governor of the Idaho Territory, a position he held until July of 1890, when Idaho became a State and the Territory ceased to exist.

He was elected the States first Governor in October of that year, a position in which he served only a few weeks, as he was elected to the United States Senate in November, and in which he served for over ten years, until March of 1901.

During his time in the U. S. Senate, he was interested in pensions, education and military affairs, and was Chairman of the Committee on Territories.

George L. Shoup died in December of 1904, and was given a state funeral in Idaho, and was buried in Boise’s Pioneer Cemetery, the oldest cemetery in continual use in the city since the area was settled in 1863.

I am going to end this part of the series on the National Statuary Hall here, and in the next part of this series I will be looking at the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas and Kentucky.

So far in the National Statuary Hall, from Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, and Arkansas, there have been two journalist/politicians (Bob Bartlett & Ernest Gruening); two military hero/politicians (Joseph Wheeler/Barry Goldwater); a Jesuit missionary (Father Eusebio Kino); one lawyer/politician (James Paul Clarke); one lawyer (Uriah M. Rose); and one disability rights advocate/socialist (Helen Keller).

Let’s see who comes up next!

Next in line is California.

The State of California is represented by statues of Ronald Reagan and Father Junipero Serra.

Ronald Reagan was the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a career as an actor and union leader, and served as the 40th-President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

Ronald Reagan was born in 1911 to a low-income family in Tampico, Illinois.

This photo of Tampico’s Main Street was notated as having been taken in 1905.

His first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park, where he was credited with saving 77 lives, in Dixon, Illinois…

…when he was attending Dixon High School.

In 1932, after graduating from Eureka College in Illinois, Reagan began working as a radio sports’ commentator in Iowa.

He moved to WHO radio in Des Moines as an announcer for the Chicago Cubs baseball games, where he created play-by-play accounts of games from basic descriptions that were wired as the games were in progress.

Reagan travelled with the Chicago Cubs to California in 1937.

He took a screen-test, which led to a 7-year contract with Warner Brothers, and he started his acting career as a B-actor.

His first movie was a starring role in “Love is on the Air” in 1937, and by the end of 1939, he had appeared in 19 movies.

Reagan played a double-amputee in the 1942 movie “Kings Row,” which made him a star.

Also in 1942, he was ordered into Active-Duty military service in San Francisco, having enlisted in the Army Enlisted Reserve in 1937, and commissioned as a second-lieutenant, and he never became a big, first-rank film star, even though he played the lead in numerous movies after his military service.

Ronald Reagan was first elected to Board of Directors of the Screen Actors Guild Union as an alternate member in 1941.

In 1946, he became 3rd Vice-President, and when the Union president and six board members resigned in March of 1947 due to conflicts-of-interest, Reagan was elected President of the Union, and relected six times, starting in 1947 and the last time he was elected was in 1959.

He was the Union President during the Hollywood Blacklist era during the early years of the Cold War, which was the practice of denying employment to entertainment industry professionals believed to be, or have been, Communist sympathizers.

He testified in front of the House Un-American Committee hearing in 1947 that a small group within the Screen Actors Guild was using “communist-like tactics” to steer Union policy.

Ultimately as a result of this Congressional hearing, the “Hollywood Ten” were cited for contempt of Congress, and blacklisted for refusing to answer questions about alleged involvement with the Communist Party.

Ronald Reagan moved into television in 1953, as host of the “General Electric Theater” for ten seasons, until 1962…

…and was a host and announcer of the “Tournament of Roses Parade” for ABC on January 1st of 1959.

His last television stint was as a host and performer for “Death Valley Days,” described as featuring true accounts of the American Old West, particularly in Death Valley.

It was sponsored by the Pacific Coast Borax company.

Some interesting side-notes about the Pacific Coast Borax Company that I have encountered in previous research.

Furnace Creek in Death Valley, which holds the records of both the highest-recorded ground and air temperature ever recorded on Earth, was the center of operations starting in 1890 for the Pacific Coast Borax Company and its 20-mule teams hauling wagon trains of borax across the Mojave Desert.

The Inn at Death Valley, formerly known as The Furnace Creek Inn, was said to have been constructed by the Pacific Coast Borax Company and opened on February 1st of 1927, operatimg for decades by the Fred Harvey Company, known for its “Harvey Houses” and other hospitality industry businesses alongside railroads in the western United States.

The reason given for this was the President of the Pacific Coast Borax Company, Richard C. Baker, wanted to open Death Valley to tourism, and at the same time, increase the revenue of the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad that was said to have been built originally by Francis Marion Smith for the purpose of shipping borax.

Ronald Reagan’s first wife was actress Jane Wyman – they married in 1940 and their divorce was finalized in 1949.

He married actress Nancy Davis in 1952.

When he became President of the United States in 1981, he was the first divorced President.

While Reagan was initially what was called a “Hollywood Democrat,” he moved to the right-wing in the 1950s, and became a Republican in 1962.

He emerged as a leading conservative spokesman in the Goldwater Presidential campaign of 1964, at which time he gained national attention in his speeches on behalf of Barry Goldwater.

In late 1965, Ronald Reagan announced his campaign to run for Governor of California in 1966. and defeated two-term Democratic Governor Pat Brown.

Reagan was Governor of California for two-terms, from 1967 to 1975.

His terms as Governor shaped the public policies he would pursue as President, like speaking out against the welfare state and advocating the ideal of less government regulation of the economy.

Ronald Reagan’s first presidential bid in 1976 Presidental campaign was unsuccessful, when he failed to secure the Republican Presidential nomination, which went to Gerald Ford, the incumbent who had become President when Richard M. Nixon resigned in 1974 following the Watergate Scandal.

Gerald Ford lost the 1976 election to the Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter.

He campaigned once again for the 1980 Presidential Election, where he faced Jimmy Carter against the backdrop of domestic concerns, and the on-going Iran-Hostage Crisis.

Reagan in his campaign stressed lowering taxes to stimulate the economy; less government interference in people’s lives; states’ rights; and a strong national defense.

Reagan and his running mate, George H. W. Bush, won a decisive victory of President Jimmy Carter.

Interesting to note that the American hostages in Iran were released minutes after the inauguration of Ronald Reagan as the President of the United States on January 20th of 1981, after 444-days, of captivity…

…and that Just a little over two months after his inauguration, on March 30th of 1981, there was an assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan by what was described as a lone gunman, John Hinckley Jr.

Hinckley was said to be seeking fame in order to impress actress Jodie Foster, with whom he was obsessed.

During Reagan’s two presidencies, he pursued policies, coined “the Reagan Revolution,” that reflected his beliefs in individual freedom; expanded the economy and military; and brought an end to the Cold War.

California’s other representative in the National Statuary Hall is Junipero Serra, a Franciscan missionary and Roman Catholic priest.

He was credited with establishing the Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda in Mexico, said to have been built between 1750 and 1760 a UNESCO World Heritage Site…

…as well as the first nine of twenty-one missions in California, from San Diego to San Francisco from 1770 to 1782.

Junipero Serra was beatified in 1988 by Pope John Paul II over the denunciations of Native American tribes that accused him of heading a brutal colonial subjugation.

Then in 2015, Pope Francis canonized him, and he became Saint Junipero Serra, the first saint to be canonized on U. S. soil at the National Basilica in Washington, D. C.

Serra was nicknamed the “Apostle of California” for his missionary efforts, but before and after his canonization, his reputation and missionary work was condemned for reasons given like mandatory conversions of the native population to Catholicism and atrocities committed against them.

That’s what they say about him anyway!

Next, the two statues representing the State of Colorado are those of Florence R. Sabin and Jack Swigert.

Florence R. Sabin was an American medical scientist.

As a pioneer for women in science, she was the first woman to become a professor at a medical college in the Department of Anatomy at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1902…

…the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1925…

…and the first woman to head a department at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in 1925, when she became head of the Department of Cellular Studies and where her research focused on the lymphatic system; blood vessels & cells; and tuberculosis.

The Rockefeller University was founded in 1901 by John D. Rockefeller, and was America’s first biomedical institute.

Florence R. Sabin was born in Central City, Colorado, in 1871, to a mining engineer father and schoolteacher mother.

Her mother died in 1878, and she and her sister went to live with their uncle in Chicago, before moving to live with their grandparents in Vermont.

In 1885, she enrolled in the Vermont Academy at Saxton River, where she was able to develop her interest in science.

She attended Smith College in Massachusetts, and graduated in 1893 with her Bachelor’s degree.

In 1896, Sabin enrolled in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, which had opened in 1893, and she graduated in 1900.

Her two major projects were on producing a 3D model of a newborn’s brain stem, which became the focus of the 1901 textbook “An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain,” and the second was on the development of the lymphatic system in the embryo.

In her retirement, she became involved in Public Health in the State of Colorado at the invitation of the Governor at the time.

Among other things, as a result of her work, the “Sabin Health Laws” were passed, modernizing public health care in Colorado by providing more beds to treat Tuberculosis, which led to a reduction in the number of cases.

Florence R. Sabin died at the age of 81 in October of 1953, and her remains were interred in the Fairmount Mausoleum at the Fairmount Cemetery in Denver.

Jack Swigert is the other Coloradan represented in the National Statuary Hall, an American astronaut and Air Force pilot, who was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives for Colorado’s 6th District, but died in 1982 from complications of cancer before taking office.

Jack Swigert, Jr, was born in Denver in 1931. His father was an ophthalmologist.

He grew up near the Colorado National Guard’s Combs (also known as Lowry) Field, and loved watching planes take-off and land, and decided that was what he wanted to be doing.

By the age of 16, he was a licensed private pilot.

Jack Swigert attended Regis Jesuit High School…

…and East High School in Denver, from which he graduated in 1949.

He received his Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Colorado in Boulder in 1953…

…a Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1965…

…and his Master of Business Administration from the University of Hartford in 1967.

Following Swigert’s graduation from the University of Colorado in Boulder, he joined the U. S. Air Force and graduated from the Pilot Training Program and Gunnery School at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada.

He was subsequently assigned as a fighter pilot in Japan and Korea during the Korean War, and survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip in 1953.

After completing his tour of active duty in the Air Force, Swigert served as a fighter pilot in Massachusetts (1957 – 1960) and Connecticut Air National Guards (1960 – 1965).

During this same time period, he was an engineering test pilot for aerospace manufacturer Pratt & Whitney, which is headquartered in East Hartford, Connecticut.

Then, in 1966, Swigert was accepted into NASA’s Astronaut Corps, and he became a specialist on the Apollo Command Module.

He was a member of Apollo 7’s astronaut support crew, the first crewed Apollo flight, from October 11 to 22 of 1968. He was the launch capsule communicator and worked on the Mission’s operational aspects.

Then, when the Apollo 13 moon mission launched on April 11th of 1968, Swigert was one of the three astronauts on-board.

This is what we are told.

The mission was the third-crewed lunar landing attempt, but it had to be aborted after an oxygen tank ruptured in the space-craft’s service module.

The three astronauts on-board, Swigert, Jim Lovell and Fred Haise, travelled around the moon and returned safely to earth on April 17th.

They received the Presidential Medal of Freedom the next day.

NASA Director of Flight Crew Operations, Deke Slayton, recommended Jack Swigert to be one of the command module pilots for the Apollo-Soyuz joint-project with the Soviet Union.

He was removed from the project, however, when it was discovered that Swigert was somehow involved with what was called the “Apollo 15 postal covers incident,” where unauthorized postal covers that had been taken into space for a West German stamp dealer by the Apollo 15 crew and autographed in exchange for payment.

Shortly thereafter, Jack Swigert went to Washington, DC, to become the Executive Director of the Committee on Science and Astronautics for the U. S. House of Representatives.

Swigert left the Committee in 1977 to enter politics.

He unsuccessfully ran for the U. S. Senate in 1978, when he was defeated by the better-known Congressman Bill Armstrong.

Swigert ran for the U. S. House of Representatives in the newly-created 6th-District of Colorado in February of 1982.

Around the same time, he was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in his right nasal passage, which he disclosed to voters, and underwent radiation treatment from which he was expected to make a full-recovery.

In September of 1982, he was diagnosed with bone marrow cancer.

He won the election in November of 1982, and died of respiratory failure on December 27th of 1982, seven-days before the beginning of his Congressional term, at the age of 51.

Roger Sherman and Jonathan Trumbull are the two representatives for the State of Connecticut in the National Statuary Hall.

Roger Sherman was an early American Statesman and lawyer from Connecticut who was one of the Founding Fathers.

Sherman was the only person to sign all four of the great state papers of the United States – the Continental Association, an agreement adopted by the First Continental Congress on October 20th of 1774 in Philadelphia…

…the Declaration of Independence, on July 4th of 1776 at the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia…

…the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, an agreement signed by the thirteen original states as its first frame of government, also during the Second Continental Congress, on November 17th of 1777…

…and the Constitution on June 21st of 1788, the Supreme Law of the United States.

Sherman was born in Newton, Massachusetts, in April of 1721, where he received his early education in grammar school and his father’s library.

He spent time learning the shoemaker’s trade when he was young.

Then after his father’s death in 1743, Roger Sherman and his family moved to New Milford, Connecticut, where he and his brother opened the town’s first store.

He rapidly became one of the town’s leading citizens, becoming involved in civil and religious affairs.

Though Sherman had no formal training in the law, he was encouraged to read for the bar exam, and admitted to the bar in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1754.

From 1755 to 1758 and 1760 to 1761, he was chosen to represent New Milford in the Connecticut House of Representatives.

Sherman was appointed as the Treasurer of Yale College, and awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree.

Sherman was elected Mayor of New Haven in 1784, he was Mayor until his death in 1793.

Sherman died in July of Typhoid fever 1793, and was first buried in the New Haven Green.

In 1821, Sherman’s remains were relocated to the Grove Street Cemetery.

Hmmm…the symbolism appears to be Egyptian in this photo of the entrance to the Grove Street Cemetery!

The other statue for Connecticut is that of Jonathan Trumbull, an American politician and statesman who served as Governor of Connecticut from October 10th of 1776 to May 13th of 1784, and was one of two governors to have served for a British Colony and an American State, the other being Nicholas Cooke of Rhode Island.

Trumbull College at Yale was named after him…

…as well as Trumbull, Connecticut…

…and Fort Trumbull, near the mouth of the Thames River on Long Island Sound in New London, Connecticut, with the present fortification said to have been built between 1839 and 1852.

Jonathan Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut in 1710.

He graduated with his Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard College in 1727.

He became a merchant with his father in 1731, and then from 1733 to 1740, he was a delegate to the Connecticut General Assembly, and Speaker of the House from 1739 to 1740.

He became the Governor of Connecticut in 1769 upon the death of Governor William Pitkin, for whom he was Deputy Governor from 1766 – 1769.

Trumbull was a friend and advisor of General George Washington during the Revolutionary War, and served as the Continental Army’s Paymaster General (Northern Department) in the spring of 1778.

In addition to continuing on as Governor of Connecticut until 1784, Trumbull was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782…

…and elected as an honorary member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati in 1784, a fraternal, hereditary society founded in 1783 to commemorate the American Revolutionary War.

He died in 1785 in Lebanon, Connecticut, and is buried in the old cemetery there.

The last state I am going to look at in this post is Delaware, represented by John M. Clayton and Caesar Rodney.

John M. Clayton was a lawyer and politician from Delaware.

A member of the Whig Party, he served in the Delaware General Assembly, and was a U. S. Senator from Delaware and U. S. Secretary of State.

John M. Clayton was born in Dagsboro, Delaware in 1796, where the Clayton Theater that was named after him is located today, the last-remaining, first-run, single-theater in the State of Delaware.

Clayton studied in Berlin, Maryland…

…and Milford, Delaware, places his parents moved to when he was a young man.

His boyhood home was what is known today as the Parson Thorne Mansion in Milford, which has on the National Register of Historic Places since 1971.

It was said to have been built between 1730 and 1735.

Clayton graduated from Yale in 1815, and studied law at the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, the first independent law school established in America for reading law…

The Litchfield Law School was founded by lawyer, educator and judge Tapping Reeve, and it was a proprietary school that was unaffiliated with any college or university.

Tapping Reeve later became Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court in 1814, and his book “Law of Baron and Femme” published in 1816 became the premiere American treatise on family law for much of the 19th-century, with revisions and republication in 1846, 1867 and 1888.

John M. Clayton started his own law practice in the state capital of Dover in 1819.

Clayton built a mansion on land he started cultivating in 1844 near New Castle, Delaware, and named it Buena Vista.

It became one of the most productive estates in this region.

It was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

Clayton first entered Delaware politics in 1824 when he was elected to the Delaware House of Representatives.

He was appointed Delaware Secretary of State from December of 1826 to October of 1828.

He was a conservative who became leader of the faction that lead to the development of the Delaware Whig Party, a party which promoted traditional conservatism in the U. S. in the middle of the 19th-century.

Clayton was first elected to the U. S. Senate in 1829, where he served until 1836.

Clayton served as Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court from January of 1837 to September of 1839, and served another term in the Senate from 1845 to 1849.

Then on March 8th of 1849, Clayton became the U. S. Secretary of State inthe administration of President Zachary Taylor, where his most notable accomplishment was the negotiation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 with the British Minister Sir Henry Bulwer-Lytton, guaranteeing the neutrality and encouragement of lines of passage across the isthmus at Panama.

Clayton’s tenure as Secretary of State was short because President Zachary Taylor died a short time into his administration.

Zachary Taylor was elected president in 1849, and he died in July of 1850, allegedly after consuming copious amounts of raw fruit and iced milk at a July 4th fundraising event at the Washington Monument, became severely ill with a digestive ailment, and died several days later.

Clayton was elected to the U. S. Senate one-more time in 1853 and served until his death in 1856.

In one of his notable speeches during this time, delivered on June 15th of 1854, he spoke against President Franklin Pierce’s veto of the Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane, which would have ceded public lands for the benefit of the “insane, blind, deaf, and dumb” with proceeds going to the states to build and maintain asylums.

The bill remained vetoed by the president, which established a precedent for federal non-participation in welfare that lasted over 70-years.

Caesar Rodney is represented by Delaware’s other statue.

He was an American Founding Father, lawyer and politician, and like Connecticut’s Roger Sherman, was a signer of the 1774 Continental Association and the 1776 Declaration of Independence, and the President of Delaware from 1778 to 1781 during the American Revolution.

Rodney was born in 1728 in St. Jones Neck in Dover Hundred, Kent County, Delaware.

Caesar Rodney was the grandson of William Rodney, who had emigrated to the American Colonies in 1681 to 1682, along with William Penn, who founded the Pennsylvania Colony.

The Rodneys were considered prosperous members of the local gentry.

Byfield, the 849-acre farm that Caesar Rodney was born on, earned sufficient income from the sale of wheat and barley to the Philadelphia and West Indies markets to provide cash and available time that allowed the family members to participate in the social and political life of Kent County.

For schooling, Rodney attended the Latin School and the College of Philadelphia (now known as the University of Philadelphia) until his father’s death in 1746.

Upon his father’s death, Rodney’s guardianship was entrusted to Delaware Supreme Court Justice Nicholas Ridgely by the Delaware Orphan’s Court.

When Caesar Rodney was 27, he was elected to Sheriff of Kent County and served in that position for three-years, and subsequently served in a series of positions including Register of Wills; Recorder of Deeds; Clerk of the Orphan’s Court; Justice of the Peace and judge in the lower courts.

Rodney was a delegate to the Continental Congress between 1774 and 1776, and a leader in the Delaware Committee of Correspondence, and was present when the Delaware Assembly voted to sever all ties with the British Parliament and King.

As mentioned previously, he was a signer of both the Continental Association and Declaration of Independence.

He became the “President of Delaware” in March of 1778 and served in that position until November of 1781 during the American Revolutionary War.

In the later years of his life, Caesar Rodney was afflicted with facial cancer, for which experienced expensive and painful medical treatments that did not work, and was the cause of his death in 1784.

I am going to end this part of the series on the National Statuary Hall, and in the next part will be looking at the statues representing the states of Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, and Idaho.

I am going to give you examples of parallels I have found in my research in this video between civil wars in the world between the North and the South, and concepts of electromagnetism, and how I think these parallels relate to what has actually taken place here.

To start with, I have many questions about what was really going on during the American Civil War, and have come to the conclusion that while something was going on during that period of time, it was not what we have been told.

Historically described as a civil war between the northern and Pacific states, known as the “Union,” or “North,” and the southern states, known as the “Confederacy,” or South, over the status of slavery and its expansion into newly acquired land after the Mexican-American War.

I did an in-depth study of Sanitary Fairs awhile back, which were world’s-fair-style fundraisers held during the course of the American Civil War with a stated purpose of raising money for the United States Sanitary Commission and its mission of supporting the sick and wounded soldiers of the Union Army.

Sanitary Fairs typically held large-scale exhibitions, and the 1863 Northwestern Soldiers Fair in Chicago, for example, featured a “Curiosity Shop” of war souvenirs, with weapons and other artifacts said to have been designed to contrast the barbaric southern enemy with the civilized North.

These were the Civil War battles said to have taken place during the same period of time as the Northwestern Soldiers Fair:

Another example was the Great Central Fair in Philadelphia in 1864.

Said to have raised more than $1,000,000 for the United States Sanitary Commission in its 3-week run from June 7th to June 28th of 1864, in its final form, the fair was said to have around 100 departments, including Arms and Trophies; children’s clothing; homemade fancy articles; Fine Arts; brewers; wax fruit; trimmings and lingerie; umbrellas and canes; curiosities and relics; a steam glass blower; an Art Gallery; and a horticulture exhibit.

And these were the Civil War Battles said to have taken place during the same period of time as the Great Central Fair.

Does it even make sense to hold big, festive events like these in the middle of a war?

Did the U. S. Sanitary Commission and its volunteers really have the wherewithal to both construct the buildings for and pull off these extraordinarily lavish and festive undertakings against the backdrop of national war and suffering?

Or was it a private front comprised of the very same people who organized it and were prominent members of the private membership clubs of the day, like the Union League and the Century Association, to set up the new historical narrative for the reset to explain, among other things, how infrastructure came into, and left, existence.

Now, I am going to bring forward several examples of the same North-South dichomoty being used in the 20th-century to create division, discord, violence, and war being used in the 20th-century.

Ireland was partitioned on May 3rd of 1921, when the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland divided Ireland into two home rule territories – Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland – with the stated goal of remaining within the United Kingdom and eventually reunifying.

Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, but after the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December of 1921, Southern Ireland dropped out of the United Kingdom and became the Irish Free State.

The partition of Ireland took place during the Irish War of Independence, a guerilla conflict between the Irish Republican Army and British Army forces.

Between 1920 and 1922, during which time the Partition occurred, there was violence in Northern Ireland in defense or opposition to the new settlement, and its capital Belfast saw savage and unprecedented violent riots between Protestant and Catholic civilians, a form of violence in which the violent parties feel solidarity for their respective groups and victims of violence are chosen based on their group membership.

All of this led directly to the”Troubles” a period of unrest and violence that escalated across Northern Ireland between the Irish Catholic Nationalists and Irish Protestant Unionists between 1969 and 1998.

Next is the example of North and South Korea.

After the August 15th surrender of Japan in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided at the 38th-parallel into two zones of occupation, with the Soviets administering the northern half, and Americans the southern half.

In 1948, as a result of Cold War tensions, the occupation zones became two sovereign states – socialist North Korea and capitalist South Korea.

The governments of the two new Korean states both claimed to be the only legitimate Korean government, and neither accepted the border as permanent.

The Korean War started in 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25th following clashes along the border and insurrections in the South.

North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea by the United Nations, principally from the United States.

The Korean War was one of the most destructive conflicts of modern times, with around 3,000,000 deaths due to the war, and proportionally, a larger civilian death toll than either World War II or the Viet Nam War; caused the destruction of nearly all of Korea’s major cities; and there were thousands of massacres on both sides.

Same idea with the example of North and South Viet Nam.

The Geneva Conference was convened in 1954 in Geneva, Switzerland, to settle unresolved issues from the Korean War and the First Indochina War in Viet Nam, and attended by representatives from the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the People’s Republic of China, as well as from Korea and Viet Nam.

While no declarations or proposals were adopted with regards to Korean situation, the Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina in Southeast Asia would have major ramifications.

The Geneva Accords established North and South Vietnam with the 17th parallel as the dividing line, with North Viet Nam being Communist and South Viet Nam being Capitalist.

The agreement also stipulates that elections are to be held within two years to unify Vietnam under a single democratic government.

These elections never happen.

The non-Communist puppet government set up by the French in South Viet Nam refused to sign.

The United States also refused to sign on, with the belief that national elections would result in an overwhelming victory for the communist Ho Chi Minh who had so decisively defeated the French colonialists.

Within a year, the United States helped establish a new, anti-Communist government in South Viet Nam, and began giving it financial and military assistance.

A mass migration took place after Viet Nam was divided.

Estimates of upwards of 3 million people left communist North Viet Nam for South Vietnam, going into refugee status in their own country, and many were assisted by the United States Navy during Operation Passage to Freedom.

An estimated 52,000 people moved from South to North Viet Nam, mostly Viet Minh members and their families.

In Viet Nam by the time of John F. Kennedy’s death in November of 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel, and the Gulf of Tonkin incident took place in 1964, an international confrontation after which the United States engaged more directly in the Viet Nam War.

The first Gulf of Tonkin incident took place on August 2nd of 1964 between ships of North Viet Nam and the United States.

The description of what took place is as follows:

Three North Vietnamese torpedo boats approached the naval destroyer U. S. S. Maddox and attacked it with torpedos and machine gun fire.

Damages said to have come about as a result of the ensuing battle were: one U. S. aircraft; all three North Vietnamese torpedo boats and 4 North Vietnamese deaths; and one bullet hole on the naval destroyer, and no American deaths.

There was initially allegedly a second incident on August 4th of 1964, this second occurrence has long been said not to have taken place.

And then there are the people who believe the first Gulf of Tonkin incident never happened either.

Whether or not the Gulf of Tonkin incidents actually happened, they were used as an excuse for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed by Congress on August 7th of 1964, giving President Lyndon B. Johnson authority to help any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be in jeopardy of Communist aggression, and was considered the legal justification for the beginning of open warfare with North Viet Nam and the deployment of American troops to Southeast Asia, of which, with the institution of the draft, there were over 500,000 troops sent by 1966.

The Viet Nam War ended with the Fall of Saigon on April 30th of 1975, when the capital of South Viet Nam was captured by North Vietnamese troops…

…and the beginning of the re-unification of Viet Nam into the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Here are more examples I have found of this practice of dividing a country into north and south, which then created the conditions for instability and civil war.

One example is the country of Sudan.

When Sudan was granted independence from its British colonizers in 1956, it was immediately divided into north and south, with each region characterized by different belief systems and loyalties, and Sudan promptly descended into violent civil war that lasted for decades.

The history of Sudan goes back to the Pharaonic period of ancient Egypt, with the Kingdom of Kerma in ancient Nubia (dated from 2500 to 1500 BC)…

…the Egyptian New Kingdom dated between 1500 BC and 1070 BC…

…and the Kingdom of Kush, dated from 785 BC to 350 AD, with its royal capital at Meroe, located on the Nile River where it flows through northeast Sudan in northeastern Africa.

The same exact process happened in Sudan’s neighboring country of Chad.

There have been roughly three Civil Wars in Chad since independence from France in 1960. 

The first one started in 1965 and lasted until 1979, and was waged by rebel factions against the authoritarian and corrupt regime of Chadian President Francois Tombalbaye.

At the time of Chad’s independence from France in 1960, roughly half of the population was Muslim and lived in the north and eastern parts of the country, and the other half was Christian and animist and lived in the southern part of the country.

Apparently, President Tombalbaye was from the southern part of the country, granting favors to his political supporters in the South while at the same time marginalizing the rest of the country.

He also filled prisons with thousands of people he believed were his opponents, whether they really were or not.

Tension and discontent grew, and several opposition groups started to organize a resistance movement.

Initially, Tombalbaye’s military crushed civilian demonstrations in 1962, and he relied heavily on French support to maintain power.

The Chadian Civil War officially started with the Mangalme, or Mubi, Uprising in September and October of 1965, involving a series of riots that started after a tax increase on personal income, which was tripled in certain areas.

Local citizens accused the government of corruption and tax collection abuses.

The military was sent in and crushed the riots, killing approximately 500 people.

Thus began the 14-year-long first Chadian Civil War.

Tombalbaye was eventually killed in coup in 1975, and was replaced by the former commander of the national army, Felix Malloum.

Malloum was a southerner with strong kinship ties to the North, who thought he could reconcile Chad’s divisions.

In the summer of 1977, rebels under the command of Goukouni Oueddei and supported by Libya, launched an offensive from the northern part of the country, and was the first time modern Soviet military equipment came into the Civil War, forcing Malloum to ask for help from France.

After the 1977 Khartoum Peace agreement, two Chadian northern military leaders, Hissene Habre and Goukouni Oueddei, came together in order to oust the southern government of Felix Malloum on March 23rd of 1979.

Then, Goukouni Oueddei seized power later that year, and became President of the Transitional Government of National Unity, composed of northerners supported by different factions that were close to Habre.

This state-of-affairs triggered the Second Chadian Civil War between 1979 and 1986.

Chad in the modern-day is one of the poorest countries in the world, with most of its inhabitants living in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers.

Oh, it is also interesting to note that Chad has sizeable reserves of crude oil, which is the country’s primary source of export earnings.

On May 22nd of 1990, leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic (North) and People’s Democratic Republic (South) of Yemen announce unification as the Republic of Yemen.

The history behind this, which is important to understanding what has taken place in Yemen since then, is that following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, at the end of World War I, when the former Ottoman Empire was divided between the countries on the “winning” side of the war…

…northern Yemen became an independent state known as the Kingdom of Yemen.

Then on September 27th of 1962, revolutionaries deposed the newly-installed, last King of Yemen, Muhammad al-Badr, and formed the Yemen Arab Republic, which was said to have been inspired by the Arab Nationalist Ideology of Nasser’s Egyptian United Arab Republic…

…and this action started the North Yemen Civil War from 1962 to 1970 between supporters of the Kingdom, which included Saudi Arabia and Jordan, and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic, which included Egypt.

By the end of the North Yemen Civil War, the supporters of the Kingdom were defeated, and the Yemen Arab Republic was recognized by Saudi Arabia in 1970.

The People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen was known as the Aden Protectorate in 1918, which it had been known as since 1874 with the creation of the British Colony of Aden and the Aden Protectorate, which consisted of 2/3rds of present-day Yemen.

The Aden Protectorate existed until 1963, when it was merged with the new Federation of South Arabia.

By 1967, the Federation of South Arabia had merged with the Protectorate of South Arabia, and later changed its named to the People’s Republic of Southern Yemen, becoming a Marxist-Leninist state in 1969, the only Communist state to be established in the Arab World.

With the 1990 reunification of Yemen into the Republic of Yemen, the new government was comprised of officials from both sides, with a de facto form of collaborative governance, until the country into Civil War in 1994.

It is interesting to note that the terms North and South are also applied to the poles of magnets.

A magnet is any object that produces its own magnetic field that interacts with other magnetic fields.

The magnetic field is represented by what are called field lines that start at a magnet’s north pole and end at the south pole.

As shown in the top diagram, if you put the north pole of one magnet against the south pole of another, the field lines go straight from the north pole of the first magnet to the south pole of the other, creating an attractive force between the two magnets.

If you have two magnets next to each other, and either their north poles or south poles are facing each as shown in the bottom diagram, the field lines move away from each other, creating a repelling force between the two magnets.

Electricity runs within us, where our cells are specialized to conduct electrical currents, which is required for the nervous system to send signals throughout the body and to the brain, making it possible for us to move, think, and feel.

…and we each generate our own magnetic fields as does the Earth, as well as the other life on Earth.

There is so much more to us than our physical forms.

Electromagnetism is an integral part of existence on Earth and throughout the Universe, which is the physical interaction that occurs between electrically-charged particles, the force of which is carried by electromagnetic fields composed of electrical fields and magnetic fields.

I bring this subject of magnetism and electromagnetism into the picture because of how they appear to have been deliberately applied negatively by the controllers to create the conditions necessary for war, destruction and suffering in this realm, by dividing people of the same countries into north and south, and then by instilling different belief systems in each pole of this magnet, which created an “attraction,” or perhaps “action” is a better word, to facilitate the destruction of each other.

This process of deliberately creating divisions and then causing wars certainly has not been used for the betterment of Humanity, and seems more like a form of the many ways the Controllers have been harvesting our energy for their agendas.

They even have told us the names of their agendas.

You know, like Agenda 21.

They are required to tell us what they are doing, only they make it sound positive.

Agenda 21 is the action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development.

Sounds good, right?

It is really about depopulation of 90% of the world’s people, though fact-checkers will tell you that this is a wild conspiracy theory.

Same thing with the Georgia Guidestones. They made the verbiage sound positive…but it really isn’t…it really isn’t!

Welcome to the Great Awakening!

Earth is definitely being mined on a massive scale.

I will give you examples of mining activities I have come across in my research, primarily in tracking places in alignment with each other.

The following examples are representative of what is out there to find with regards to what these mining operations look like, and the resulting devastation and degradation that comes along with it.

I am going to start with examples of phosphate mining.

Phosphates are derived from phosphorus, and phosphates are used in the production of phosphate fertilizer; calcium phosphate nutritional supplements for animals; and used to make chemicals for use in industry.

Also, it is important to note that white phosphorus is used in making bombs and other incendiary munitions.

I found this example in Kiribati, an island nation in the central Pacific Ocean.

Kiribati was rich in phosphates historically, but commercially viable phosphate deposits have long-been depleted through mining.

This was an historical picture of what the island of Banaba, the furthest west island in Kiribati, looked like before, and after, it was mined for phosphates.

For 80-years, what became known as the British Phosphate Commission in 1919 – from the Pacific Phosphate Company which started phosphate mining there in 1900 – exploded ,bulldozed, and crunched Banaba for its phosphate, which was then exported to Australia to feed Australia’s crops and livestock.

The British Mining Commission also managed the extraction of phosphate from Nauru and Christmas Island.

Nauru was part of German New Guinea, which was part of the German Colonial empire, and existed from 1884 to 1919.

The Germans purchased the Marshall Islands from Spain in 1885, and the Caroline Islands, Palau, and the Marianas Islands from the Spanish in 1899.

In 1888, the Germans annexed the island of Nauru to the Marshall Islands protectorate.

Following Germany’s defeat in World War I, Germany was first to give up all of its territorial assets around the world, including the island of Nauru, which then went under a joint-trusteeship of the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

In 1919, the three trustees signed the Nauru island agreement, which entitled them to the phosphate of Nauru through the British Phosphate Commission.

Today, Nauru is the third smallest country in the world after Vatican City and Monaco.

Interestingly, at one time the island Republic of Nauru had was the second-richest nation in the world by GDP per capita from the mining of its phosphate reserves.

The island’s phosphate reserves were exhausted in the 1990s, and it has become a tax haven and money-laundering center to earn income.

The British Phosphate Commission also operated on Christmas Island.

Christmas Island is located southwest of Singapore and northwest of Australia in the Indian Ocean.

According to our historical narrative, it received its name from Captain of the “Royal Mary”, William Mynors of the British East India Company, because he sailed past it on December 25th of 1643.

Phosphate was discovered on Christmas Island by Scottish naturalist Sir John Murray.

Murray had a strong interest in coral reefs and sought the assistance of the British admiralty to get specimens.

He received specimens from Christmas Island in 1887 that contained calcium phosphate, and he urged the British government to annex what was described as an uninhabited island, which it formally annexed in 1900, and the island was administered from Singapore.

In February of 1891, Murray and George Clunies-Ross, who established a settlement on the island, were granted a 99-year-lease by the British government to exploit the mineral and timber resources, which they then transferred to their Christmas Island Phosphate Company.

Indentured labor to mine the phosphate was brought in from Singapore, Malaya, and China.

Japan occupied the island during World War II.

Christmas Island became an Australian-territory in 1958.

Next, I am going to look at phosphate mining in the Western Sahara.

Western Sahara is a disputed territory, and classified as a non-self-governing territory by the United Nations.

It is claimed by, and de facto administered by Morocco, in on-going dispute with the native inhabitants, the Sahrawis, who want self-governance.

Vast phosphate deposits are mined at Bu Craa, southeast of Laayoune, the capital of Western Sahara, where abundant, pure phosphate deposits lie near the surface.

For over 40-years, a Moroccan state-owned company has exported phosphate from the Western Sahara region.

It produces about 2.5 million tons of phosphates each year.

Aided by the longest conveyor belt in the world, which travels 61-miles, or 98-kilometers, phosphates are shipped from Bu Craa to Laayoune…

…where massive ships transport it around the world.

Now, I will cover different kinds of mining operations I have encountered in my research.

In South American, I encountered the Orinoco Mining Arc in Venezuela.

The Orinoco Mining Arc and other areas in Venezuela have the 2nd-highest gold reserves in the world, and 32 certified gold fields.

Interesting to note the state of affairs in Venezuela today from having been the wealthiest country in South America not that long ago.

In Colombia, there is a considerable amount of gold-mining in and around Zaragoza..

For one, the El Limon Mine near Zaragoza is a high-grade gold mine and mill…

…but the area surrounding Zaragoza has four other gold mines, three of which are active.

The El Silencio mine was in production for over 150-years, and is no longer being mined.

Also, Colombia has the largest coal-resource-base in South America, and is a major coal player globally.

With reserve estimates ranging between twelve- and 60-billion tons, Colombia exports more than 90% of its production annually, making it the world’s 5th-largest coal exporter.

Colon in Panama, a city and seaport located beside the Caribbean Sea, near the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal, has mining operations nearby.

Here are two examples of mining operations in this part of Panama.

The Cerro Petaquilla Mill in Colon is a surface-mining operation, with copper as its primary commodity, and gold, molybdenum and silver as secondary outputs.

The Molejon Gold Project was west of Colon, and located close to the Caribbean coast.

It was said to have produced 100,000 ounces of high-grade gold annually from 2010 until its closure in 2015.

When the mining company that developed the project completely abandoned it in 2015, it left behind workers with unpaid wages and environmental issues unfixed.

Now on to mining examples in other parts of the world.

First stop, Sweden.

There are two iron ore mines in Lapland, in northern Sweden.

One is Kiruna, the largest and most modern underground iron ore mine in the world.

It first opened in 1898.

Iron ore is also mined at Gallivare in northern Sweden.

The Iron Ore Line, a 247-mile, or 398-kilometer, long railway connects Kiruna and Gallivare to Narvik.

The Iron Ore Line opened in 1888.

The iron ore of the Kiruna and Gallivare mines was an important factor in the European theater of World War II, with both sides seeking to have control of northern Sweden’s mining district.

I found the Grib Diamond Mine in Archangelsk Oblast, one of the largest diamond mines in Russia and in the world, but this map marks other diamond deposits in eastern Russia as well.

The Grib Dimond Mine has estimated reserves of 98.5 million carats of diamonds, and annual production capacity of 3.62 million carats.

This map shows the locations of Soviet forced labor camps of the Gulag.

Most of them served mining, timber and construction works.

The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps established during Stalin’s dicatorship from the 1920s until the mid-1950s.

An estimated 15 – to 18-million people passed through these brutal hard-labor camps, with an estimated 1.5-million deaths as a result of the camps.

The majority of Gulag prisoners were innocent people locked up for a broad variety of political reasons, held alongside criminal prisoners.

The Yamal Peninsula has been in the news in recent years because of the appearance of huge sinkholes, starting with one that appeared in 2014.  By 2015, five more had developed.

Learning about the appearance of sink holes here is where I first heard about this place.

Makes me wonder if the ground underneath it has been mined?

Norilsk is the world’s northernmost city with a population of more than 100,000, with permanent inhabitants at 175,000, and the second-largest city inside the Arctic Circle.

The official founding date of Norilsk is 1935, and then it was expanded as a settlement for the Norilsk mining-metallurgic complex, and then subsequently became the center of the Norillag system of Gulag forced-labor camps, which existed from June of 1935 to August of 1956.

On May 29th of 2020, the largest oil spill in modern Russian history took place in Norilsk, when about 22,000 tons, or 21,000-cubic-meters, of diesel fuel spilled out of a storage tank. The spill was blamed on permafrost, and contaminated 135-square-miles, or 35-square-kilometers, for which the company paid a $2-billion fine.

Also, the smelting of the nickel ore is directly responsible for severe pollution, typically coming in the form of acid rain or smog, and some estimate the 1% of the world’s sulphur dioxide emission comes from Norilsk’s nickel mines.

I found the Kupol gold and silver mine on the Chukchi Peninsula, the easternmost peninsula of Asia.

The mine is situated over the Kayemraveem ore belt, which contains both high-quality gold and silver.

The mineral deposits are estimated to hold 4.4 million ounces of gold and 54.2 million ounces of silver, on top of 1.72 million inferred ounces of gold, and 22.2 million inferred ounces of silver.

Moving along to North America, Nome on the western coast of Alaska was incorporated in April of 1901, and at one time was the most populous city in Alaska.

The story goes that gold was discovered on Anvil Creek there in 1898 by “three lucky Swedes.”

News of the discovery was said to have reached the outside world that winter, and that by 1899, Nome had a population of 10,000 people and the same year, the area was first organized as the “Nome Mining District.”

Also in 1899, gold was found in the beach sands for dozens of miles along the coast at Nome, spurring the stampede to new heights.

Charles D. Lane, a millionaire mine owner, was recognized as a founder of Nome.

He was born in Palmyra, Missouri, in 1840, and moved to California with his father in 1852.

He got involved in the mining industry, developing successful mines in Idaho, California, and Arizona, before hearing of the first gold strike in Nome in 1898.

Gold mining has been a major source of employment and revenue for Nome on through to the present day.

Gold was discovered in Anchorage, Alaska, in the 1880s, and was said to have turned the region into a mining area overnight.

Over the following years, several mines were established in the area producing hundreds of thousands of ounces of gold, with Anchorage becoming an active gold mining center.

Juneau, the capital city of Alaska, is located in the Gastineau Channel…

…and the Alaskan Panhandle, the southeastern portion of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern part of British Columbia.

Juneau is unique as a state capital for not having roads connecting it to the rest of the state. All transportation-related activities are by air and sea only.

Vehicles are transported to Juneau by barge or the Alaska Marine Highway Ferry System, which serves communities in Southeast Alaska with no road access, and also transport people and freight.

The city is said to be named after a gold prospector from Quebec named Joe Juneau.

What we are told is that after the California Gold Rush, miners migrated up the Pacific coast in search of other gold deposits.

In 1880, mining engineer George Pilz from Sitka, which was formerly under Russian rule, offered a reward to any local native Alaskan who could lead him to gold-bearing ore.

Pilz received information that prompted him to direct prospectors Joe Juneau and Richard Harris to the Gastineau Channel to Snow Slide Gulch at the head of Gold Creek, where they found nuggets as big as “peas and beans.”

Shortly thereafter a mining camp sprang up, and shortly after that, so many people came looking for gold, that the camp became a village.

This is said to be a photo of Juneau in 1887.

Major mining operations in the Juneau Mining District prior to World War II included the Treadwill Mine, owned and operated by a man named John Treadwell, southeast of Juneau on Douglas Island.

In its time, it was the largest hard-rock gold mine in the world, employing 2,000 people, and producing over 3-million Troy ounces of gold between 1881 and 1922.

The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of northern Yukon between 1896 and 1899.

Same kind of story as the other places I have mentioned – as soon as word about the discovery of gold in the Klondike reached Seattle and San Francisco, it triggered a stampede of prospectors, immortalized in photos like this of the long-line waiting to cross the Chilkoot Pass, a high-mountain pass between the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains between Alaska and British Columbia.

The Minto Mine is an open-pit copper and gold mine located 149-miles, or 240-kilometers, north of Whitehorse, beginning production in 2007…

…and there are numerous mining claims in the Yukon Territory as well.

The Peace River Region of which Dawson Creek is a part has an extensive coal-mining industry, centered in the municipality of Tumbler Ridge.

There are at least five major mining projects here, with the Murray River Mine developed starting in 2017 as an underground metallurgical coal mine.

Edmonton, the capital city of the Province of Alberta, is North America’s northernmost metropolitan area, with a population over 1-million.

Known as the “Gateway to the North,” Edmonton is the staging area for large-scale oil sands projects in northern Alberta…

…and large-scale diamond-mining operations in the Northwest Territories.

The Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan is best known for its substantial uranium deposits.

Manitoba is also home to several active mines.

The area has high-grade zinc and copper deposits in what is called a VMS, or “Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide” deposit.

Manitoba also produces 100% of Canada’s cesium, lithium, and tantalum, minerals used in such things as electronics, specialized batteries, and jet engine components.

Sudbury, officially Greater Sudbury, is the largest city in Northern Ontario.

Nickel, and copper ore was discovered in Sudbury in 1883, the same year as its founding, during the construction of the transcontinental railway.

The Jesuits also arrived here in 1883, and established the Sainte-Ann-des-Pins Mission.

The Murray Mine, where there was a high concentration of nickel-copper ore, was said to have been the first mine established, also in 1883, with its discovery credited to a blacksmith in the railway construction gang.

It was mined during different periods of time between 1883 and 1971.

In its history, Sudbury has been a major world leader in nickel mining.

Mining and mining-related industries dominated the economy here for much of the 20th-century, and has expanded to emerge as the major retail, economic, health, and educational center for northeastern Ontario.

I have also looked into mining in the state of Vermont

For one, gold prospecting has been happening in Vermont since the “Vermont Gold Rush” of the 19th-century.

A San Francisco 49er-miner named Matthew Kennedy discovered gold at Buffalo Creek in Plymouth, Vermont, and by 1855, a gold rush was underway in Plymouth and nearby Bridgewater, both of which are close to Rutland, of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad.

We are told the exact same thing happened in Vermont that we are told about the other gold rushes: one person found gold, then another, and soon people were swarming to the brooks and rivers of Vermont with dreams of getting rich.

Apparently each year, more gold is revealed from erosion all over the state, with the most well-known site still being Buffalo Creek near Plymouth, where the whole thing was said to have started.

Also in Vermont, starting in the early 19th-century, high-quality marble deposits were found in Rutland, and in the 1830s, a large-deposit of nearly solid marble was found in West Rutland.

We are told that by the 1840s, small firms had begun excavations, but that marble quarries proved profitable only after the arrival of the railroad in 1851.

Marble is a type of limestone used as a stone building material since antiquity, like in the Pantheon in Rome pictured here.

The Pantheon was said to have been built as a Roman Temple between 113 AD and 125 AD.

Why is it that marble quarries look like the huge stone blocks were pre-cut, like a long time ago?

This is what the Vermont Danby Quarry looks like:

Other examples are the marble quarries of Carrara in Italy…

…at this marble quarry in Afyon, Turkey…

…and this one in Victoria Brazil.

Could so-called marble quarries actually be ancient marble infrastructure?

Next, I am going to take a look at mining in the Wadi Fira region of the African country of Chad, which has large deposits of gold-bearing quartz, as well as deposits of natron, uranium, silver and diamonds.

The thing is, most of the mining in Chad is small-scale due to the lack of foreign investment because of political and cultural instability.

In Sudan, located east of Chad, there are more than 40,000 gold-mining sites, and about 60 gold-processing companies operating in Sudan.

It looks like Sudan’s resources have been developed in a way that Chad’s has not, in spite of both countries having the same issue of political and cultural instability since independence from Britain in 1956.

I also looked for mining on the Maldives, an island republic in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Indian subcontinent.

Now at first glance, you wouldn’t associate mining with a place that looks like this.

This is the capital of the island nation of the Maldives, Male, on Male Atoll.

But I did find mining activity ~ coral mining!

Coral mining can take place anywhere coral is available in a convenient location, usually occurring at low tide, and is done by either using dynamite…or iron bars to manually to retrieve the coral by breaking-up the larger corals into smaller pieces that can easily be carried to shore.

However it is extracted, the results are loss of biodiversity, and erosion and land retreat.

In my last “Short and Sweet” I looked at the undersea coal mines of Takashima Island and Hashima Island in Nagasaki Prefecture at the southernmost tip of Japan.

These coal mines were critical in Japan’s rapid industrialization and rise as a military power during the period in Japan’s history known as the Meiji Restoration between 1868 and 1889.

I found a history of foreign involvement, particularly in the form of Thomas Glover, a Scottish merchant and agent for the British Multinational Conglomerate Jardine Matheson, who arrived in Nagasaki in 1859, who, among other things, was instrumental in developing the coal industry of these islands.

…and foreign investment and forced labor when I was researching these Japanese coal mines.

There is considerable mining activity of all kinds in Australia as well.

I am going to provide just a few of many examples.

Kakadu National Park in Australia’s Northern Territory, covers an area that is 7,646 square miles (or 19,804 kilometers).  Besides its incredible biodiversity, land-forms, and river systems, one of the most productive uranium mines in the world is surrounded by the park, shown in the map as the Ranger Mineral Lease.

Aboriginal people have occupied this land continuously for 40,000 years, and approximately half of the land of Kakadu is aboriginal.

Cairns was the largest city serving a number of historic gold fields in North Queensland.

As a matter of fact, there are a LOT of historic and currently operating gold fields throughout the whole Australia.

And that’s just gold mining!

The Ajana District in Western Australia used to have 48 operating lead and copper mines.

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Sir Augustus Charles Gregory was an English-born explorer and surveyor of Australia.

He discovered the location of the lead outcroppings of what became the first mine there, the Geraldine Mine, in 1848.

The Geraldine mine was in operation by 1849.

This is what we are told.

The ruins here were of what was called the “Lynton Convict Hiring Depot,” which provided the convict labor used to work the Geraldine mine.

The buildings here were said to include a store, bakery, depot, well, lock-up, hospital, lime kiln and administration block that were said to have begun in 1853, and that no sooner were they finished in 1856 than the depot closed because of the harsh living conditions and transportation problems.

This was a cobblestone floor found at the Geraldine mine, said to have been where the convict miners broke up the ore, to pick out the highest-grade galena, which is the primary ore of lead, and contains silver as well.

I don’t know, what do you think? Did Charles D. Lane in Alaska; Augustus Gregory in Australia; and Thomas Glover in Japan belong to the same club?

While mining has long-existed, I don’t think the Earth was mined to the extent that it has been in the last one- to two-hundred years as seen in the examples I have shared in this video.

I think the mining we see in our modern history was directly-connected to the activities of the historical reset happening in the 1800s, and that the Earth’s new Controllers knew exactly where to go to mine the resources and restart the original infrastructure, like railways, needed to create and run their New World, and they got incredibly wealthy and powerful in the process.

The destruction and devastation resulting from these mining operations take place on many levels – from physically destroying and polluting the environment; to destroying lives from the historical forced labor used to work the mines; to the economic and social impact on remote communities that depend on mining for jobs and then get left with no mine and an environmental degradation.

In the end, only a few receive the benefits, and then those few go looking for more.

I don’t think it is just about money for them, but it definitely plays a part.

I also think modern mining and the extraction of other resources is ultimately about power and domination by the few over the many.

They don’t care about us and they don’t care about life.

They have just cared about their New World Agenda and themselves.

Let’s hope their time is ending!