Eyes Wide Open

In doing the research for my last post “Who is in the National Statuary Hall – Part 5 Louisiana, Maine, Maryland & Massachusetts,” there were two topics I encountered that really grabbed my attention and I started to research these two topics as independent subjects.

The first topic I had entitled “1871 – Eyes Wide Open” because I already knew from past research that significant historical events in our current timeline took place in 1871, and I uncovered some more events through my research into the National Statuary Hall that happened in or around 1871 to add to the list, in particular the beginning of Mardi Gras in 1871 in Galveston, Texas, and the establishment of Shriners International in 1870.

I had already started to do the research for the first topic, when the second topic grabbed my attention.

Calling it “Of Plantations & Partitions, and the Planned Destruction of Civilization,” this topic came to the surface as a result of researching John Winthrop, one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the early colonization process called “Plantation.”

It did not take me long to realize these two topics were related and that it made sense to merge them into one post and simply call it “Eyes Wide Open.”

I am going to start with the Moors, because everything that has happened is really about what happened to them and what happened to them has been happening in real time to all of us, so all of this is completely relevant to what is happening today.

I will take you through the information I have come across which has brought me to these conclusions.

The Moors have been almost completely removed from the history of civilizaiton, with the exception of roughly 800-years in Spain…

…and we are not taught anything about an ancient global unified Moorish civilization dating back to ancient Mu, or Lemuria that continued on through Atlantis, up until relatively recently in time, much more recently than one would think.

The architecture and infrastructure of this ancient Civilization is still all over the world, and still in use today though much has already been destroyed.

Since this is not in our historical narrative, we don’t even think to question what we are told about it being built by someone else.

The thing is…this ancient civilization, and civilization as we know it, is still under attack and being destroyed every single day.

Its earthworks are being destroyed every day in road and housing construction…

…it is being destroyed in big city riots…

…it is being destroyed by public policies that destroy lives and property…

…and public policies that encourage lawlessness…

…and it has been destroyed by world wars and civil wars…

…and demolished for reasons given like urban renewal, deterioration, and safety.

This has all been part of a plan, and is not happening by chance, though that is what we have been taught to believe!

What might that plan be?

Is the intention of the Plan displayed for all to see on the back of the one-dollar Federal Reserve Note, the currency of the United States.

There are two sides of the Great Seal of the United States.

On one side is the national Coat-of-Arms of the United States, and among other symbolism, prominently depicts an eagle, and the motto “E Pluribus Unum,” or “Out of Many, One.”

On the other side, an unfinished pyramid with an eye above it is depicted, as well as two more mottos.

The motto above the pyramid with the eye says “Annuit Coeptis,” which is taken to mean: “Providence – or God – favors our Undertakings”

The motto below is “Novus Ordo Seclorum,” which is commonly translated as “New Order of the Ages.”

The Roman numerals at the bottom of the pyramid, MDCCLXXVI, is the year 1776.

This is what we are told about the origins of the Great Seal.

Samuel Adams appointed William Barton of Philadelphia in 1782 to come up with a design proposal for the National Coat-of-Arms of the United States since he had a reputation for his knowledge of heraldry.

Barton called his design “Device for an Armorial Achievement for the United States of North America, blazoned agreeably in accordance to the Laws of Heraldry.”

Laws of Heraldry?

That one is new to me, so I looked into it and this is what came up.

“The Laws of Heraldic Arms governs the ‘bearing of arms,’which is the possession, use or display of arms, also called ‘Coat-of-Arms.’

According to the ‘Law of Arms,'” ‘Coats-of-Arms’ and other similar emblems may only be borne by 1) ancestral right, or descent from an ancestry through the male line; 2) or a grant made to the user under due authority, like the State or the Crown.

Where have we heard about the “right to bear arms” before?!

There would appear to be some kind of connection between the use of the word “arms” to refer to both heraldry devices and weapons.

We are told the Irish-born patriot Charles Thomson of Philadelphia finalized the design of the Great Seal of the United States, and it was he who added “Annuit Coeptis” instead of “Deo Favente,” and “Novus Ordo Seclorum.”

It is interesting to note that the final Great Seal of Thomson is an exact replica in design of the Great Seal of the Moors, with the differences being in the meanings of the inscriptions on each one.

The single eye at the top of the pyramid in the Great Seal of the Moors represents re-connecting with our Higher Selves and Divine Natures…

…and not the all-seeing eye of the Bavarian Order of the Illuminati and Big Brother that it has come to be associated with.

As you can see, symbols were co-opted from the original meanings, and the meaning of the symbols inverted and applied in a different context.

The Moors are Friends of Humanity, with Five Principles of  Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom, and Justice.  

…and are all about teachings to activate the pineal gland and about the human potential to re-connect to our Higher Selves and Divine Natures in this lifetime.

Another important “Ordo” is found in the Masonic Motto of the 33rd-Degree – “Ordo Ab Chao” and “Deus Meumque Jus.”

It is found on the grand decorations of the Order of the Sovereign Grand Inspectors General of the Scottish Rite, one of the highest honors and roles which can be bestowed upon a Mason.

It translates to “Order out of Chaos” and “God and My Right.”

And who exactly is their god?

Was the meaning of “Order out of Chaos” simply about restoring order between divisions between the Northern and Southern Jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite that took place in the early 1800s in North America, as some have speculated?

Was it meant to draw forth order from the chaos of their own individual lives and minds?

Was it a description of a yin and yang process of change in how the Universe organizes itself, with order and chaos giving birth to one another, as others have speculated?

Or, was it an actual blueprint for sorcery and the plan for how the New World Order was going to take over the world?

…through the systematic application of the Hegelian Dialectic of Problem – Reaction – Solution.

Here is a list I found of of Hegelian Dialectic methods of manipulation, which includes chaos sorcery.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher who lived between 1770 and 1831.

In his major work “The Phenomology of Spirit,” Hegel traced the formation of self-consciousness through history and the importance of other people.

One of the titled subsections in the “Self-Consciousness” chapter of this book is “Independent and Dependent Self-Consciousness: Lordship and Bondage.”

The common name for this passage is the “Master-Slave Dialectic.”

The passage describes an encounter between what are two distinct self-conscious beings, with each becoming aware of the other.

Self-consciousness forms as a result of the dialectic, or movement, of recognizing each other.

This movement takes the form of a struggle to the death between the two self-conscious beings in which one masters the other, only to find out that the “lordship” or “mastery” is not possible because the ‘bondsman,” or “slave,” in this state is not free to offer it.

This passage is a key element in Hegel’s philosophical system, and influenced later philosophers.

It is interesting to note that I came across references to Tapping Reeve when I was researchong historical figures represented by statues in the National Statuary Hall.

Tapping Reeve was an early American lawyer, educator, and judge.

If you break down the meaning of his unusual name as actual words in English, “Tapping” can be defined as “To exploit or draw a supply from a resource;” and “Reeve” – ” as administrator, attendant; curator; agent; director; foreman; and the list goes on.

Something to think about.

Tapping Reeve opened the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut in 1784, the first independent law school established in America for reading law, and a proprietary school unaffiliated with any college or university.

Tapping Reeve became Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court in 1814.

Reeve came to mind because of the title of the book he published in 1816.

It was titled the “Law of Baron and Femme – of Parent and Child;, Guardian and Ward, Master and Servant; and of the Powers of the Court of Chancery, with an Essay on the terms Heir, Heirs, and Heirs of the Body.”

This became the premiere American treatise on family law for much of the 19th-century, with revisions and republication in 1846, 1867 and 1888.

Hegel considered one of the most important figures in German Idealism that was linked with Romanticism and Revolutionary politics.

Romantic Nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state claims its political legitimacy as a consequence of the unity of those it governs, including such factors as language, race, ethnicity, culture, religion, and customs.

This was in opposition to dynastic or imperial rule.

Here’s background information on who some of the dynastic rulers were before I go further into the results of Romantic Nationalism.

First a little bit about Elizabeth of Bohemia, who lived from 1596 to 1662.

She was the daughter of Anne of Denmark and King James VI of Scotland and I of England, Scotland and Ireland of the Royal House of Stuart.

These portraits of King James are both in existence.

Notice the word “Iacobus” at the top of the portrait of him on the left.

Elizabeth was the wife of Frederick V, who was the Elector Palatine of the Holy Roman Empire, briefly the King of Bohemia between 1619 – 1620, so she was briefly the Queen of Bohemia.

Prior to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in August of 1806 as a result of Napoleon defeating the Austrian and Imperial forces in the Battle of Austerlitz in December of 1805, the imperial throne of the Holy Roman Empire was occupied by the House of Habsburg. Also called the House of Austria, the House of Habsburg was one of the most distinguished and influential royal houses of Europe.

The daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia and Frederick V was Princess Sophia.

Princess Sophia was the founder of the Hanoverian line of British Monarchs, and through her mother, a descendent of the House of Stuart.

Interestingly, Princess Sophia was born in 1630, which was the same year that the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established, and the beginning of the “Plantation of New England.”

More about that later in this post.

The Stone of Scone, also known as the “Stone of Destiny” and “Jacob’s Pillow Stone,” has been used for centuries in the coronation of Scottish monarchs, and later when the Scottish monarchs became English monarchs, and is an ancient symbol of Scottish sovereignty.

When not being used for the coronation ceremonies of British monarchs at Westminster Abbey in London, it is kept on display in the Crown Room at Edinburgh Castle, alongside the crown jewels.

Who exactly was Jacob in the Bible?

Jacob was the son of Isaac and grandson of Abraham, and later received the name Israel.

The Tribes of Israel came into existence through his sons.

What if there wa a direct connection to the Tribes of Israel found in the House of Stuart that is missing from collective awareness because that information, and all information about the Tribes of Israel throughout the world, was deliberately removed, their fate coming down to us instead as the “Lost Tribes of Israel.”

And at what point did the Hebrew Israelites become the Jews that we know today?

The available information today is that Ashkenazic Jews are the Jews of France, Germany, and Eastern Europe and their descendants, and that “Ashkenaz” is used in Hebrew to refer to Germany; Sephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East; and that the Hebrew word “Sepharad” refers to Spain; and Mizrahi Jews, with “mizrahi” meaning east and referring to Jews whose ancestors moved east instead of west.

What if the Tribes of Israel were part and parcel of the ancient advanced unified Moorish civilization that dates back to ancient Mu?

These are some examples of the same 8-pointed star visible in the Tribes of Israel graphic just shown previously found in diverse places.

On the top left, a detail at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Theater in Menominee, Wisconsin; at the Gumti Memorial in Faisalabad, Pakistan in the top middle; and on a book cover about the First Anglo-Afghan War on the top right; and on the bottom left, at the Moorish Kiosk in Mexico City; and on the bottom right, above the chandelier at an abandoned Loew’s Theater on Canal Street in New York City.

The Great Exhibition of the Works of All Nations, held in the Crystal Palace in London in 1851 was also known as “The Great Shalimar” a reference to the Mughal Garden complex in Lahore where you see the same eight-pointed star and similar design-patterns in the Mughal Gardens on the left and on the Great Exhibition brochure on the right.

What if there were Empires within this civilization that were totally integrated with each other and not at war with each other as we have been taught, with examples of Tartaria in Asia, Barbaria in Africa, Washitaw in North America, and Mughal in India.

At any rate, Princess Sophia, the granddaughter of the Stuart King James was named heir-presumptive to the Thrones of England and Ireland by the 1701 Act of Settlement.

The 1701 Act of Settlement was passed to settle the succession of the crowns of England and Ireland on Protestants only, and their daughter Princess Sophia was the next Protestant in-line for the throne.

Princess Sophia of Hanover, however, died on June 8th of 1714, before the death of Queen Anne on August 1st of 1714, and Sophia’s son became King George I on August 1st of 1714.

So this was when the German House of Hanover, and the Georgian Kings ascended to the British throne, through legitimate issue from the royal bloodline of the House of Stuart

In February of 1717, James Francis Edward Stuart of the House of Stuart, called the Pretender, who at one time was claimant to the throne, left where he was living in France to seek exile with Pope Clement XI in Rome, and he died in Rome in 1766.

I found the portrait on the left of James Francis Edward Stuart, which was believed to have been painted of him while he was living in France, and on the right is the typical portrait of James Francis Edward Stuart.

He was forcibly prevented from claiming throne when he tried to do so in the Jacobite Uprising of 1715.

In our historical narrative, the Jacobean era was the period in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of King James I & IV, between the years of 1563 and 1625.

More on happenings in 1717 shortly.

Now back to the Revolutions of 1830.

One year before Hegel’s death, these were Romantic Nationalist Revolutions which led to the establishment of Constitutional Monarchies in France in 1830 with King Louis-Philippe I, and in 1831, with King Leopold I, otherwise known as “King of the Belgians.

King Louis-Philippe I of the Habsburg House of Bourbon’s cadet branch of the House of Orleans, was the last King of France.

He became King of France in August of 1830 in what became known as the July Monarchy after the “July Revolution,” also known as the “Second French Revolution” or “Three Glorious Days,” forced his cousin King Charles V to abdicate, and the Bourbon Monarch was replaced by the Duke of Orleans.

In the French Constitutional Monarchy of King Louis Philippe I, the principle of hereditary right was replaced by popular sovereignty, the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.

The July Column in the Place de la Bastille, an elaborate Corinthian Column, was said to have been designed and erected to commemorate King Louis-Philippe I accession to the French Throne as a result of the July Revolution.

The July Column reminds me of the tallest, free-standing Corinthian column in the world, which is the Grand Avenue Water Tower in St. Louis, Missouri, said to have been built in 1871.

King Louis-Philippe I was later forced to abdicate as a result of the French Revolution of 1848.

I found these different portraits of King Louis-Philippe I on the internet, with his skin complexion changing from light to dark.

The French Revolution of 1848 led to the foundation of the short-lived Second French Republic under the elected President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoleon, which became the Second French Empire starting in 1852, when Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup d’etat, and became Emperor Napoleon III.

It was during the Second French Empire and the reign of Napoleon III that the railroad system was said to have been developed using Paris as a hub, and that Paris was turned into a world-class showpiece.

So much for popular sovereignty until the establishment of the French Third Republic in September of 1870.

More on what was going on in 1870 and 1871 to follow later.

The 1830 revolution in France sparked an uprising in August of 1830 in Brussels and the southern provinces of The Netherlands that led to separation and the establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium, and Leopold, the son of Duke Francis of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, became King Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians, in 1831.

King Leopold I was said to play an important role in the creation of Belgium’s first railroad in 1835 and subsequent industrialization.

His father, Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, was born in July of 1750, and was the progenitor of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha line, which seeded the lineage of the new royals.

Francis succeeded his father, Duke Ernest Frederick, as the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld in 1800.

King Leopold I of Belgium had strong ties to Great Britain as he had moved there and married Princess Charlotte of Wales in 1816, second-in-line to the British throne, after her father the Prince-Regent, who became King George IV.

She is recorded as having died after delivering a stillborn child a year after they were married, leaving King George IV without any legitimate grandchildren.

Baron Stockmar of Coburg was the personal physician of Leopold I at the time of his marriage to Princess Charlotte, and stayed on as his private secretary, comptroller of the household, and political advisor, and later, a very important and influential advisor of Victoria and Albert…

…as King George III’s son, the Prince-Regent George’s brother, Prince Edward, ended-up proposing to Leopold I’s older sister Victoria, of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who were the parents of the future Queen Victoria.

Through Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, who were first cousins, the House of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha continued to seed all of the new Royal Houses of Europe.

Tius one German Ducal line ended up taking over the whole shebang!

And on that note, on July 17th of 1917, during the reign of King George V, the name of the royal house was changed to Windsor Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, for the given reason of anti-German sentiment generated by World War I.

Back to King Leopold.

King Leopold I remarried on August 9th of 1832, this time to Louise-Marie of Orleans, eldest daughter of King Louis-Philippe I of France and 22-years younger than Leopold.

As a member of the reigning House of Orleans, Louise-Marie was entitled to the rank of a Princess of the Royal Blood, legitimately descended in a male line from a sovereign.

They had four children, including King Leopold II of Belgium and Empress Carlota of Mexico.

Queen Louise-Marie died from Tuberculosis in October of 1850, and King Leopold died 15-years later, in 1865.

They are buried together in the royal crypt at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken in Brussels, a church said to have been commissioned by King Leopold I in Queen Louise-Marie’s memory, with the building of starting in 1854, first consecrated in 1872, and finally completed in 1909.

The Revolutions of 1830 in France and Belgium marked the beginning of a revolutionary wave of Romanitic Nationalism in Europe, inspired in part by Hegelian philosophy, which had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states.

The Revolutions of 1848was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, affecting 50 countries.

At the beginning of the year, all of the great powers on the Continent were monarchies, and in February, word of the uprising in Paris that lead to the collapse of the July Monarchy of King Louis-Philippe I spread through all of Europe’s liberal circles as a signal for action.

Many of the revolutions were quickly suppressed, and the revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the states of the German Confederation.

Not only does it appear that the different revolutions of 1848 were aimed at bringing down the once stable, hereditary, ruling houses of the Ancient Regime, and replacing them with the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha blood-line…

…the year of 1848 has been called the “year that created immigrant America,” in part due to the 1848 Revolutions, where Germans seeking to escape the political unrest went and had the wherewithal to buy farmland and start businesses…

…as well as due to the European potato failure, which brought Irish immigrants and Chinese immigrants who arrived because of the Daoguang Depression and economic hardship in China, both of which worked for low wages in menial labor, and provided the labor pool to work on infrastructure.

Was chaos being used as a destabilization element to create something new?

I think this process of creating chaos to destabilize the status quo been going on for quite some time, and seems never-ending even in today’s world.

Now I want to introduce how I think the New World Order timeline was constructed.

I was drawn several years ago to consider the years of 1492, the year of the Fall of Granada and the Moors in Spain and the first voyage to the New World of Christopher Columbus, and 1942, the mid-year of World War II, as boundary-years for a new timeline that was somehow inserted over Earth’s original history, and I have researched extensively into what was going on in our historical narrative between these two years.

There are 450-years between 1492 and 1942, and, at 225 years, the mid-point year is 1717.

There were nine, 50-year-periods between 1492 and 1942, and when I researched events that happened in the 40-41-42 the 90-91-92 years between 1492 and 1942, I found a lot of significant historical events in our narrative.

Additionally, I have found a lot of historical activity being initiated at 20-year intervals, so for example in 1810 – 1830 – 1850 – 1870 – 1890 and so on.

For the purposes of the subject of this blog post, I am going to look at some specific happenings going on during and around the mid-point year of 1717, and then focus on what was going on around 1871.

The Premier Grand Lodge of England was founded in London on June 24th of 1717, considered the first Masonic Grand Lodge to be created.

Originally called the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster, it soon became the Grand Lodge of England.

Nathan Mayer Rothschild, the bringer of the Rothschild bank to London, and son of banker Mayer Amschel Rothschild of Frankfurt, became a Freemason in the “Emulation Lodge, No. 12, of the Premier Grand Lodge of England” in October of 1802.

During the Napoleonic Wars between 1803 and 1815, Nathan Mayer Rothschild became Britain’s banker and paymaster on the Continent, which contributed to the Duke of Wellington’s defeat of Napoleon and consolidated the basis of the financial dynasty of the Rothschilds.

By the time of his death in 1836, Nathan Mayer Rothschild had secured the position of the Rothschilds as the preeminent investment bankers in Britain and Europe, and his own personal net worth was over 60% of the British national income.

The Masonic Anno Lucis Calendar, which translates from Latin  to “In the Year of the Light,” and added 4,000-years to the Gregorian calendar, was adopted by the brothers of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1717. 

The Anno Lucis calendar was based on the modification of the Anno Mundi, a calendar created in 1658 by Irish Anglican Bishop James Ussher, who believed he had calculated the exact date of God’s creation of the world by correlating biblical accounts with those in Hebrew genealogy, Middle Eastern history, and other events.

Bishop Ussher came up with the date of October 28th of 4004, B.C. in the Gregorian Calendar as that date.

The Gregorian Calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in October of 1582, for the given reason of correcting the Julian calendar on stopping the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes, and included the addition of leap years. 

The Gregorian Calendar was introduced just one-year before the publication of Joseph Justus Scaliger’s work in 1583 called the “Work on the Amendment of Time,” establishing the New Chronology by investigating ancient systems of determining epochs, calendars, and computations of time, and synchronizing all of ancient history in two major works, the other one being called the “Thesaurus Temporam” in 1606.

During the 1582 – 1589 time period,  in England John Dee and Edward Kelley were involved in skrying activities that ended up bringing Fallen Angels and other negative beings into this dimensional plane.

John Dee was considered the most learned man of his time in England and had an extensive library.  He also had in his possession a collection of mirrors and other skrying devices.  He was an advisor to Queen Elizabeth I.

Edward Kelly was an occultist and spirit medium.

I mention this because it is my belief that this could be very relevant to what has been going on here.

There is an occultist element associated with dark arts that came directly into England with Dee and Kelley that is very problematic to this day.

Dee - Kelly

I was recently researching Puritan leader John Winthrop because he is one of the statues representing Massachusetts in the National Statuary Hall.

He was a Puritan leader who was a major player in the 1630 establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second religious colony after the establishment of the 1620 Plymouth Colony.

There were several things that struck me in the story of John Winthrop’s life.

One was that the Winthrop family was granted Lordship of Groton Manor after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as the Lord of the Manor had previously been the Abbot of the Bury St. Edmunds Abbey.

The Dissolution of the Monasteries took place between 1536 and 1541, in which King Henry VIII disbanded the approximately 850 monasteries, convents and friaries in England, and leaving zero.

Their income was taken and assets disposed of, and in many cases, like that of Glastonbury Abbey, the buildings on the property were left in ruins.

The Winthrop Coat of Arms was confirmed to John’s uncle by the College of Arms in 1592.

The College of Arms was said to have been first incorporated as a Royal Corporation in March of 1484 under King Richard III, and then re-incorporated in 1555 under Queen Mary I of England.

Heralds are appointed by the British Monarch and delegated to act on behalf of the Crown on all matters of heraldry, besides the granting of new Coats-of-Arms, including genealogical research and the granting of pedigrees.

During King Henry VIII’s reign, it was said that the College of Arms “…at no time since its establishment, was the college in higher estimation, nor in fuller employment, than in this reign.”

In 1530, King Henry VIII conferred the duty of “heraldic visitation” on the College, that of tours of inspection between 1530 and 1688 around England, Wales, and Ireland to register and regulate the Coats of Arms of Nobility, gentry and boroughs, and to record pedigrees.

During the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries between 1536 and 1541, this duty gained even more importance as the Monasteries were formerly the repositories of local genealogical records, and from then on, the College was responsible for the recording and maintenance of genealogical records.

The College of Arms has been on Queen Victoria Street in the City of London in the shadow of St. Paul’s Cathedral since 1555.

This is the Coat-of-Arms for the College of Arms, with the motto “Diligent and Secret,” which interestingly the heraldry-wiki doesn’t know the meaning of.

Could it possibly mean exactly what it says – diligent and secret?

Like we don’t want you to know something, but we are sure working hard at what we are doing!

So, if you are going to switch out the old nobility with new nobility, this would be a way to do it – destroy the old genealogical records in the monasteries and create new ones diligently and secretly!

This would explain a question I am often asked – how to explain something like a mud flood event and repopulation effort involving lots of orphans when some people have long genealogies in their families, and I am one of them, with long genealogies in my family lines, including ancestors on the Mayflower on one side.

Yet my husband’s family got the name Gibson from an orphan ancestor after the Civil War that worked in Texas for a man named Gibson, and he took his name and settled in western Oklahoma after driving cattle there.

Another thing that struck me was finding out that the records of all four Inns of Court in London – Gray’s Inn, Lincoln’s Inn, Inner Temple, and Middle Temple – were lost, and the exact dates of their founding unknown.

The Inns of Court educate and train barristers to be called to the Bar and able to practice law in England and Wales.

The current history of Gray’s Inn, where John Winthrop studied, began in 1569; Lincoln’s Inn was formally organized as a place of legal education in 1580; the Middle Temple and Inner Temple both around the same time in 1573.

Does this information signify, perhaps, the beginning of a new legal system?

The origin of the term “Bar” apparently comes from the “barring” furniture in the courtroom that separates spectators and the participants of a trial.

This is another thing that struck me in researching the life of John Winthrop.

Our historical narrative tells us the religious atmosphere for Puritans to started to change in England in the mid-to-late 1620s, after King Charles I ascended to the throne in 1625, and had married a Roman Catholic.

There was an atmosphere of intolerance towards Puritans and this state-of-affairs led Puritan leaders to consider emigration to the New World as means to escape persecution.

For the Puritans leaving England for the New World because of religious intolerance, completely uprooting their lives and venturing into the unknown for religious freedom…they were remarkably intolerant of people with other religious beliefs, including those within their own community.

The Antinomian Controversy significantly divided the Massachusetts Bay Colony from October of 1636 to March of 1638.

It pitted most of the Colony’s ministers and magistrates against some of the adherents of the Free Grace theology of Puritan Minister John Cotton, and revolved around a theological debate concerning Cotton’s “Covenant of Grace,” which taught that following religious laws was not required for salvation, and the “Covenant of Works” of other Puritans, including John Winthrop, which taught that by doing good works and obeying the law, a person earns and merits salvation.

The outcome was that the leading advocates of Antinomianism, Anne Hutchinson and John Wheelwright were banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and their supporters were disarmed, dismissed, disenfranchised, or banished in this New World.

Something similar took place after the Revolutionary War when the United States had gained its independence from Great Britain.

Shay’s Rebellion took place in rural western Massachusetts from August of 1786 to February of 1787, in response to a debt crisis among the people and in opposition to the state government’s increased efforts to collect taxes on individuals and their trades.

Residents in these areas had few assets beyond their land, and bartered with each other for goods and services, as opposed to the market economy of the developed areas of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut River Valley.

It was led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays who led 4,000 rebels in protest against economic and civil rights’ injustices.

Where Founders like Samuel Adams approved of rebellion against an unrepresentative government, he opposed the taking up of arms against a Republican form of government, where he believed problems should be remedied through elections.

He urged the then Governor of Massachusetts, James Bowdoin, to put down the uprising using military force, so he sent 4,000 militiamen to quell the uprising.

Then there was the Whiskey Rebellion four-years after Shay’s Rebellion.

The Whiskey Tax was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt brought about by the Revolutionary War, and primarily affected people living in rural areas, like farmers in the new country’s western frontier who turned surplus grains into alcohol and where whiskey was used for bartering.

The Whiskey Rebellion was a violent tax protest in the United States that started in 1791 and ended in 1794 during George Washington’s Presidency, and when George Washington himself led 13,000 militiamen provided by Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, to put down the insurgency, however, all the insurgents left before the army arrived, effectively ending the rebellion, and resulting in a handful of arrests of individuals that were later acquitted or pardoned.

The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that the new national government had the will and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws.

So, it’s okay to do one thing when you are rebelling against from an oppressive system imposed from the outside, but it’s not okay to rebel the new “better” system once it’s in place.

Just seems contradictory.

The last thing that really got my attention was the use of the word “plantation” and “planting” of the new settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the region that became known as “New England.”

This map was the illustration that appeared opposite the title page of William Wood’s book from that time entitled: “New Englands Prospect” and called “A true, lively and experimentall description of that part of America commonly called New England; discovering the state of that Countrie, both as it stands to our new-come English Planters; and to the old native inhabitants. Laying down that which might enrich the knowledge of the mind-travelling reader, or benefit the future voyager.”

We are told that in its early months, the new Massachusetts Bay Colony struggled, losing around 200 people to various diseases.

Winthrop worked alongside the laborers and servants in the work of the colony, setting an example for the other colonists to do all the work that needed to be done on the “plantation.”

Interesting to see the word “plantation” used so much even from the very beginnings of the New World because we usually see it in association with the vast agricultural estates of places like, but not limited to, the southern United States.

In the early history of colonialism, plantation was a form of colonization where settlers would establish a permanent or semi-permanent settlement in a new region, literally “planting” themselves in a new place.

Not only were settlements and settlers being planted in a new region from somewhere else, this plantation system of the colonizers quickly laid the foundation for large-scale slavery on big farms owned by “planters” where vast quantities of cash crops like cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and so on were produced.

Actual Human slavery not only seeded the dialectic of Master and Slave philosophized about by Hegel into physical form, it laid the foundations for things like turning the old world order upside-down, artificial racial divisions and the fostering of racial prejudice.

It also provided the stated reasons for the American Civil War in historical narrative, which supposedly ended slavery in the United States.

The word plantation first started appearing in the late 1500s to describe the process of colonization, like the Plantations of Ireland in the 16th- and 17th-centuries, during which time we are told the English Crown confiscated land from Irish Catholics and redistributed the land to Protestant settlers from Great Britain, creating all kinds of long-term problems.

The Plantations of Ireland replaced the Irish language, law and customs with those of the British, and created sectarian hatred between Protestants and Catholics.

In the 20th-century, Ireland was partitioned on May 3rd of 1921, when the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland divided Ireland into two home rule territories – Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland – with the stated goal of remaining within the United Kingdom and eventually reunifying.

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Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, but after the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December of 1921, Southern Ireland dropped out of the United Kingdom and became the Irish Free State.

The partition of Ireland took place during the Irish War of Independence, a guerilla conflict between the Irish Republican Army and British Army forces.

Between 1920 and 1922, during which time the Partition occurred, there was violence in Northern Ireland in defense or opposition to the new settlement, and its capital Belfast saw savage and unprecedented violent riots between Protestant and Catholic civilians.

All of this led directly to the “Troubles” a period of unrest and violence that escalated across Northern Ireland between the Irish Catholic Nationalists and Irish Protestant Unionists between 1969 and 1998.

More examples of creating chaos to destabilize the status quo and sow violence and hatred between the same people based on a form of violence in which the violent parties feel solidarity for their respective groups and victims of violence are chosen based on their group membership.

In-between the Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in 1582 and the introduction of the Anno Lucis calendar in 1717, John Milton’s epic poem “Paradise Lost” was published in London in 1667, which I view as historical non-fiction and the original predictive programming, which is defined as storylines or subtle images that in retrospect seem to hint at events that actually end up happening in the real world.

As related in the poem, newly banished Fallen Angels organize, and Lucifer volunteers to corrupt the newly created Earth and God’s new and most favored creation, Mankind.

Paradise Lost

Lucifer goes to the Garden of Eden, and convinces Eve by duplicity  to eat of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, leading to their expulsion from the Garden of Eden.

Paradise Lost 2

Who is Lucifer?

Lucifer is translated from the Hebrew word that means “brightness,” and this designation is the rendering of the “morning star” or “bright star” which is presented in Isaiah 14: 12 – 14.

 “How you are fallen from heaven, O Day Star, son of Dawn! How you are cut down to the ground, you who laid the nations low!

Isaiah 14: 13 – 14 goes on to say: You said in your heart, ‘I will ascend to heaven; above the stars of God; I will sit on the mount of assembly in the far reaches of the North; I will ascend to the heights of the clouds, I will make myself like the Most High.'”

What is Luciferianism?

It is a belief system said to venerate the essential characteristics that are affixed to Lucifer, revering Lucifer not as the devil or enemy of God, but as a guardian or liberator, bringing light and guiding spirit to darkness, or even the true god.

But…what we have been having to deal with here on Earth is anything but light and goodness.

Quite the opposite!

The Earth’s would-be Controllers disguise their true intentions by positive-sounding words while they go about their final solution to implement a truly dystopian future for all life on Earth in the form of a New World Order where Lucifer is installed as the most high, and they are in complete control forever.

A year after Milton’s “Paradise Lost” was published in 1667, John Amos Comenius, a Czech philosopher and theologian who is considered by some to have been the “Father of Modern Education,” published the “Via Lucis” in 1668.

I did a deep-dive on Comenius back in 2020 after somebody sent me a publication about his life and asked me to take a look at it, and in the process of doing so, I learned a lot about how the reset time-line was constructed.

In the “Via Lucis,” Comenius outlinesd his recommendations for the “improvement” of humanity through pansophy, or all-encompassing knowledge into one amalgamation of all sciences through a union of knowledge of alchemy and magic with divine wisdom.

He advocated for a new world language; for scholars from all nations to take place in this global reform; and a Collegium Lucis, or Collegium of Light, based in London to coordinate all of this activity to overcome the “world’s misery, ignorance, confusion, and war.”

What really stood out most for me first of all was seeing the words “a new world language” because of all the world’s languages, the one which qualifies as an international language is English, and then seeing the words involving a union of alchemy and magic, and there is good reason to believe these two subjects are related.

This is what we are told about Modern English.

It is the form of the English spoken since the “Great Vowel Shift” in English, a systematic change in the pronunciation of vowels for which the causes in England are unknown, which began in the 1400s and was completed around 1550.

Texts from the early 1600s, like the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare are considered to be early Modern English…

…with the works of Shakespeare said to have single-handedly changed the English language of this time, with things like a huge vocabulary of 34,000 words and 2,000 new words!

With the colonization done by the British Empire, English was adopted as a primary or secondary language around the world.

Is there magic embedded in the modern English language?

I will point out the simplest examples that I can think of to demonstrate that yes, it is.

The first example is the word “spell.”

One meaning of the word “spell” is a series of words that has magical powers, like an incantation, or being under a magical spell, when what you do is out of your control.

The word “spell” in English also means reciting the letters in a word, as in “spelling a word” or “how do you spell that word?.”

Then there is is the English word “grammar.”

Grammar is defined as the whole system and structure of a language in general.

There is an etymological connection between the French and English word for what we know as “grammar,” and the French word “grimoire.”

A grimoire is a book of magical spells and all things related.

Was there western European alchemy in Shakespeare?

Apparently so.

I was first clued into Shakespeare and alchemy in the research for my last post on John Winthrop when I saw this book about his son, John Winthrop Jr, who was an early Governor of Connecticut, called “Prospero’s America.”

Prospero was a sorceror in Shakespeare’s play “The Tempest.”

Now moving forward in time a bit.

The “Bavarian Order of the Illuminati” was founded in 1776 by Adam Weishaupt.

Weishaupt was born in 1748 in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany.

He went to a Jesuit school at the age of 7 and was initiated into Freemasonry in 1777.

Weishaupt fled to the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg under the protection of Duke Ernest II starting in 1784 when his radical views on Illuminism got him in trouble with the ruler in Bavaria after writings of his were intercepted and deemed seditious.

I wonder of the “1776” at the base of the pyramid on the Great Seal of the United States refers to the year the American Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4th, or the year the Bavarian Order of the Illuminati was founded.

Or perhaps both.

It is important to note that the original Illuminati, or “Illuminated Ones,” were dedicated spiritual practitioners who achieved the “Rainbow Body,” in which the practitioner is able to transform the physical body into a rarefied state of light through an extremely high level of self-realization.

Living traditions like that of Tibetan Buddhism have retained the knowledge of how to achieve this spiritual state on an individual basis…

…but the ancient culture of LeMuria which supported these ancient practices as a collective in Tibet was destroyed starting in 1950 by the invasion and Occupation of Tibet by Communist China.

Since that time, it is estimated that over a million Tibetans have been killed, with monks, nuns, and lay-people who protest ending up as political prisoners who are tortured and held in sub-standard conditions…

…and that approximately 6,000 monasteries, nunneries, and temples were destroyed in Tibet starting in 1959, just like what happened in King Henry VIII’s “Dissolution of the Monasteries” back in the 1500s!

Interesting to note here that the following happened around the same time in our historical narrative as the Dissolution of the Monasteries, which took place between 1536 and 1541.

In 1540, a papal bull issued by Pope Paul III established the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, under the leadership of Ignatius Loyola, and included a special vow of obedience to the Pope in matters of mission direction and assignment.

In 1542, Pope Paul III also established the Holy Office, also known as the  Inquisition and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 

And in May of 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,” offering mathematical arguments for the heliocentric, or sun-centered universe, and denying the geocentric model of the Earth-centered universe of Ptolemy, and the once widely-accepted geocentric model of the Universe was henceforth no longer considered adequate.

Copernicus’ Universe-changing book was published shortly before his death on May 24th of 1543.

Now back to China in Tibet.

Communist China has a policy of resettlement of Chinese citizens to Tibet; Chinese is the official language; and Tibetans have become a minority in their own country, just like the early colonial process of plantation, and still going on in the 20th-century.

The playbook doesn’t change – just the place and time!

Now I am going to start looking at what was going in the 1870 – 1871 period of time in our historical narrative because a number of noteworthy events stand-out.

To start with, I first found Karl Marx and the Communards doing the deep dive on Comenius that I referenced earlier.

I was looking up days and dates connected with Comenius, including his birthdate of March 28th of 1592.

I found out a lot of information about a lot of things from this process, but I want to specifically mention one historical event I found on his birthday of March 28th.

The short-lived Paris Commune was formally established on March 28th of 1871, a radical socialist, anti-religious and revolutionary government that ruled Paris until it was suppressed by the French army in May of 1871.

What happened in the Paris Commune was closely followed by London resident Karl Marx.

He published a pamphlet in June of 1871, called “The Civil War in France,” about the significance of the struggle of the Communards in the Paris Commune.

And something I learned just now is that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published their “Communist Manifesto,” regarded as the founding documents of Communism, in the Revolutionary year of 1848 that I mentioned previously in this post.

And was Marx a Freemason?

Apparently so, along with Giuseppe Mazzini, who I will bringing up shortly along with Albert Pike…

…and Vladimir Lenin, the first and founding head of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.

Under his administration, Russia and then the Soviet Union, became a one-party Socialist state governed by the Communist Party.

John D. Rockefeller, along with Henry Flagler, an American Industrialist and major developer in the state of Florida, founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870, becoming an American oil producing, transporting, refining, marketing company…and monopoly, which exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity.

The American Masonic Society Shriners International was established in 1870 and headquartered in Tampa, Florida.

In 1871, Otto von Bismarck was the mastermind behind the unification of Germany, and served as its first chancellor until 1890.

Bismarck unified Germany by provoking three short, decisive wars with Denmark, Austria, and France, and by abolishing the supra-national German Confederation, an association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe that was created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the former Holy Roman Empire, and formed the German Empire, which excluded Austria, which was a major beef of the Austrian Adolf Hitler.

The Second French Empire ended with the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and defeat of the French military forces in the Franco-Prussian War that lasted a little over six months, from July 19th of 1870 to January 28th of 1871.

The Siege of Paris started in September of 1870, resulting in the capture of the city by the military forces of Prussia and the North German Confederation

This is an illustration of Prussian troops marching past the Arc de Triomphe in Paris during the Franco-Prussian War.

The Franco-Prussian War led directly to the brief establishment starting in March of 1871 of the Paris Commune in its aftermath.

Some people believe that the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck manipulated the situation by dispatching the Ems Telegram on July 14th of 1870, inciting the Second French Empire to declare war on the Kingdom of Prussia on July 19th of 1870.

Bismarck annexed Alsace-Lorraine on the border with Germany, which was part of France, as a result of the Franco-Prussian War.

France’s determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine, and fear of another Franco-German war, as well as British apprehension about the balance-of-power, became factors in the causes of World War I.

By not including the Austria in the German Confederation, and annexing France’s Alsace-Lorraine, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck set the stage for World War I and World War II.

The Criminal Tribes Act was enacted by the British in India on October 12th of 1871, and wasn’t ended until 1949.

The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 criminalized entire communities by designating them as habitual criminals, and restrictions on their movements were imposed, including men having to report to the police once per week.

This included tribes like the Bhil Minas of Udaipur, the ruling tribe before the Rajputs, otherwise known as the Mewar Kingdom, forced them to hide out in the Aravalli Hills, and they were named a criminal tribe by the British government in 1924 to keep them from regaining power over the Rajputs.

The Bhil Minas were subsequently given protection as a Scheduled Tribe after the upliftment of the Criminal Tribe Act in 1949.

A Scheduled Tribe is recognized by the Indian Constitution, have political representation, and yet they are legally totally or partially excluded from various types of services important for leading a healthy life, and altogether, the Scheduled Tribes of India make-up almost 10% of the population, and are considered India’s poorest people.

The last Mughal Emperor in India, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company in 1858, and exiled.

Through the Government of India Act of 1858, the British Crown assumed direct control of the British East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new British Raj.

In 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India.

King-Emperor and Queen-Empress were the titles used by the British monarchs in India between 1876 and 1948.

The U. S. Congress passed the “District of Columbia Organic Act”in 1871, which repealed the charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and established a new territorial government for the District of Columbia.

This created a single municipal government for the federal district, which was incorporated, defined as the process of “constituting a company, city, or other organization as a legal corporation.”

Thus the 1871 U. S. Corporation was born, which opened the door for ownership by foreign interests.

The Unification process of Italy, known as the Risorgimento, started with the Revolutions of 1848 in Italy and was completed in 1870 – 1871.

The Kingdom of Italy was created in 1861, when King Victor Immanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed king of the different states on the Italian Peninsula consolidated into a single state.

Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866, and Italy received the region of Veneto which was part of the Austrian Empire after defeating them.

Italian troops entered Rome on September 20th of 1870, which marked the final defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX and resulted in the unification of the Italian Peninsula, with the exception of San Marino, under the Kingdom of Italy, and the establishment of Rome as its capital city.

The following three quotes that appear to be the military blueprint for three world wars were said to have been contained a letter written by Albert Pike to Giuseppe Mazzini in 1871.

For the First World War, Pike was talking about the Illuminati overthrowing the Czars and making Russia a fortress of atheistic communism in the same year Karl Marx first wrote about Communism with regards to the Paris Commune. 

Coincidence?

For the Second World War, he talked about taking advantage of the differences between Fascists and Zionists; destroying Nazism; Zionism creating Israel, and Communism being strong enough to control Christendom.

And for the Third World War, the Illuminati taking advantage of the differences between Zionist and Islamic leaders so they mutually destroy each other.

Sound familiar?

Could all of these conflicts, at least since the American Civil War, and maybe even the Crimean War and other wars of the 19th-century, been planned, even scripted out, for the Controller’s desired outcome, which was world control and domination?

Order out of Chaos?

Giuseppe Mazzini to whom Pike had written the letter had taken over the leadership of the Bavarian Order of the Illuminati in 1834.

Mazzini founded a political movement for Italian youth (under age 40) in 1831, and sent his right-hand men, Adriano Lemmi, and Louis Kossuthto the United States to organize “Young America” Lodges based on the same ideas.

The “Young America” movement became a faction of the Democratic Party in the 1850s.

I started thinking about doing a post specifically on the year 1871 a couple of weeks ago when I was doing research on Louisiana’s Edward Douglas White for the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol Building.

Edward Douglas White was the 9th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

Edward Douglas White was reported as having served on the Reception Committee in 1877 of the Knights of Momus in New Orleans.

The year of 1871 was the first year “Mardi Gras”was celebrated on a grand scale in Galveston, Texas, and was when the Mardi Gras Krewes of the Knights of Momus and the Knights of Myth emerged, both of which devised night parades, masked balls, exquisite costumes and elaborate invitations, as when the Knights of Momus led by prominent Galvestonians decorated horse-drawn wagons for a torch-lit night parade.

Named for Momus, the personification of mockery, satire, and ridicule in Greek mythology, the Knights of Momus has operated continuously as a secret society in New Orleans since its founding there in 1872, the same year the New Orleans Mardi Gras Parade was founded.

The New Orleans’ Knights of Momus withdrew from participating in the Mardi Gras parade in 1991 after an ordinance was passed that required all social organizations, including Mardi Gras krewes, to certify publicly that they did not discriminate on the basis of race, gender, handicap, or sexual orientation, to obtain parade permits and other public licensure.

Operating continuously since its founding, the Knights of Momus still hold an annual Bal Masque at the Orpheum Theater on the Thursday before Mardi Gras.

When I saw this, Stanley Kubrick’s “Eyes Wide Shut” came to mind.

And what do masks actually signify?

Do they signify something benign…or something, including our true selves, that is being hidden from us?

A way of being that has been secretly imposed on us?

Like I mentioned, the Bal Masque in New Orleans is held at the Orpheum Theater.

Orpheum Theaters were, and still are, found around the world.

Just like Momus was the personification of mockery, satire, and ridicule in Greek mythology, Orpheus, a musician and poet in Greek mythology, was said to have had the ability to charm all living things, and even stones, with his music.

What, exactly, caused us to go to sleep, and forget who we are, and what we were? How has the false information we have been taught in school been reinforced?

Why would this be important to whoever was responsible for removing the ancient advanced civilization from our collective awareness to begin with?

What is Mardi Gras best known for, besides King Cake and beads?

Modern Mardi Gras celebrations include debauchery and drunkenness, featuring elaborate masks and costumes, in the spirit of letting go and having fun before the sacrifices and fasting of the season of Lent.

All just in the name of having a good time, right?

Well, maybe that’s the intent of the party-goers, but is there a hidden hand at work here?

And was this celebration always of this nature?

I don’t think it was.

Why go through all this trouble?

They have to have our consent because of our free will.

The beings behind this went through all the trouble to do all of this because in a Free Will Zone like Earth, the Human Beings who live here have to give their consent to choose whether the follow the Light or the Dark.

It was rigged to benefit them and not for our best interest, in order to maintain power and control over Humanity.

The negative beings behind all of this wanted to set up a new god as lord of this world, and wanted a proxy vote for their hostile takeover.

They wanted to persuade enough of Humanity to voluntarily accept Lucifer over the Creator of the Universe.

The only way they can accomplish this acceptance, however, is by outright lies, deception and duplicity because if people knew the true agenda of these controllers, the majority of Humanity would never, ever accept this.

The controllers of this world have tricked us into worshipping them and have kept our consent for this system by lying to us about its existence.

I believe that these beings with a negative agenda devised this complicated plan to knock Humanity off the positive Moorish Timeline of Higher Consciousness…

…in an interdimensional war in order to control Humanity, using Humans as their tools against the Creator and Creation. 

I want to end this by saying I don’t believe the world’s elitist controllers will get away with all that they have done, and that their Day of Reckoning is just around the corner.

Who is Represented in the National Statuary Hall – Part 5 Louisiana, Maine, Maryland & Massachusetts

I took a look at who represents the states of Illinois, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, and Kentucky in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol in Washington, DC, in the last video.

Illinois was represented by soldier/lawyer/politician James Shields and Educator/Temperance Activist/Socialist Frances Willard; Indiana by lawyer and politician Oliver P. Morton and lawyer/military officer/politician/author Lew Wallace; Iowa by agricultural biotechnologist and “Father of the Green Revolution,” with ties to the Rockefeller Foundation, Norman Borlaug and lawyer/politician Samuel P. Kirkwood; in Kansas I found General/President Dwight D. Eisenhower and lawyer/politician John J. Ingalls; and in Kentucky I found lawyer/politician Henry Clay and the physician/pioneer surgeon Ephraim McDowell.

So far the count of U. S. politicians in the National Statuary Hall is at 19-out-of-34 statues, once again over half of them, with thirteen of the politicians being lawyers, and when I get to the last part of this series, I will do an in-depth analysis of interconnections between these historical figures in the National Statuary Hall – some of whom are well-known and others not-so-much.

The two statues representing the State of Louisiana in the National Statuary Hall are Huey Pierce Long and Edward Douglas White.

Huey Pierce Long, Jr, was an American politician, serving as Louisiana’s Governor and as United States Senator.  He was  assassinated in 1935.

Nicknamed “the Kingfish,” he rose to prominence during the Great Depression as a left-wing populist in the Democratic party who was critical of President Franklin Roosevelt and his New Deal, which Long didn’t think was radical enough.

Huey Long was born in August of 1893 near Winnfield, Louisiana, the seat of Winn Parish.

His family lived in a comfortable farmhouse, and were well-off compared to others in Winnfield.

In the 1890s, Winn Parish was a bastion of the Populist Party, a left-wing political party that emphasized the idea of “the People” versus “the Establishment.”

In the 1912 election, citizens of Winn Parish voted more for Socialist candidate for President Eugene V. Debs than any other candidate.

When Long was in high school, he and his friends formed a secret society, with a mission to “run things, laying down certain rules the students would have to follow.”

Cautioned by his teachers to obey the school’s rules, some of the rebellious things Long did included distributing a flyer that criticized his teachers and the necessity of a recently-mandated fourth year of secondary education, and successfully petitioning to fire the principal, though he never finished high school.

And even though he won a full academic scholarship to Louisiana State University, his family couldn’t afford to cover his books or living expenses, so he became a travelling salesman instead.

In 1911, at the urging of his mother, he attended seminary classes Oklahoma Baptist University, but only for one semester because it didn’t suit him.

Then, in 1912, he attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law in for a semester, where apparently his grades were poor because he was distracted by the gambling houses when he was attending classes there.

While working as a salesman, Long met his future wife Rose McConnell, who he married in 1913, at a baking contest he promoted to sell Cottolene Shortening, a brand of shortening made of beef suet and cottonseed oil that was produced in the U. S. from 1868 until the early 20th-century, the first mass-produced and mass-marketed alternative to lard, a natural cooking fat derived from rendered pig fat.

Long enrolled in the Tulane Law School in 1914, concentrating on the courses necessary for the bar exam.

He passed the bar, and received his license to practice law in 1915.

Long established his private law practice in Winnfield in 1915, where he represented poor plaintiff’s, mostly in Workers’ Compensation cases.

In 1918, he entered the race to serve on one of the three-seats on the Louisiana Railroad Commission.

His message to the voters throughout his career as an elected official, in a nutshell, was that he was a warrior from and for the people, battling the giants of Wall Street, with too much of America’s wealth being concentrated in too few hands.

He won by just over 600 votes.

While serving on the commission, he forced utilities to lower rates; ordered railroads to service to small towns; and demanded Standard Oil to stop importing Mexican crude oil and use more oil from Louisiana.

Long became chairman of the commission in 1922, known by then as the “Public Service Commission.”

Huey Long announced his candidacy for Louisiana governor in August of 1923.

He campaigned throughout the state, as well as in rural areas disenfranchised by the Louisiana political establishment, known as the “Old Regulars.”

He did not make it past the primary that year, even though received 31% of the vote from the electorate and carried 28 parishes, more than his opponents.

It was the only election Long ever lost.

Long spent the next four years building his political organization and reputation.

Also, Government mismanagement as a result of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 from the people affected by it aided Huey Long.

The most destructive river flood in U. S. history, it was estimated to cost upwards of $1 billion in damages, and caused the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, many of whom joined the “Great Migration,” also known as the “Black Migration,” from the rural south to the industrial cities of the North and Midwest, that took place roughly between 1910 and 1970.

He launched his second campaign for governor in 1927, using the slogan “Every man a king, but no one wears a crown.”

Among other things, he used trucks with loudspeakers and radio commercials in his campaign.

He won the 1928 election for governor with 96.1% of the vote in the general election, and was the youngest governor elected in state history at the age of 35.

Upon entering office on May 21st of 1928, Long fired hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy at all levels, and replaced them with patronage appointments of his political supporters, who were expected to pay a portion of their salary into his campaign fund.

This was his office in the Old Louisiana Governor’s Mansion in Baton Rouge, said to have been built under his supervision in 1930, and inspired to resemble the White House in Washington, DC.

It is now an historic house museum under the stewardship of an organization called “Preserve Louisiana.

The previous Governor’s Mansion in Baton Rouge, the Knox Mansion said to have been built in 1857, was demolished by convicts from the State Penitentiary under the direction of Huey Long.

After Long had strengthened his control over the state political apparatus, he proceeded to push bills through the state legislature to fulfill campaign promises using aggressive tactics to ensure their passage.

Long met considerable resistance from legislators after calling the legislature into special session in 1929 in order to enact a 5-cent per barrel tax on refined oil production, and his opponents introduced an impeachment resolution against him with nineteen charges listed.

He was ultimately impeached on eight-of-the-nineteen charges in the Louisiana House but avoided conviction in the Senate, in which conviction required a two-thirds majority, particularly when fifteen Senators signed a statement pledging to vote not-guilty regardless of the evidence.

In March of 1930, Long established his own newspaper, called the “Louisiana Progress,” which promoted his political aims and attacked his opponents.

The newspaper was renamed “The American Progress” in 1935, and went national to promote Long’s “Share Our Wealth” program and his ambitions for running for President in 1936.

Not long after his impeachment proceedings, Long announced his candidacy for the U. S. Senate in the 1930 Democratic Primary.

By this time, Huey Long was known as “the Kingfish,” a name he bestowed upon himself after an “Amos ‘n’ Andy” character from the radio show which first aired in 1928, and was later turned into a television series from 1951 to 1953.

The Kingfish in “Amos ‘n’ Andy” was a man whose life revolved around his lodge, the Mystic Knights of the Sea.

The radio show had black characters, but was created, written, and voiced by two white actors, Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, who also happened to be Freemasons and Shriners.

Sure looks like these two Freemasons were engaged in the creation of racial stereotypes…

…like what Bohemian Club member Mark Twain was doing in his literary classic “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.”

And I don’t think Aunt Polly’s fence was the only thing being white-washed in “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.”

Long won the Senate seat for a term that started while he was still Governor of Louisiana.

This led to a showdown between Long, and his Lieutenant-Governor Paul Cyr, who declared himself the State’s legitimate Governor in October of 1931, and who threatened to undo Long’s reforms.

Using a combination of the Louisiana National Guard and the Louisiana Supreme Court, Long successfully prevented Cyr from claiming the Governorship because he had vacated the Lieutenant-Governorship and had the court eject Cyr, making Long both Governor and Senator-elect.

He was able to concentrate his power into a political machine, and continued his practice of a patronage system placing his supporters into positions of influence and power.

Long’s opponents argued that he became the dictator of Louisiana.

Long’s legacy as Governor of Louisiana was said to be his creation of an unprecedented public works program resulting in the construction of roads, bridges, hospitals, schools and state buildings, which would have taken place during the Great Depression.

Infrastructure attributed to Huey Long includes:

The Huey P. Long Bridge, a cantilevered, steel through-truss bridge carrying six-lanes of U.S. 90 and two-tracks of the New Orleans Public Belt Railroad across the Mississippi River, said to have been constructed between January of 1933 and December of 1935…

…the Field House at Louisiana State University, said to have been constructed in 1932 with a post office, ballroom, gymnasium, and the largest swimming pool in the United States at the time…

…the swimming pool of which was abandoned after the Natatorium for the LSU swim teams was completed in 1985…

…and the new Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge, said to have been constructed between 1930 and 1931, and inaugurated in May of 1932.

The Louisiana State Capitol Building in the middle brings to mind Moscow State University on the left, said to have been built in the Stalinist Architectural style between 1947 and 1953, and on the right, the George Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia, said to have been built starting in 1922, and opening in 1932.

Long continued to effectively maintain control of Louisiana as Senator, and by 1935, his consolidation of power led to those in opposition to him forming what was called the “Square Deal Association” in January of 1935, which included two former governors and the Mayor of New Orleans.

On January 25th of 1935, armed “Square Dealers” seized the East Baton Rouge Parish Courthouse.

In response, Long had the Governor, his long-time friend and supporter, Oscar Allen, call in the National Guard and declare Martial Law, banning public gatherings of more than two people and forbidding criticism of state officials.

The Square Dealers left the courthouse, and the only resulting incident was a brief armed skirmish at the airport, leaving one person wounded but no fatalities.

In the summer of 1935, Long called for two special legislative sessions, which passed laws further centralizing Long’s control over the state, and which stripped away the remaining powers of the Mayor of New Orleans.

On September 8th of 1935, Long was at the State Capitol to pass a bill that would gerrymander the district of an opponent, Judge Benjamin Pavy.

After the bill passed, Long was shot in the torso at close range, according to the official narrative, by a lone gunman, Baton Rouge physician Dr. Carl Weiss, the son-in-law of Judge Pavy.

Dr. Weiss was immediately shot by Long’s body-guards, with his autopsy findings showing that he was shot over 60 times.

Long’s funeral was held in Baton Rouge on September 12th, with an estimated 200,000 people in attendance, and he was buried on the grounds of the Louisiana State Capitol complex and memorialized by a statue of him directly facing the State Capitol building on his gravesite.

So, here we have a man who was beloved by the People for his anti-establishment rhetoric, and hated by his enemies, whose ambition for power was dictatorial in nature and whose platform was radical socialism, even though he was called a “Populist member of the Democratic Party,” and was also credited with monumental building projects as part of his legacy.

Something seems very fishy about this man and his whole story, leading to more questions than answers.

Who was this guy?

Travelling salesman, turned attorney, turned politician, turned virtual dictator?

What was really going on here?

I mean, doesn’t he even loo like he is telling a fish story in this photo of him?

Telling a “fish story” is slang for an improbable, boastful tale after the tendency of fishermen to exaggerate the size of the fish they have either caught or lost.

The other statue representing Louisiana is that of Edward Douglas White, a politician and jurist who was a Supreme Court justice for 27-years, and became the 9th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1910.

Edward Douglas White was born in November of 1845 about 30-miles, or 48-kilometers, west of New Orleans, on his family’s sugar plantation in Thibodaux, the county seat of Lafourche Parish, which is today still-standing at the E. D. White Historic Site.

His father, Edward Douglas White Sr, a lawyer and judge who served in the U. S. House of Representatives and as Governor of Louisiana, died in 1847, and his mother, a descendent of the Lee family of Virginia and Maryland, remarried in 1850, to a French-Canadian immigrant merchant, Andre Brousseau, and the family moved to New Orleans in 1851.

Starting at the age of 6, Edward Douglas White Jr. attended a Jesuit school in New Orleans, and then starting in 1856, he and his brother attended the Catholic Mount Saint Mary’s College in Emmitsburg, Maryland.

Then in 1858, White enrolled in Georgetown University, a distinctly Jesuit institution of Higher Education.

White’s Jesuit training was said to have influenced his legal philosophy later in life, with an emphasis on formal logical reasoning.

White left Georgetown without a degree after the American Civil War started, during which time he was mentioned as having fought for the confederacy in Louisiana.

White’s Confederate Civil War service was documented in two places, one in an account of his capture on March 12th of 1865 in an action in Morganza, in Pointe Coupee Parish, in the “War of the the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies…”

…and his service records in the National Archives, the building for which we are told was constructed between 1933 and 1935.

More Depression-era, monumental architecture, like what we saw attributed to Huey Long in Louisiana.

While White’s membership in the Ku Klux Klan was contested, with some saying he was a member, like D. W. Griffith, who made the movie “Birth of a Nation,” others said there was not enough evidence to support that claim…

…he was also reported as having served on the Reception Committee in 1877 of the Knights of Momus in New Orleans, the second-oldest krewe of the Mardi Gras Parade.

The 1877 parade theme for the Knights of Momus was “Hades, a Dream of Momus” and caused an uproar because it took aim at the Reconstruction government established in New Orleans after the Civil War.

Named for Momus, the personification of mockery, satire, and ridicule in Greek mythology, the Knights of Momus has operated continuously as a secret society in New Orleans since its founding there in 1872, the same year the New Orleans Mardi Gras Parade was founded.

The Knights of Momus withdrew from participating in the Mardi Gras parade in 1991 after an ordinance was passed that required all social organizations, including Mardi Gras krewes, to certify publicly that they did not discriminate on the basis of race, gender, handicap, or sexual orientation, to obtain parade permits and other public licensure.

Operating continuously since its founding, the Knights of Momus still hold an annual Bal Masque at the Orpheum Theater on the Thursday before Mardi Gras.

After the Civil War ended, White began studying law in New Orleans at what was named at the time the University of Louisiana Law School, which became Tulane University.

He was admitted to the bar and started practicing law in New Orleans in 1868.

In 1874, White served in the Louisiana State Senate; on the Louisiana Supreme Court from 1878 to 1880; and in 1891, was elected as U. S. Senator by the Louisiana State Legislature to succeed James B. Eustis.

Eustis was another lawyer-turned-politician from New Orleans. He graduated from Harvard in 1854 and was admitted to the bar in 1856. He served as President Grover Cleveland’s ambassador to France from 1893 to 1897.

Eustis was married into the Buckner Family, which included his father-in-law, New Orleans cotton broker Henry Sullivan Buckner, and nephew Mortimer Norton Buckner, a Yale graduate turned travelling salesman and insurance salesman who ended up in New York in 1901, and served as President and Chairman of the Board of the New York Trust Company, the New York Clearing House, and the National Credit Corporation.

Just a little side-trip to give an example of how these interesting connections keep coming up!

White was nominated by President Grover Cleveland to be an Associate Supreme Court Justice on February 14th of 1894, and was confirmed by voice vote on the same day.

This was after President Cleveland’s first two Supreme Court nominees had been rejected by the Senate.

White was part of the majority decision in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case in the Supreme Court, which upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal.

White also participated in the Insular cases, which took place in the early 20th-century, involving the relationship of the United States to the territories acquired in the 1898 Spanish-American War, and, for example, was part of the majority ruling in the 1901 Downes v. Bidwell case that the newly-annexed territories were not properly part of the United States for the purposes of the Constitution, though the guarantees of a citizen’s rights of liberty and property were applicable to all.

President William Howard Taft nominated White to become the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court on December 12th of 1910, and he was again confirmed by voice-vote on the same day as his nomination.

He officially became the 9th Chief Justice a week later.

White originated the term “Rule of Reason,” which is a legal doctrine used to interpret the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, one of the cornerstones of Anti-Trust law in the United States.

He also joined the ruling that the Federal Government could not ban child labor in the 1918 Hammer v. Dagenhart case, in which the Supreme Court struck down a federal law regulating child labor.

White wrote the Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of the 1916 Adamson Act, which mandated an eight-hour workday for railroad employees.

The 1918 Selective Draft Law Cases in his court upheld the 1917 Selective Service Act, which upheld the military draft.

White died in May of 1921 and was buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, DC.

The State of Maine is represented by Hannibal Hamlin and William King in the National Statuary Hall.

Hannibal Hamlin was an American attorney and politician who served as the 15th Vice-President of the United States from 1861 to 1865 during President Abraham Lincoln’s first-term, and the American Civil War.

Hannibal Hamlin was born in August of 1809 in Paris, Maine.

He was a grandnephew of Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire.

Along with district schools, Hamlin attended Hebron Academy, one of the nation’s oldest endowed preparatory schools, having been established in 1804.

Beginning in 1827, Hamlin published the political newspaper the “Oxford Jeffersonian” newspaper in Paris, Maine, which became the “Oxford Democrat” under two of his apprentices, George Millet and Octavius King.

I find interesting to note that this said-to-be sparsely populated, agrarian part of Maine, was noted as having over 25 newspapers in the late 1700s to 1900s.

Why so many?

I don’t have an answer…just curious.

Hamlin studied law with attorney and Maine state politician Samuel Fessenden’s law firm and was admitted to the bar in 1833.

He started his law practice in Hampden, Maine, where he lived until 1848.

Hamlin was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1835, which marked the beginning of his political career.

He was appointed a major on the staff of Maine’s Governor, John Fairfield, and he served in the militia during the 1839 Aroostook War, in which no blood was shed.

This was a military – civilian-involved international confrontation between the United States and the United Kingdom between 1838 and 1839 over the international boundary between the State of Maine and the British colony of New Brunswick.

The boundary was established in 1842 with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, giving Maine most of the disputed area, while preserving an overland connection between Lower Canada and the Maritime colonies.

Later, Hamlin was elected to two terms in the U. S. House of Representatives, and served between 1843 and 1847.

Then, in 1848, he was elected by the Maine State Legislature to fill a U. S. Senate vacancy, and in 1851, was elected to a full-term in the Senate.

Though elected Governor of Maine in 1857, he was only in office for a month before he resigned and returned to the Senate.

Hamlin started out as a Democrat, but joined the newly-organized Republican Party in June of 1856, after the Democratic Party endorsed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise.

The Missouri Compromise was federal legislation that had passed in 1820 that balanced the desires of northern states to prevent the extension of slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it.

The Republican Party nominated Hannibal Hamlin of Maine to serve as Vice-President of the United States in the 1860 election on the ticket with Abraham Lincoln of Illinois nominated as President, for the given reason of regional balance.

At the time, the office of Vice-President was part of the Legislative branch of the U. S. government with the role of President of the Senate, and not the Executive branch, and as such Hamlin did not attend Cabinet meetings.

In June of 1864, Lincoln was renominated as President by the Republicans, but Hamlin was not. Instead, they nominated former tailor-turned-politician Andrew Johnson as Lincoln’s running mate.

Johnson was seen as a capable military governor of occupied Tennessee, and the Republicans were looking ahead to southern Reconstruction as well as broadening their base of support.

Hamlin’s Vice-Presidency brought in 50-years of sustained national influence for the Maine Republican Party.

Between 1861 and 1911, Maine Republicans were in the offices of Vice-President; Secretary of the Treasury; Secretary of State; President of the U. S. Senate; and Speaker of the U. S. House.

Hamlin was elected to the U. S. Senate two-more times, starting in 1867, and his last political appointment was as U. S. Ambassador to Spain under President James A. Garfield, a position which he held from June of 1881 to October of 1882.

Hamlin died on July 4th of 1891, having collapsed while playing cards at the Tarrantine Club in Bangor, Maine – a club of which he was one of the founders in 1884, and its first club President.

The couch he died on is still on display at the Bangor Public Library…

…and he was buried at the Mount Hope Cemetery in Bangor, the second-oldest garden cemetery in the United States, after Mount Auburn Cemetery in Boston, Massachusetts, which it was said to have been modelled after.

Also known as the “Rural Cemetery Movement,” Garden Cemeteries were said to have been a style of cemetery that became popular in the mid-19th-century in both the United States and Europe due to the overcrowding and health concerns of urban cemeteries.

They were typically built, we are told, around 5-miles, or 8-kilometers, outside the city in order to both be: 1) separate from the cities; and 2) close enough for visitors.

Not only that, the “Garden Cemeteries” were beautifully landscaped, containing elaborate memorials and mausoleums, and were places that the general public could go for outdoor recreation around art and sculptures, which previously had only been available to the wealthy.

Their popularity decreased, we are told, towards the end of the 19th-century due to: 1) the high cost of maintenance; 2) the development of true public parks; and 3) the perceived disorderliness of appearance due to independent ownership of family burial plots and different grave markers.

I find the “Rural Cemetery Movement” cropping up in history in the early- mid-19th-century, and ending, for all-intents-and-purposes at the end of the 19th-century to be particularly noteworthy, since the research I have done on what the official narrative tells us points right to this same time-period as being when the New World Order history reset really got underway.

The other statue representing Maine in the National Statuary Hall is one of William King.

William King was an American merchant, ship builder, army officer and statesman from Bath, Maine, who became the first Governor of Maine when Maine separated from Massachusetts in 1820.

King’s father Richard was a merchant and ship-owner, and he was born in February of 1768 at Scarborough, Maine.

Maine was part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay of Britain’s colony in America at that time in history.

He was said to have attended the Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, for a term, though he was largely self-educated.

Phillips Academy is one of the oldest incorporated secondary-schools in the United States, having been established in 1778.

In 1787, King left Scarborough at the age of 19 to live with his sister and brother-in-law in Topsham, Maine.

Between the years of 1780 and 1820, the District of Maine was the governmental designation for what became the State of Maine when it was admitted to the Union in 1820.

The District of Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which was admitted to the Union as a State in February of 1788.

Interestingly, when I was looking information up on the Commonwealth of Massachusetts becoming a State in 1788, I encountered the Massachusetts Act banning “Any African or Negro,” which was made law on March 26th of 1788, apparently in response to Prince Hall leading black masons to petition the court in 1788 to put an end to the slave trade.

Two things I want to draw to your attention in the wording of this law is that first, it does not apply to African or Negroes that are subjects of the Emperor of Morocco or a citizen of one of the States that can prove it.

Why would subjects of the Emperor of Morocco be specifically mentioned in this law?

What if what became known as America was originally part of Morocco, and this knowledge deliberately removed from our collective awareness and the civilization was intentionally destroyed?

The second is that this law was punitive towards the African or Negroes themselves, not the slave traders. If they didn’t leave within ten days, they would be committed to a house of correction, where it says un-hard labor but would seem to mean on hard labor, and if they continued to stay, they were to be whipped and then forced to leave in ten days.

This is a 1775 map of the Shawmut Peninsula, which we know as Boston, and of which Beacon Hill was the center.

Land reclamation took place here roughly between 1820 and 1900 to create land, where there was originally water, around the original peninsula.

The area originally had three hills.

Pemberton Hill and Fort Vernon Hill were near Beacon Hill, and both of these hills were levelled for Beacon Hill development.

Beacon Hill itself was reduced from 130-feet, or 42-meters, to 80-feet, or 24-meters, between 1807 and 1832.

Boston’s Fort Independence was the location where Prince Hall, and fourteen other men of African-American descent, became Freemasons in their initiation into the British Army Lodge 441 of the Irish Registry, after having been declined admittance into the Boston St. John’s Lodge.

He was the founder of Prince Hall Freemasonry, and the African Grand Lodge of North America.

Until Prince Hall found a way in, Moorish Americans were denied admittance into Freemasonry. There are 360-degrees in Moorish Masonry, compared to the 33-degrees of Freemasonry.

Masonry is based on Moorish Science, which also includes the study of natural and spiritual laws, esoteric symbolism, natal and judicial astrology, and zodiac masonry.

With regards to zodiac masonry, this is where the perfect alignments of infrastructure on earth with the sky comes from – the consummate alignment of earth with heaven that is seen around the world – like the lunar roll along the top of this recumbant stone in Crowthie Muir in Scotland…

…and the alignment with the Orion constellation at the ancient stone circle of Nabta Playa in Egypt.

The Moors were the custodians of the Ancient Egyptian mysteries, according to George G. M. James in his book “Stolen Legacy.”

You see these precise astronomical alignments with what would be considered more modern infrastructure as well.

I mean, someone knows about the Moors and what happened to them.

They are just not telling us directly.

Back to William King.

In 1795, William King became active politically, representing Topsham in the Massachusetts House of Representatives until 1799.

In 1799, King moved to Bath, Maine, where he served as Bath’s Representative in the Massachusetts Legislature in 1800, and then as Senator for Lincoln County in 1807 to 1811.

King worked his way up the ladder from his beginnings working on the family farm and in various mills.

He was credited with buildingat least 14 ships, and was either owner or part-owner of 35 merchant ships involved in trade with England, the West Indies, and various ports in the United States.

He married his wife, Ann Frazier of Boston, shortly after moving to Bath, and they built their home, “Stone House,” overlooking the wharves on the Kennebec River where his merchant fleet was docked.

King was considered Bath’s leading citizen, and besides hosting parties in his mansion, he started the South Church in 1805, initially a Congregational Church but later abandoned by them and purchased by the Irish Catholics.

The South Church was said to have been burned down by an angry mob during what is known to history as the Anti-Catholic Riot in 1854, when a group of local citizens was enraged to violence by a travelling street preacher named John Orr, who called himself the “Angel Gabriel,” preaching anti-Catholic sentiment in town.

At the beginning of the War of 1812, he became a Major-General in the Massachusetts militia in charge of the District of Maine.

He was said to have played a key role in enlisting troops and organizing coastal defenses to protect the Maine coast against attack from the British.

He also was a leader in recruiting efforts for the regular army, for which he was made a Colonel in the U. S. Army.

In 1813, King started a petition process for Maine to become separate from Massachusetts.

King was re-elected to the Massachusetts Senate in 1816, and in 1818, the approval was secured for Maine to become a separate state.

The Missouri Compromise allowed Maine to become a state on March 15th of 1820 and shortly thereafter, William King was elected Governor.

William King was also a Scottish Rite Freemason, and he became the first Grand Master of Maine in June of 1820 after becoming Maine’s first Governor.

President James Monroe named King one of three commissioners in May of 1821 to settle land claims resulting from the Adams-Onis Treaty, a position for which King resigned the Governorship of Maine and held until 1824.

The 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the United States, and defined the boundary between the U. S. and New Spain.

King was appointed by President Andrew Jackson in 1828 as Customs Collector of Bath.

The job of Customs Collector was to collect taxes on goods imported from other countries.

The construction of the historic Customs House in Bath was said to have started in 1852 and completed in 1858.

The building was made out of granite with iron beams inside the stone wall, and considered unusual for the time because of its “fire-proof” construction.

Even though King’s formal education was limited, he served as a Trustee for both Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, which was chartered in 1794…

…and for Waterville College, now called Colby College, which was established in 1813.

In June of 1852, William King died at home, and was buried in Bath’s Maple Grove Cemetery.

The Governor King Monument pictured here was said to have been erected in 1855 in memory of him at his burial site.

Charles Carroll and John Hanson represent the State of Maryland in the National Statuary Hall.

Charles Carroll of Carrollton was an Irish-American politician, planter, and the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence.

He was considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, and was known as the “First Citizen” of the American Colonies.

He received the “First Citizen” designation for the given reason this was his pen name for his articles in the “Maryland Gazette.”

Charles Carroll of Carrollton was born in September of 1737 in Annapolis, Maryland, the son of Charles Carroll of Annapolis, a wealthy Maryland planter and lawyer, and the grandson of Charles Carroll the Settler, an Irishman who secured the position of Attorney General of the young colony of Maryland from George Calvert, First Baron Baltimore and immigrated there in October of 1688.

The Colony of Maryland was established in the 1630s on land granted by a hereditary charter to the Calvert family, and intended as a haven for English Catholics and other religious minorities.

The young Charles Carroll received a Jesuit education, starting at the Jesuit preparatory school at Bohemia Manor in Cecil County on Maryland’s Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay…

…and then starting at the age of 11 was sent to Jesuit schools in France, including the College of St. Omer in northern France…

…and later the Lycee Louis-le-Grand in Paris, from which he graduated in 1755.

For the next 10 years, Carroll studied in Europe, and read law in London before returning to Annapolis in 1765.

He was granted Carrollton Manor, known as D0ughoregan Manor, by his father, which was why he received the name “Charles Carroll of Carrollton.”

Doughoregan Manor is located west of Ellicott City, Maryland, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.

As a Catholic, Charles Carroll of Carrollton was barred by Maryland Statute from entering politics, practicing law and voting.

This did not stop him from becoming not only one of the wealthiest men in Maryland, but of anywhere in the British Colonies, with his extensive agricultural estates, which besides Doughoregan, included Hockley Forge and Mill, called a collection of colonial-era industrial buildings along the Patapsco River near what is now Elkridge, Maryland, and Carroll provided the capital to finance new enterprises on the Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay.

In the early 1770s, when the dispute between Great Britain and her colonies in America became more intense, Carroll engaged in a debate via letters that were written anonymously and published in the Maryland Gazette.

Carroll under the pen name of “First Citizen” argued for maintaining the right of the colonies to control their own taxation, becoming a prominent spokesman against the Governor’s proclamation increasing legal fees to state officers and Protestant clergy.

Daniel Dulany the Younger, a noted lawyer and British loyalist politician in Maryland, opposed Carroll in these written debates, writing as “Antillon.”

Carroll’s fame and notoriety began to grow as the identity of the two anonymous debaters became known, and following these written debates, Carroll became a leading opponent of British rule and served on various committees of correspondence, and believed that only the violence of war could break the impasse with Great Britain.

He was a delegate to the Annapolis Convention, the revolutionary government of Maryland before the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Charles Carroll was elected to the Second Continental Congress on July 4th of 1776, arriving too late to vote on it, but he was there to sign it.

At the time, he was the richest man in America.

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He remained a delegate of the Second Continental Congress until 1778, and during his term, he served on the War Board and gave considerable financial support to the Revolutionary War.

Carroll returned to Maryland in 1778 to help form the state government there.

He declined re-election to the Continental Congress in 1780, but was elected to the Maryland Senate in 1781, and served there until 1800.

I guess by that time, Catholics were no longer barred y statute from hold political office.

He was also elected to the U. S. Senate during this time by the State Legislature, in which he served from March of 1789 to November of 1792.

He had to resign his U. S. Senate seat, however, because Maryland passed a law barring anyone from serving in state and federal office simultaneously, and he preferred his State Senate job.

After retiring from public life in 1801, Carroll helped established the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, which was founded in 1827 and broke ground for the construction of its headquarters and America’s first commercial railroad tracks on July 4th of 1828.

This is where aspects of the influential Carroll family of Maryland and Charles Carroll’s life and the history of the B & O Railroad intersect.

Mount Clare is called the oldest Colonial-era structure in Baltimore, Maryland, and was built on a Carroll-family plantation starting in 1763 by Charles Carroll the Barrister, a distant cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton.


This is what we are told.

The street grid of the city of Baltimore near Mount Clare began to grow and inch towards the southwest, with the dense development of streets and alleys of different styles of brick row-houses by the 1820s, and there was competitive economic pressure with the opening of the Erie Canal to develop the Port of Baltimore and the accompanying transportation systems like the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad with this new transportation technology from Great Britain and the proposed Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, of which both projects broke ground on the same day – July 4th of 1828 – and that there was an intense rivalry between the two.

The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company was formed in 1827, of which Charles Carroll of Carrollton was one of its Directors, and he was the one that had the honor of laying the first stone for the railroad at the ceremony after the celebratory festivities at the July 4th ground-breaking in 1828, near the Mount Clare Mansion.

The Mount Clare Shops, of which this aerial photo is circa 1971, is the oldest railroad manufacturing complex in the United States, located on a portion of the Carroll family’s Mount Clare Estate, and the mansion left the family’s ownership in 1840.

Mount Clare Station was first said to have been erected in the 1830s and the Roundhouse in 1884, with the current Mount Clare Station building having been constructed in 1851.

Today the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum, we are told the original Mount Clare passenger station, the first in the nation, was abandoned, and was located where the parking lot is for the museum is today.

Carroll was elected into the American Antiquarian Society in 1815, a national research library of pre-20th-century American history and culture, and the oldest historical society with a national focus, having been founded in 1812.

Its mission is to collect, preserve, and make available for study all printed records of what is known as the United States of America.

The seal of the American Antiquarian Society translates from the Latin of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Book 15, Line 872: “Now I have completed my work, which neither sword nor devouring Time will be able to destroy.”

The written word can be manipulated to put out the narrative you want for posterity.

Architecture not so much.

This is the American Antiquarian Society building in Worcester, Massachusetts, said to have been designed by the arciectural firm of Winslow, Bigelow & Wadsworth in Georgian or Colonial-Revival style and completed in 1910.

Carroll died at the age of 95 in November of 1832, the oldest-lived Founding Father.

His funeral took place at the cathedral in Baltimore…

…and he was buried in the Manor Chapel on his estate at Doughoregan.

John Hanson is the other statue representing Maryland in the National Statuary Hall.

This what we are told about John Hanson in today’s historical narrative.

John Hanson was a Founding Father of the United States, and a merchant and public official from Maryland in the American Revolution-era.

He was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1779 and signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781, and that same year was elected as the first “President of the Confederation Congress,” sometimes called the first “President of the United States in Congress Assembled,” with some biographers asserting that this made him first President of the United States.

Hanson was born in Port Tobacco on a plantation called “Mulberry Grove” into a wealthy and prominent family in Maryland’s Charles County in April of 1721.

His father Samuel was a planter, as well as a politician who served two terms in the Maryland General Assembly.

We are told little is known of Hanson’s early life, except that he followed in his father’s footsteps as a planter-turned-politician.

Hanson’s political career began in 1750, when he was appointed Sheriff of Charles County, and 1757, he was elected to represent Charles County in the Lower House of the Maryland General Assembly, serving for 12 years in this capacity, and sitting on many important committees.

In 1769, he sold his land in Charles County, and moved to Frederick County, Maryland, where he held public offices such as deputy surveyor, sheriff, and county treasurer.

It is interesting to note that there are Compass Meridian Stones are in Frederick Maryland, the seat of Frederick County.

We are told they were established in Frederick in 1896 as the result of the work done by two surveyors, Lawrence Brengle and Thomas Woodrow, to accurately measure what was known as “Frederick Town” in 1820, and this helped others, to realize the importance firstly of precise and accurate surveying measurements, and secondly, of the establishment primary reference monuments and survey calibration baselines.

The “Compass Meridian Stones” in Frederick are on opposite sides of the lawn of the old courthouse, which is now the City Hall, and established as a North-South baseline in Maryland that surveyors used to annually check for variations in their compasses here and were required to report them to the Clerk of the Court to register them.

Polaris, commonly known as the “Pole Star” or the “North Star,” is visible from this location, and the two stones have been measured to align with the north.

Polaris is famous for appearing to stand-still in the night sky while the northern sky moves around it.

When relations between the American Colonies and Great Britain went south in 1774, John Hanson became a leading patriot of Frederick County.

He was a delegate to the Maryland Convention in 1775, and, along with the other delegates, he signed the “Association of Freemen” on July 26th of 1775, which expressed hope for reconciling with Great Britain but also called for military resistance to the Coercive Acts, a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774, after the Boston Tea Party.

When hostilities were underway, Hanson chaired the Frederick County Committee of Observation within a patriot organization that assumed control of governing local areas.

Hanson was responsible for recruiting and arming local soldiers and Frederick County was the first to send southern troops to George Washington’s Army, and he financed much of the war effort from western Maryland out of his own money.

Also, Hanson chaired the Frederick County meeting in June of 1776 that urged Maryland leaders in Annapolis to instruct its delegates in the First Continental Congress to declare independence from Great Britain.

In 1777, Hanson was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates, and then in 1779, the House of Delegates named him as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, and he began his time of service in Philadelphia in June of 1780.

Along with Daniel Carroll, Maryland’s other delegate to the Continental Congress at this time, Hanson signed the Articles of Confederation with the other states’ delegates on March 1st of 1781, at which time they officially went into effect.

The Second Continental Congress elected Hanson as its President in November of 1781.

Both Legislative and Executive government was vested in the Congress under the Articles of Confederation, so the Presidency of Congress was largely a ceremonial position, and Hanson served as a neutral discussion moderator, handled official correspondence, and signed documents.

He served in this position for a year, after which time, he retired from public office and was in poor health.

Hanson died on November 15th of 1783 while visiting Oxon Hill Manor, the plantation of his nephew, Thomas Hawkins Hanson, and which where he was buried.

The original Oxon Hill Manor was said to have burned, and the mansion there today was said to have been built in 1928 by Summer Welles, the U. S. Undersecretary of State during President Franklin Roosevelt’s administrations from 1936 to 1943.

Here’s the thing.

There are two versions of who John Hanson actually was, and they definitely do not look like the same person!

I dunno.

I have memories of learning when I was much younger, like it feels like it was before the internet came into being, that the first President of the Continental Congress was a black man named John Hanson, and this is what I was able to find on the subject in an internet search now.

While there is a persistence to that version as to the identity of that John Hanson still in existence to this day…

…the discrepancy with two different historical persons having the same name has been explained that they are in fact different people from different times, and that the black John Hanson was a different John Hanson with very little biographical information that was born in Liberia on an unknown birthdate, was a merchant and Senator from Liberia who was born into slavery and purchased his freedom, who emigrated to Baltimore at the age of 36, and who died in 1860 on an unknown date.

The State of Massachusetts is represented by Samuel Adams and John Winthrop in the National Statuary Hall.

Samuel Adams was an American statesman, politician, Founding Father of the United States, and one of the architects of the principles of American Republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States.

Samuel Adams was born in Boston in the British Colony of Massachusetts in September of 1722, one of three children who survived out of 12 born to his parents, brewer Samuel Adams Sr. and Mary Fifield Adams.

They were Puritans, and members of the Old South Congregational Church, which is famous as the place where the Boston Tea Party was organized.

This is a photo of the original Old South Meeting House circa 1900…

…which still stands today at the corner of Milk and Washington Streets in Boston’s Downtown Crossing area.

We are told that the present building of the Old South Congregational Church was completed in 1873 after the Old South Meeting House was almost destroyed in the Great Boston Fire of 1872.

Is it just me, or does the Old South Church’s cornerstone look a little strange?

It looks plastered over, and is not the same material as the stone surrounding it.

And the “16” of the “1670” date sure looks like it was worked with more than once.

The elder Samuel Adams, a Deacon of the church, entered politics through an informal political organization known to history as the “Boston Caucus,” which he was one of the founders of.

The “Boston Caucus” promoted candidates who supported popular causes in the years before and after the American Revolution, typically meeting in the smoke-filled rooms of taverns or pubs.

The younger Samuel Adams attended the Boston Latin School, which was established in 1635, and the oldest public school in British America and the oldest existing school in the United States.

Adams entered Harvard College in 1736 and graduated in 1740.

He continued in his studies, earning a Master’s Degree in 1743.

He was particularly interested in politics and colonial rights.

Founded in 1636, Harvard College, the original school of Harvard University, is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.

Harvard University is located right across the street from the Boston Latin School, and among many other universities and museums, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum is only a short-walking-distance from the Boston Latin School.

The largest art theft in U. S. history took place on March 18th of 1990, at which time twelve paintings and a Chinese Shang Dynasty vase, all together worth $100 to $300 million, were stolen from Boston’s Isabella Stewart Gardner Art Museum.

There is still a $10 million reward in place today for information leading to the recovery of the art work.

The museum was said to have been built between 1898 and 1901, with the design heavily influenced by art-collector and philanthropist Isabella Stewart Gardner herself on the left, in the style of a 15th-century Venetian Palace, of which the 15th-century Palazzo Santa Sofia in Venice on the right is an example of this type of architecture.

The art museum is located near the Back Bay Fens, one of the areas of Boston that was reclaimed between 1820 and 1900, and said to have been designed by Frederick Law Olmsted as part of Boston’s Emerald Necklace system of parks.

Back to Samuel Adams.

Adams considered going into law after leaving Harvard in 1743, but ended up going into business, working at a counting house until he was let go after a few months because he was too preoccupied with politics.

His father subsequently made him a partner in the family’s malthouse, where the malt necessary for brewing beer was produced.

He was first elected into political office in 1747 as one of the clerks of the Boston Market, and in 1756, he was elected to the position of Tax Collector by the Boston Town Meeting.

In January of 1748, Samuel Adams and some friends launched “The Independent Advertiser,” which advocated republicanism, liberty and independence from Great Britain, after he and his friends became inflamed by British impressment, where men were forcibly taken into military or naval service.

He went into what can best be described as full-on political activism against Great Britain.

The 1764 Sugar Act passed by the British Parliament was a revenue-raising act for goods which could only be exported to Britain.

It was protested in the colonies for its economic impact, as well as the issue of taxation without representation, by merchants boycotting British goods and Samuel Adams drafted a report on the Sugar Act for the Massachusetts Assembly, in which he called the Sugar Act an infringement of the rights of the colonists as British subjects.

The Sugar Act was repealed in 1766 and replaced with the Revenue Act that same year, which reduced the tax to one penny per gallon on molasses imports.

The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765, which required colonists to pay a new tax on most printed materials.

Adams supported the calls for a boycott of British goods to pressure Parliament to repeal the tax.

Riots from groups like the Loyal Nine, a precursor to the Sons of Liberty, during this time resulted in some homes and businesses being destroyed, and the jury is out on whether or not Adams was directly involved in directing violent agitators in protest.

Adams was appointed to the Boston Town Meeting in September of 1765 to write the instructions for Boston’s delegation to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and he was selected to become a Representative for Boston later that same month.

Adams was the main author of several House resolutions against the Stamp Act, and he was also said to be one of the first colonial leaders to argue that mankind possessed certain natural rights that governments could not violate.

The Stamp Act did not go into effect when it was supposed on November 1st of 1765 because protestors throughout the colonies had forced stamp distributors to resign and the tax was subsequently repealed in March of 1766.

Next came the Townshend Acts.

The Townshend Acts were established by the British Parliament in 1767, establishing new duties on goods imported to the colonies to help pay for the costs of governing the American colonies.

The revenues generated from this were to be used to pay for governors and judges independent of colonial control and compliance enforced by the newly created American Board of Custom Commissioners, headquartered in Boston.

Resistance grew to the Townshend Acts and Samuel Adams organized an economic boycott through the Boston Town Meeting, and called for other towns and colonies to join the boycott.

Samuel Adams wrote what became known as the “Massachusetts Circular Letter,” calling on the colonies to join Massachusetts in resisting the Townshend Acts, which was approved by the Massachusetts House on February 11th of 1768, after having not been approved at first.

Lord Hillsborough, the British Colonial Secretary, instructed colonial governors to dissolve their assemblies if they responded to the letter, and directed the Massachusetts Governor, Francis Bernard, to have the Massachusetts House rescind the letter, which the House refused to do.

Governor Bernard dissolved the legislature after Samuel Adams presented another petition to remove the Governor from office.

The Commissioners of the Customs Board requested military assistance from Great Britain when they found they could not enforce trade regulations in Boston, and a 50-gun warship arrived in Boston Harbor in May of 1768, the HMS Romney.

Tensions escalated when the captain of the Romney began to forcibly impress local sailors to serve on the HMS Romney.

This led to Customs officials seizing a ship belonging to John Hancock named “Liberty” for alleged customs’ violations, and a riot broke out when sailors from the HMS Romney came to tow the “Liberty.”

This in turn led to Massachusetts Governor Bernard writing to London in response to this incident and requesting that troops be sent to Boston to restore order, and Lord Hillsborough ordered four regiments of the British Army there, with the first troops arriving in October of 1768.

In September of 1768, When Governor Bernard refused the request of the Boston Town Meeting to convene the General Court upon learning about the incoming British troops, the Boston Town Meeting called on other Massachusetts towns to send representatives to meet at Faneuil Hall starting on September 22nd, and one-hundred towns sent delegates to the convention, which issued a letter stating that Boston was a lawful town, and that the pending military occupation would violate the natural, constitutional, and charter rights of the citizens of Boston.

The British occupation of Boston was said to have been a turning point for Samuel Adams according to some accounts, who started working towards American independence and gave up hope for reconciliation with Great Britain.

He wrote a number of letters and essays against the occupation, considering it a violation of the 1689 Bill of Rights, which was an act of Parliament seen as a landmark in English Constitutional Law that laid out basic civil rights.

The “Journal of Occurrences” publicized the occupation of Boston throughout the colonies in a series of unsigned articles that may or may not have been written by Adams.

The articles were claimed to be a factual daily account of events in Boston under British occupation, depicting unruly British soldiers assaulting citizens on a regular basis with no consequences to them.

Publication of the “Journal of Occurrences” ended on August 1st of 1769, when Governor Bernard permanently left Massachusetts.

Two British regiments were removed from Boston in 1769, and two remained.

The Boston Massacre took place in March of 1770.

Five civilians were killed by British soldiers in a crowd of several hundred who were said to have been taunting the soldiers.

The incident was well-publicized by Samuel Adams and Paul Revere, and was depicted in Revere’s 1770 engraving pictured here.

The situation quieted down somewhat after the Boston Massacre, with Parliament repealing the Townshend Acts in April 1770, with the exception of the tax on tea.

Samuel Adams continued to urge the colonists to boycott British goods, but the boycott faltered because of the improvement of economic conditions.

Adams and his associates came up with a system of “Committees of Correspondence” between towns in Massachusetts in November of 1775, where they would consult with each other on political matters by way of messages sent through these committees that recorded British activities and protested British policies.

These committees of correspondence soon formed in other colonies as well.

The new Massachusetts Governor, businessman and Loyalist politician, Thomas Hutchinson, became concerned that the Committees of Correspondence System was becoming an independence movement.

The Governor addressed the Massachusetts legislature and argued that denying the supremacy of Parliament came dangerously close to rebellion.

Adams and the House responded to him by saying that the Massachusetts Charter did not establish Parliament’s supremacy over the province, so Parliament could not claim that authority.

This exchange was published and publicized in the widely distributed “Boston Pamphlet.”

Samuel Adams was said to have been a leader in the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party that took place in December of 1773 in our historical narrative.

The British Parliament had passed the Tea Act in May of 1773 to help the British East India Company, who had amassed a surplus of tea that it could not sell.

The Tea Act allowed the East India Company to sell the tea directly to the colonies , granting them significant cost advantage over local merchants and reduction in their taxes paid in Great Britain while at the same time keeping the Townshend duty on tea imported in the colonies.

In late 1773, seven ships were sent to the colonies carrying the surplus tea, with four bound for Boston Harbor.

Adams and the Committees of Correspondence promoted opposition to the Tea Act, and with the exception of Massachusetts, every colony was successful in not having the tea delivered.

Governor Hutchinson was determined to hold his ground and have the tea delivered to those designated to receive it.

All other efforts to prevent the tea from being unloaded having failed, on the night of December 16th of 1773, approximately 342 chests of tea were dumped overboard in the course of three-hours by a large group of men known as the “Sons of Liberty.”

Samuel Adams publicized the event and defended it, arguing that the Boston Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob, but the only remaining option left to people to defend their rights.

Great Britain’s response to the Boston Tea Party was the introduction of the Coercive, also known as Intolerable, Acts, of which the first was the Boston Port Act, enacted in March of 1774, and effective June 1st, which closed Boston’s commerce until the British East India Company had been repaid for the destroyed tea.

The May of 1774 Massachusetts Government Act rewrote the Massachusetts Charter, making numerous officials royally-appointed as opposed to elected.

Also passed by the British Parliament in May of 1774, the Administration of Justice Act allowed colonists charged with crimes to be transported to another colony or to Great Britain for trial.

General Thomas Gage was the new Royal Governor of Massachusetts appointed to enforce the Coercive Acts, and he was also the commander of British Military forces in North America.

Samuel Adams worked to coordinate resistance to the Coercive Acts.

In May of 1774, with Adams moderating, the Boston Town Meeting organized a boycott of British goods.

In June of 1774, he chaired a committee in the Massachusetts House behind locked doors which proposed what became the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, and to which Samuel Adams became one of five delegates from Massachusetts.

The First Continental Congress took place at Carpenters’ Hall in Philadelphia between September 5th and October 26th of 1774.

Delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies discussed how the colonies could work together in response to the British government’s coercive reactions in Massachusetts.

They agreed on a “Declaration and Resolves,” a statement that outlined colonial objections to the Coercive Acts, and concluded with the plan of the First Continental Congress to enter a boycott of British trade until the grievances were resolved.

They sent a petition to King George III pleading for resolution of their grievances and repeal of the Coercive Acts, which had no effect.

In November of 1774, Adams returned to Massachusetts and served in the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, which created the first Minutemen companies – militia ready to act on a moment’s notice.

Both selected as delegates to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which was scheduled to start meeting in May of 1775, Samuel Adams and John Hancock attended the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in Concord, Massachusetts, in April of 1775, and then decided to stay in Hancock’s childhood home in Lexington before heading to Philadelphia after deciding it wasn’t safe to return to Boston.

After having received a letter from Lord Dartmouth, British Secretary of State for the Colonies, on April 14th of 1775 advising arrest of the principal people of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, General Gage, the Massachusetts Governor and commander of British Military forces in North America sent out a detachment of soldiers a few days later, on April 18th, to seize and destroy military supplies that the colonists had stored in Concord, and possibly to arrest Adams and Hancock, though this order is in dispute historically because it wasn’t in his written orders.

Regardless, the Patriots believed otherwise, and Paul Revere was dispatched on horseback from Boston on his famous midnight ride, to both alert the colonial militia that the “British are coming,” and warn Hancock and Adams about their potential arrest.

As Hancock and Adams made their escape, the American Revolutionary War began in Lexington and Concord on April 19th of 1775.

The exact role of Samuel Adams in the proceedings of the Second Continental Congress was not known because of its secrecy rule, but he was believed to have been a major influence in steering the Congress toward independence.

He served on numerous committees, including ones dealing with military matters, and it was he who nominated George Washington to be Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army.

On June 7th of 1776, Samuel Adams’ ally, Richard Henry Lee from Virginia, introduced a three-part resolution calling for the Second Continental Congress to declare independence, create a colonial confederation, and seek foreign aid.

This resulted in the Continental Congress approving the language of the Declaration of Independence and its signing on July 4th of 1776.

Adams remained active in the Second Continental Congress, also having a hand in drafting the Articles of Confederation in 1777, the plan for colonial confederation, and he continued to serve on various military committees.

He retired completely from the Continental Congress in 1781.

Not bad for a guy who started out his career in the beer-making business!

Adams had returned to Boston in 1779 to attend a state constitutional convention, at which time he was appointed to a three-man committee to draft a new state constitution.

The new Massachusetts Constitution was amended by the convention approved by voters in 1780, and is among the oldest functioning constitutions in continuous effect in the world.

Adams continued to remain active in politics after his return to Massachusetts, putting his focus on the promotion of virtue.

He occasionally serving as moderator of the Boston Town Meeting, and he was elected to the State Senate.

Shays’ Rebellion took place in rural western Massachusetts from August of 1786 to February of 1787, in response to a debt crisis among the people and in opposition to the state government’s increased efforts to collect taxes on individuals and their trades.

Residents in these areas had few assets beyond their land, and bartered with each other for goods and services, as opposed to the market economy of the developed areas of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut River Valley.

It was led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays who led 4,000 rebels in protest against economic and civil rights’ injustices.

Interestingly, where Samuel Adams approved of rebellion against an unrepresentative government, he opposed the taking up of arms against a Republican form of government, where problems should be remedied through elections.

He urged the Governor, James Bowdoin, to put down the uprising using military force, so he sent 4,000 militiamen to quell the uprising.

Shay’s Rebellion led to the creation of the United State Constitution, which started at the 1787 Philadelphia Convention, because it contributed to the belief that the 1777 Articles of Confederation needed to be revised.

The United States Constitution came into force in 1789 as the supreme law of the United States.

The original Constitution is comprised of seven articles.

Its first three articles embody the doctrine of “Separation of Powers;” its next three articles embody the concepts of “Federalism,” and the rights and responsibilities of state governments; and its last article established the procedure used to by the thirteen original states to ratify it.

The first ten amendments to the Constitution are known as the “Bill of Rights,” which were ratified by the first U. S. Congress, on December 15th of 1791, offer specific protection for individual liberty and justice, and place restrictions on the power of government.

Samuel Adams was elected Lt. Governor of Massachusetts in 1789, a position in which he served until Governor John Hancock’s death in 1793, at which time he became acting governor.

The following year, Adams was elected as the Massachusetts Governor, a position in which he served between October of 1794 and June of 1797.

In Massachusetts, Samuel Adams was considered a leader of the Jeffersonian Republicans, also known as the Democratic-Republican Party, a political party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the early 1790s that championed things like Republicanism, agrarianism, political equality and expansionism.

This was in opposition to the Federalist Party, a conservative party that was founded in 1789, and the first political party in the United States.

It was led by people like Alexander Hamilton and Samuel’s cousin John Adams, and favored centralization, federalism, modernization, industrialization, and protectionism.

Samuel Adams supported the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion for the the same reasons he supported the suppression of Shay’s Rebellion.

The Whiskey Tax was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt brought about by the Revolutionary War, and primarily affected people living in rural areas, like farmers in the new country’s western frontier who turned surplus grains into alcohol and where whiskey was used for bartering.

The Whiskey Rebellion was a violent tax protest in the United States that started in 1791 and ended in 1794 during George Washington’s Presidency, and when George Washington himself led 13,000 militiamen provided by Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, to put down the insurgency, however, all the insurgents left before the army arrived, effectively ending the rebellion, and resulting in a handful of arrests of individuals that were later acquitted or pardoned.

The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that the new national government had the will and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws.

The Whiskey Tax was very difficult to collect, and was finally repealed in the early 1800s under President Thomas Jefferson.

Adams retired from politics after his term as Governor ended in 1797, and he died on October 2nd of 1803, at the age of 81, and was buried in Boston’s Granary Burying Ground…

…and also where Paul Revere was laid to rest.

No mention of his famous midnight ride, or much of anything on his grave-marker.

Paul Revere’s grave-marker reminded me of the simple grave-markers at Boot Hill in Tombstone, Arizona, famous for the “Gunfight at O. K. Corral” between the Earps and the cowboy outlaws.

The Granary Burying Ground’s Gate and fence was said to have been designed in Egyptian-Revival-style by Isaiah Rogers in 1840…

…and Isaiah Rogers was said to have designed an identical gateway for Newport, Rhode Island’s Touro Synogogue Cemetery in 1842.

Speaking of Egyptian Revival Style architecture, there’s a stunning example of it at the Downtown Presbyterian Church in Nashville, Tennessee, said to have been designed by architect William Strickland, and completed in 1846.

One more thing before I move on.

This is what came up when I searched for “Was Samuel Adams a Freemason?”

I found Samuel Adams mentioned as a Freemason in an article from June of 2009 on the antiquesandthearts.com website about the Grand Lodge of Masons in Massachusetts celebrating 275 years of brotherhood.

The article mentioned things like the Green Dragon Tavern in Boston being the unofficial Headquarters of the American Revolution…

…as well as the meeting place for the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, which had purchased the Green Dragon Tavern in 1764, and used it as a meeting place until 1818.

Also mentioned in this article is that it was the origin point for the Boston Tea Party participants and Paul Revere’s midnight Ride, as well as mentioning that there were Freemasons among the British soldiers occupying Boston, which are called “Brethren.”

So, who’s their loyalty to? Their countries or each other?

Samuel Adams was mentioned as a Freemason in this article…

…and I wonder if he belonged to the York Rite of Freemasonry, since there is what appears to be a Templar cross next to his gravestone, and “Knights Templar,” the final order joined in the York Rite…

…because Samuel Adams was not mentioned on the “Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite” website, but the following men were listed as Freemasons of the Independence.

George Washington.

Well, no surprise there. I knew that about him a long time ago, and it even says in the description that he was one of the most famous Founding Fathers and Freemasons in American History.

Benjamin Franklin.

No surprise there either, though I don’t think he was as well known to the general public as a Freemason as George Washington was.

The last two mentioned as Freemason on this website page were John Hancock…

…and Paul Revere.

Again, not surprising to find out these men were Freemasons, but it is very interesting to me in terms of what this might represent in the bigger picture of what has been actually been taking place on Earth, especially in light of the role played by other Freemasons in our historical narrative.

John Winthrop is the other statue representing Massachusetts in the National Statuary Hall.

John Winthrop was an English Puritan lawyer, and led the first wave of colonists from England in 1630 and a leader in establishing the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major British Colony after the founding of Plymouth Colony in 1620.

John Winthrop was born in January of either 1587 or 1588 in Suffolk, England.

His father Adam was a prosperous landowner and lawyer, and his mother Annie came from a well-to-do landowning family as well.

The Winthrop family was granted Groton Manor after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as the Lord of the Manor had previously been the Abbot of the Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, and John’s parents moved in when he was young.

The Dissolution of the Monasteries took place between 1536 and 1541, in which King Henry VIII disbanded the approximately 850 monasteries, convents and friaries in England, and leaving none.

Their income was taken and assets disposed of, and in many cases, like that of Glastonbury Abbey, the buildings on the property were left in ruins.

The Winthrop Coat of Arms was confirmed to John’s uncle by the College of Arms in 1592.

The College of Arms was said to have been first incorporated as a Royal Corporation in March of 1484 under King Richard III, and then re-incorporated in 1555 under Queen Mary I of England.

Heralds are appointed by the British Monarch and delegated to act on behalf of the Crown on all matters of heraldry, besides the granting of new Coats-of-Arms, including genealogical research and the granting of pedigrees.

During King Henry VIII’s reign, it was said that the College of Arms “…at no time since its establishment, was the college in higher estimation, nor in fuller employment, than in this reign.”

In 1530, King Henry VIII conferred the duty of “heraldic visitation” on the College, that of tours of inspection between 1530 and 1688 around England, Wales, and Ireland to register and regulate the Coats of Arms of Nobility, gentry and boroughs, and to record pedigrees.

During the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries between 1536 and 1541, this duty gained even more importance as the Monasteries were formerly the repositories of local genealogical records, and from then on, the College was responsible for the recording and maintenance of genealogical records.

The College of Arms has been on Queen Victoria Street in the City of London in the shadow of St. Paul’s Cathedral since 1555.

This is the Coat-of-Arms for the College of Arms, with the motto “Diligent and Secret,” which interestingly the heraldry-wiki doesn’t know the meaning of.

Could it possibly mean exactly what it says – diligent and secret?

Like we don’t want you to know something, but we are sure working hard at what we are doing!

This would explain a question I am often asked – how to explain something like a mud flood event and repopulation effort involving lots of orphans when some people have long genealogies in their families, and I am one of them, with long genealogies on all my family lines, including ancestors on the Mayflower on my paternal grandmother’s side.

Yet my husband’s family got the name Gibson from an orphan ancestor that worked on a cattle drive for a man named Gibson, and he took his name.

Another question that comes to my mind is why does the word “arms” refer both to heraldry devices and weapons?

I have had some major questions about King Henry VIII’s role in the historical narrative.

Many star forts were attributed to having been built during his reign, like the Portland Castle on the Isle of Portland between 1539 and 1541…

…and Sandsfoot Castle in neighboring Weymouth, completed in 1542 and that both were meant to defend the original harbor against French and Spanish invaders.

During this same period of time, the Jesuit Order was formed in 1540 by a papal bull issued by Pope Paul III, under the leadership of Ignatius Loyola, and included a special vow of obedience to the Pope in matters of mission direction and assignment.

In 1542, Pope Paul III also established the Holy Office, also known as the  Inquisition and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 

And in May of 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,” offering mathematical arguments for the heliocentric, or sun-centered universe, and denying the geocentric model of the Earth-centered universe of Ptolemy, and the once widely-accepted geocentric model of the Universe was henceforth no longer considered adequate.

Copernicus’ Universe-changing book was published shortly before his death on May 24th of 1543.

Anyway, back to John Winthrop.

Winthrop entered Trinity College at Cambridge University in 1602.

Trinity College was founded in 1546 by King Henry VIII.

Interesting to note that this architectural-style found at Trinity College looks just like college architecture found all around the world, with examples shown here at Korea University in Seoul, Korea, on the top left; Sydney University in Sydney, Australia, on the top right; Mainz University on Mainz, Germany on the bottom left; and at the University of Oklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma on the bottom right.

John Winthrop left Trinity College in 1605 to get married to Mary Forth, the daughter of a family friend.

In 1613, Winthrop’s father transferred the family holdings in Groton to him, and he became Lord of the Manor at Groton.

Lord of the Manor referred to the landholder of a rural estate, enjoying manorial rights, which was the right to establish and occupy a residence, and seignory, the right to grant or draw benefit from the estate.

Also sometime around 1613, Winthrop enrolled in Gray’s Inn, where he read law but did not advance to the Bar.

Gray’s Inn is one of the four inns of court in London – along with the Lincoln Inn, Inner Temple, and Middle Temple – that educate and train barristers in order to be able to practice law in England and Wales.

The early records of all four inns of court were lost, and the exact dates of their founding is not known.

The records of Gray’s Inn are lost up until the year of 1569, but was believed to date back to around 1370.

Winthrop’s wife Mary died in 1616, and he was remarried to Thomasine Clopton, who also died in 1616, in childbirth in December of that year.

Through his legal connections, he began courting Margaret Tyndal, the daughter of chancery Judge Sir John Tyndal and Anne Egerton, the sister of Stephen Egerton, aleading Puritan preacher of his time.

John Winthrop and Margaret Tyndal were married in April of 1618.

At some point not long after they were married, John acquired a position at the Court of Wards and Liveries and travelled between London and Groton, where his wife and eldest son John from his first marriage managed the manor when he was away.

The Court of Wards and Liveries was established starting in 1540 during the reign of King Henry VIII by two Acts of Parliament – the Court of Wards Act of 1540 and the Wards and Liveries Act of 1541.

It was established around the issues of practical matters relating to the Crown’s right of wardship and livery of young orphaned heirs where their father had been a Tenant-in-Chief of the Crown, including having rights over the deceased’s estate, including income and land, so this special court also administered a system of levying and collecting feudal dues.

Does this mean that there were so many orphaned heirs that they had to establish a special court to handle them?!

And what is Livery?

Well,if you look up the meaning, livery is an identifying design, such as a uniform, ornament, symbol, or insignia that designates ownership or affiliation.

Most often it would indicate the wearer of the livery was a servant, dependent, follower or friend of the owner of the livery.

Apparently the “Office of Liveries” was joined with the “Court of Wards” in 1542.

I find this information about the “Court of Wards and Liveries” very intriguing, and would love to know more about what was going on here that is not found in the historical record.

Perhaps there was more to it than just a way of replenishing the Royal Treasury and controlling wards and the administration of their lands, which is found in the historical record.

But was there a connection between the English words “livery” and “delivery,” where definitions of delivery include 1) the transfer of something from one place or person to another; 2) the process of giving birth; and in law 3) the formal or symbolic handing over of property to a grantee or third-party.

Our historical narrative tells us the religious atmosphere for Puritans to started to change in England in the mid-to-late 1620s, after King Charles I ascended to the throne in 1625, and had married a Roman Catholic.

There was an atmosphere of intolerance towards Puritans and this state-of-affairs led Puritan leaders to consider emigration to the New World as means to escape persecution.

The establishment of Plymouth Colony on the shores of Cape Cod Bay in 1620 was the first successful religious colonization of the New World.

In 1629, a charter was received by Puritan investors that became known as the “Massachusetts Bay Company” to govern a land grant of territory between what became known as the Charles River in eastern Massachusetts and the Merrimack River, which starts in New Hampshire and flows southward into Massachusetts.

Puritan John Endecott led a small group of settlers to the area around this time to prepare the way for a larger migration, and he became the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1629 to 1630, and served as governor several more times over the years, for a total of sixteen years all together.

The exact connection by which John Winthrop got involved with the Massachusetts Bay Company is not known, but he had connections with individuals associated with the company.

Also in 1629, King Charles I dissolved Parliament, beginning a historical period known as “11 years of rule” without Parliament.

This worried Massachusetts Bay Company principal investors, and John Winthrop as well, who had lost his position with the Court of Wards and Liveries in the crackdown on Puritans that took place with the dissolution of Parliament.

The Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company proposed the company reorganize and transport its charter and governance to the colony, and as the months went on, John Winthrop became more involved with the company, and a major supporter of emigration there.

John Winthrop was a signatory on the Cambridge Agreement, which was signed on August 29th of 1629 by company shareholders.

Under its terms, those who wanted to emigrate to the New World could purchase shares from those shareholders who didn’t want to leave home.

The Cambridge Agreement also set forth that the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, and not governed by a London-based corporate board.

The company shareholders met in August of 1629 to enact the agreement.

At this time, John Winthrop was chosen as the new Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company, and, along with other company officials, set about making all the necessary arrangements for the venture of settling in the New World.

John Winthrop was on one of four ships of the transport fleet that left the Isle of Wight on April 8th of 1630.

All together, there were eleven ships that carried roughly 700 emigrants to the new colony.

John Winthrop, with the charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in hand, and the new colonists arrived in Salem, Massachusetts, in June of 1630, and were welcomed by John Endecott.

Winthrop found the Salem area inadequate for the arrival of all the new colonists, so he and his deputy, Thomas Dudley, surveyed the area, and eventually settled on the Shawmut Peninsula, where they founded what became the city of Boston.

They also established settlements along the coast, and banks of the Charles River, we are told, in order to avoid presenting a single point that hostile forces might attack.

So along with Boston, these settlements were Cambridge, Roxbury, Dorchester, Watertown, Medford, and Charlestown.

This map was the illustration that appeared opposite the title page of William Wood’s book from that time entitled: “New Englands Prospect” and called “A true, lively and experimentall description of that part of America commonly called New England; discovering the state of that Countrie, both as it stands to our new-come English Planters; and to the old native inhabitants. Laying down which that which might enrich the knowledge of the mind-travelling reader, or benefit the future voyager.”

This selection from William Wood’s book was of a map showing the plantations along Massachusetts Bay, and the word or name Sagamore is showing in several places.

The word “Sagamore” or “Sachem” apparently denoted a leader of the Algonquin-speaking peoples.

I just want to say that it is extremely difficult to find information about who the Algonquin people really are because the visuals we see are typically like this.

Here is an historic photograph that I came across of the Algonquin Narragansett people of Rhode Island, circa 1925.

We are told that in its early months, the new colony struggled, losing around 200 people to various diseases.

Winthrop worked alongside the laborers and servants in the work of the colony, setting an example for the other colonists to do all the work that needed to be done on the “plantation.”

Interesting to see the word “plantation” used so much even from the very beginnings of the New World.

In the history of colonialism, plantation was a form of colonization where settlers would establish a permanent or semi-permanent settlement in a new region.

Looks like the colonizers were literally “planting” themselves in a new place.

Not only were settlements and settlers being planted in a new region from somewhere else, this plantation system of the colonizers quickly laid the foundation for slavery on large farms owned by “planters” where cash crop goods were produced.

The word plantation first started appearing in the late 1500s to describe the process of colonization, like the Plantations of Ireland in the 16th- and 17th-centuries, during which time we are told the English Crown confiscated land from Irish Catholics and redistributed the land to Protestant settlers from Great Britain…

…creating all kinds of long-term problems.

The British Plantations of Ireland replaced the Irish language, law and customs with those of the British, created sectarian hatred between Protestants and Catholics, and Northern Ireland is still part of Britain to this day.

Back to John Winthrop.

This plaque memorializes John Winthrop’s first house in Boston, said to have been built nearby.

The marker was placed on the old Boston Stock Exchange Building, located at 53 State Street, by the City of Boston in 1930.

The old Boston Stock Exchange Building was said to have been built between 1889 and 1891 from designs by the architectural firm of Peabody & Stearns, and one of the largest office buildings in America back in the day, and in its hey-day housed banks, corporations, safe-deposit vaults, lawyers, and businessmen.

Governor Winthrop was also granted an estate on the southern bank of the Mystic River in Somerville, Massachusetts, by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in September of 1631 that he called “Ten Hills Farm.”

It was so-named for what were called “ten small knolls” on the property, which included orchards and meadows for grazing cattle.

Ten Hills Farm was inherited by his son, John Winthrop, Jr, in 1649, who was the Governor of the Connecticut Colony between 1659 and 1676.

Today Ten Hills is a neighborhood of Somerville.

On the other side of the Mystic River from Ten Hills Farm was a shipyard owned in absentia by Mathew Cradock, one of the original principal investors of the Massachusetts Bay Company, and it was there that one of the colony’s first ships was said to have been built, the 30-ton “Blessing of the Bay,” and first launched on July 4th of 1631.

It was operated by John Winthrop as a trading and packet ship up and down the coast of New England, but only for a short time as the ship “disappeared from view,” possibly wrecked on the capes in 1633 on a voyage to Virginia with a load of fish and furs.

Winthrop was a big regional landowner.

He also owned the land that became the town of Billerica…

…Governor’s Island in Boston Harbor…

…and Prudence Island in Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island.

Winthrop spent a lot of time writing, including his “The History of New England: 1630 – 1649,” also known as “The Journal of John Winthrop,” which was apparently not published until the late 18th-century.

John Winthrop died of natural causes in March of 1649 and was buried in the King’s Chapel Burying Ground, the oldest cemetery in Boston and a site on the Freedom Trail.

The Freedom Trail is a 2.5-mile, or 4-kilometer, -long path through Boston with sixteen locations significant to the history of the United States that was established in 1951.

I am going to end this post here, and in the next part of this series will be look at the representatives in the National Statuary Hall of the states of Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi and Missouri.

The Role of Great Depression-Era New Deal Programs & Monumental Architecture in the Historical Reset

I am currently doing research for the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol Building in Washington, DC, and encountered Huey Long there, a controversial Populist/Autocratic Governor of Louisiana who was assassinated in 1935.

Long’s legacy as Governor of Louisiana was said to be his creation of an unprecedented public works program resulting in the construction of roads, bridges, hospitals, schools and state buildings, which all would have taken place during the Great Depression.

Infrastructure attributed to Huey Long includes:

The Huey P. Long Bridge, a cantilevered, steel through-truss bridge carrying six-lanes of U.S. 90 and two-tracks of the New Orleans Public Belt Railroad across the Mississippi River, said to have been constructed between January of 1933 and December of 1935, as well as the new Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge, said to have been constructed between 1930 and 1931, and inaugurated in May of 1932.

I have decided to take a short break from the National Statuary Hall research to pull together information that I have already encountered on this subject, as well as researching new places for this post, because of this finding in Louisiana to show you what they tell us in the historical narrative the role New Deal Programs were said to have played in how places were constructed around the United States, as well as Monumental Neoclassical Architecture that was said to have been constructed during the Great Depression, a severe worldwide economic depression between 1929 and 1939.

For the purposes of this post, I am going to focus on examples in the United States primarily from this period of time in history.

I am going to start with Roosevelt’s New Deal work programs, and show you why I believe that they served several purposes, in addition to the creation of Depression-era jobs, and played a significant role in the historical reset and the cover-up of the ancient civilization.

New Deal Agencies like the CCC and WPA in particular were responsible for creating access and infrastructure for the park and recreation system around the country. 

So when people go to these places, they think what they see was created by the CCC & WPA workers. 

The Civilian Conservation Corps CCC operated from 1933 to 1942 in the U.S. for unemployed, unmarried men to do manual labor related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments.

Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was eventually expanded to ages 17–28. 

In the nine-years of its operation, the CCC employed 3,000,000 young men, providing them with food, shelter and clothing, and a wage of $30/month, $25 of which had to be sent home to their families.

The Works Progress Administration, later renamed the Work Projects Administration, or WPA, was set up by Presidential order in May of 1935, and headed by Harry Hopkins, a trusted deputy to President Roosevelt who directed the New Deal Programs until he became Roosevelt’s Secretary of Commerce in 1938.

The WPA employed millions of jobseekers, said to have been mostly uneducated men, to carry-out public works projects, like constructing public buildings, parks and roads.

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was the largest single project of the WPA, and was created by an Act of Congress in 1933. The TVA remains the largest regional planning agency of the U. S. Government.

The TVA Act of 1933 authorized the company to use eminent domain, the power of the state or federal government to take private property for public use while requiring just compensation to be given to the original owner, resulting in the displacement of an estimated 125,000 Tennessee Valley residents.

The TVA’s stated purpose was to provide navigation, flood control, electricity-generation, fertilizer manufacturing, regional planning, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region that suffered from poverty and lack of infrastructure during the Great Depression.

The Public Works Administration was part of the New Deal, and was a large-scale public works construction agency headed by the Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes.

It was created by the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act in response to the Great Depression, and built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, airports, hospitals, and schools.

The PWA was described as spending billions of dollars contracting with private construction firms providing skilled labor and experience, in contrast with the WPA, which relied on unemployed, unskilled workers.

Roman Nose State Park in Watonga, Oklahoma, was one of many CCC-projects in Oklahoma, where I started waking up to all of this. I visited the park with friends in 2016, and by this time was well on my way to knowing what I was seeing. 

Roman Nose is a beautiful park. 

We are told it was named for a Cheyenne Warrior known as Henry Roman Nose. 

For part of the year they have teepees set up on the grounds, the location of the winter camping grounds for his Cheyenne tribe.

The CCC was credited with creating Roman Nose State Park in 1937, one of Oklahoma’s original seven state parks.

When you go to the part of the park that has springs, this is what you find.

While there are restrooms, and picnic facilities in several locations most likely built by the CCC workers, there are also exquisite stone-work, waterfalls, and springs that most likely were not.

These first photos are of what you see when you enter this part of the park.

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Then, as you walk on the path that takes you by the water, you find that the embankment looks like this.

And the further down the path you go, the more intact you find the stonework.

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On the walking path, you pass by waterfalls that look man-made.

…and finally come to this exquisitely peaceful spring that is surrounded by cut-and-shaped stones.

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Roman Nose is just a short distance north of Watonga, Oklahoma.

Just for point of reference, Watonga is 60-miles, or 97-kilometers, due west of Guthrie, Oklahoma.

Guthrie is the location of one of the largest Scottish Rite Temples in the world, said to have been built in 1919 in Classical Revival style, and recognized as the center of state-level Masonic activities and functions since 1923.

Boiling Springs State Park is located just outside of Woodward, Oklahoma, and was another place in Oklahoma reputed to have been constructed as a park from the natural environment by the CCC in the 1930s.

The Park received its name from the appearance of what likes like boiling water from the in-rush of subsurface water.

This exquisite stone-work is what you find on a walk around the park grounds, that looks like the stone-work at Roman Nose State Park.

I have also been to the Chickasaw National Recreation Area in Sulphur, Oklahoma, which is said to contain many fine examples of the 1930s CCC Rustic National Park Service -Style architecture.

The Rustic-style of park design was said to have been developed in-between World War I and World War II under the leadership of Thomas Vint, limiting development to preserve natural scenery, and designing structures in harmony with the environment.

Examples of this attribution include the stone-work found at the Buffalo Springs location of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area .

Does it make sense that the unskilled and mostly uneducated young laborers of the CCC could have done the original stone work found at all of these places?

Another example of New-Deal-attributed-building sites I have visited was Mount Magazine State Park in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas.

The original lodge there was said to have been completed during the Roosevelt Administration by the WPA.

I stayed there for an overnight visit in September of 2015.

As I was arriving, I saw a sign in the lobby for a tour of “Cameron’s Bluff,”  but I had missed the tour.

After getting my luggage to my room, I left the lodge to take my own tour. 

As soon as I took to the turn-off for the road that skirts the bluff, I started seeing a wall.

It is such an ancient wall that there is some element of doubt. 

But there are some places you can really tell it is a built structure. 

These were photos I took of Cameron’s Bluff. 

It is important to note that the WPA also claimed credit for building an amphitheater in the park.

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I found a number of Great Depression-era attributed infrastructure in Clovis and Portales in eastern New Mexico.

Clovis is the County seat of Curry County.

I lived in Clovis for 5 years, between 1989 and 1994, moving there literally right after I got married – I graduated from college on June 3rd, 1989, got married on June 10th, and left Maryland for New Mexico on June 11th.

My husband was a military retiree, so we ended up in Clovis because of Cannon Air Force Base and it was near my in-laws in Hereford, Texas.

It was interesting to me looking at Clovis now with very different eyes than I did when I lived there 30 years ago.

I didn’t like living there.

It was flat, stark and very boring to me.

People were friendly, but it was hard to get into social circles there and it was really hard to make new friends.

So now, like everywhere else I look, when I see historic photos of the grand architecture that was there, I see the architecture of the original advanced civilization of North America, instead of the depressing impression I have in my memory of the flat, dusty landscape and the run-down-looking buildings that I remember from when I lived there.

And in doing research of the area, I found a lot of Depression-era architecture.

Local architect Robert E. Merrell was given credit for designing the Hotel Clovis, an Art-Deco building said to have opened in 1931.

The hotel has been closed since 1983, and renovation plans to turn the building into apartments and commercial space has not come to fruition.

The story and appearance of the Hotel Clovis on the left is a lot like that of the Hotel McCartney on the right in Texarkana, Texas, which was said to have been built in 1929, and abandoned in the mid-1970s.

Robert E. Merrell was also given the credit for the Curry County Courthouse in Clovis, said to have been built in 1936…

…over the site of the preceding Curry County Courthouse, said to have been built in 1910 by the J. Sterling Marsh Manufacturing Company.

Hillcrest Park in Clovis is a 140-acre complex that has a sunken garden used for things like weddings, and a zoo that is the second-largest in New Mexico.

We are told the WPA was involved with “improving” Hillcrest Park in some form or fashion.

The Marshall Junior High School building in Clovis is still in use today, and was said to have been constructed in 1936 as part of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Public Works Administration.

Portales is located 17-miles, or 27-kilometers from Clovis.

Portales is the county seat of Roosevelt County.

Local architect Robert E. Merrell was also said to have designed the Roosevelt County Courthouse and Jail in Art Deco Style, which was said to have been built by the Works Progress Administration and completed in 1938.

The main campus of Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU) is located in Portales, with construction said to have started in 1931 and completed in 1934.

There are also many, many examples of Neoclassical architecture said to have been built during the time-period of the Great Depression.

This is what we are told about the construction of monumental architecture during the Great Depression.

In the 1930s, because of the Great Depression, most European and American architecture was monumental architecture characterized by attempts to express the national spirit, and motivated in part by the need to create jobs, and was financed by the government or wealthy institution.

One of the very first examples of this attribution that came to my attention where I went “Say what?!” in doing my research was the Supreme Court Building in Washington, DC.

It was said to have been built between 1932 and 1935, and designed by architect Cass Gilbert.

Cass Gilbert was a prominent American Architect who was credited with not only designing the U. S. Supreme Court building…

…but also the Woolworth Building in Manhattan, said to have been completed in 1913…

…and the state capitol buildings of Minnesota, said to have been completed in 1905…

…one of the two architects credited with the Arkansas State Capitol, completed in 1915…

…and of West Virginia, said to have been constructed between 1924 and 1932.

Here are examples in Washington, DC, that came up when I used the search term of “Great Depression-era Neoclassical Architecture in the United States”

The DAR Constitution Hall was said to have been designed in Neoclassical-style by architect John Russell Pope, with construction starting in June of 1928 and first opening in April of 1929.

The Herbert C. Hoover Building, the headquarters of the United States Department of Commerce, was said to have been completed in 1932, in a Classical Revival-style design attributed to architect Louis Ayres.

The Neoclassical West Building of the National Gallery of Art was said to have been designed by John Russell Pope, and completed in 1941…

…and we are told the National Archives building was constructed between 1933 and 1935.

I don’t buy what they are telling us and my BS meter is pegged on high!

I have shared a few of countless examples showing that the narrative explaining how places came into existence crumbles when you look at it.

How could they have built all of these places when they said they did according to the history we have been taught?

The narrative of low technology and hard economic times even runs side-by-side with monumental building accomplishments.

This is a 1933 photograph of one of the many “Hoovervilles” that sprang up during the Great Depression, a common term for shacktowns and homeless camps named after Herbert Hoover, U. S. President from 1929 to 1933…and the same person the monumental U. S. Department of Commerce Headquarters I just highlighted was named after.

Instead of telling us our true history, we have been taught a fabricated history elevating certain individuals in abilities, stature and fame, to provide the reset narrative for the amazing accomplishments of the original advanced ancient Moorish civilization that has been removed from our collective awareness, and Humanity has been taken down a diminished and debased road as a collective for the benefit of a few who want wealth, power and control.

More and more evidence has been coming to light around the world about something being called the “Mud Flood.”

Regardless of how and when it happened, there is no doubt in my mind something happened here in the not-too-distant past that wiped the original civilization off the face of the Earth, and allowed the Controllers to come in and restart civilization to benefit them.

I believe the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition in London was the official kick-off of the New World Order timeline, and that what we know as the Victorian-era was a major part of the Historical Reset narrative.

My last post was about the “Life and Times of Frederick Law Olmsted.”

I wanted to highlight him because of his many connections to the reset historical narrative from the beginning of it.

For this post, I am going to highlight his role in landscape architecture, but he was connected to the reset narrative in other ways as well, which I talk about in the previous post about him.

Frederick Law Olmsted started out as a journalist, travelling to England in 1850 to visit public gardens like Birkenhead Park, which had opened in 1847 the first publicly funded garden in the world.

Birkenhead Park’s design was credited to Joseph Paxton, a gardener and greenhouse builder by trade who was also credited with the design of the Crystal Palace.

This was Paxton’s first sketch for the Great Exhibition building using pen and ink on blotting paper circa 1850, housed at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

This was the actual Crystal Palace, said to have been built in less than a year, between July of 1850 and the Exhibition’s opening on May 1st of 1851.

Birkenhead Park was said to have inspired Frederick Law Olmsted for the design for Central Park, who, along with Calvert Vaux, won the winning design for the famous park in Manhattan in a design contest in 1852.

Vaux was said to have been impressed by Olmsted’s theories and political contacts, though Olmsted had never designed or executed a landscape design.

Olmsted had never designed or executed a landscape design prior to this?

By the way, even Central Park had a Hooverville during the Great Depression.

From this beginning, Frederick Law Olmsted is considered to be the “Father of Landscape Architecture” in our historical narrative, and credited with the landscape design of a head-spinning number of public and private spaces in the United States and Canada.

He was one of the iconic historical figures imbued with larger-than-life qualities and achievements that people accept because this is what we have been taught as truth. But is it?

I think there is very good reason to question the narrative.

The Life & Times of Frederick Law Olmsted – A Retrospective of Reset History

Frederick Law Olmsted is best-known today as the “Father of Landscape Architecture.”

His biography says he created the profession of landscape architecture by working in a dry goods store; taking a year-long voyage in the China trade; and by studying surveying, engineering, chemistry, and scientific farming.

Though I found references saying he did attend Yale College, apparently he was about to enter Yale College in 1837, but weakened eyes from sumac poisoning prevented him the usual course of study and did not graduate from college.

His career started out in journalism, when he travelled to England in 1850 to visit public gardens there, including Birkenhead Park, a park said to have been designed by Joseph Paxton which opened in April of 1847…and the first publicly funded civic park in the world.

 Joseph Paxton, a gardener and greenhouse builder by trade…

…was also said to have been commissioned by Baron Mayer Rothschild in 1850 to design the Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire…

…and Joseph Paxton was also given credit for designing the Crystal Palace to house the 1851 Great Exhibition in London in Hyde Park.

The Crystal Palace was described as a massive glass house that was 1,848-feet, or 563-meters, long, by 454-feet, or 138-meters, wide, and constructed from cast-iron frame components and glass. 

After his trip, Olmsted published “Walks and Talks of an American Farmer” in England in 1852, where he recorded the sights, sounds and mental impressions of rural England from his visit.

Frederick Law Olmsted was also commissioned by the New York Daily Times to start on an extensive research journey in the American South and Texas between 1852 and 1857.

The dispatches he sent to the Times were collected into three books, and considered vivid, first-person accounts of the antebellum South: “A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States,” first published in 1856…

…”A Journey through Texas,” published in 1857…

…and “A Journey in the Back Country in the Winter of 1853 – 1854,” published in 1860.

All three of these books were published in one book, called “Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom,” in 1861 during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of his English publisher.

Frederick Law Olmsted also provided financial support for, and sometimes wrote for, “The Nation,” a progressive magazine that is the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States, having been founded on July 6th of 1865, only three-months after the end of the American Civil War.

Frederick Law Olmsted’s career as a prolific and celebrated landscape architect was said to have gotten its start teaming up with Calvert Vaux in the design and creation of Central Park in New York City.

He had been introduced to English-born architect Calvert Vaux by his mentor, another founder of American landscape architecture, Andrew Jackson Downing, who died in 1852 in a tragic steamboat fire.

A prominent advocate of the Gothic Revival architectural movement, Andrew Jackson Downing had brought Calvert Vaux to the United States as his architectural collaborator after they met when Downing was travelling through Europe in 1850.

Olmsted and Vaux entered the Central Park design contest together after Downing’s death in 1852.

Vaux was said to have been impressed by Olmsted’s theories and political contacts, though Olmsted had never designed or executed a landscape design.

Their design, announced as the winner in 1858, was called the “Greensward Plan.”

Frederick Law Olmsted’s visit to Birkenhead Park in 1850 was said to have provided him inspiration for the Central Park design.

Backing up in time just a tad regarding Central Park, the land for it was said to have been donated by Robert B. Minturn, after he and his family’s return from an 18-month grand-tour of Europe between 1848 and 1850.

Robert B. Minturn was  one of the most prominent American merchants and shippers of the mid-19th century. 

Robert Minturn was also an active manager of many charitable associations in New York city, who aided in establishing the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and the New York Juvenile Asylum.

There were an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 homeless children in New York City by 1850, which was said to have a population at the time of 500,000 people.

Reportedly a close friend of Frederick Law Olmsted, Charles Loring Brace established the Children’s Aid Society in 1853.

It was during this time that the American West was opening up for settlement, and we are told Brace’s vision was to emigrate children to live with western farming families.

A movement going in this direction was widely supported by members of wealthy New York families, like Charlotte Augusta Gibbes, the wife of John Jacob Astor III, who was the wealthiest Astor family member of his generation.

The New York Juvenile Asylum (NYJA) that Central Park’s Robert Minturn was associated with, and which was established in 1851, sent an estimated 6,000 children out west between September of 1854 until 1923, and was in the top four of institutions participating in the American orphan train movement.

Criticisms of the orphan train movement focused on concerns that initial placements were made hastily, without proper investigation, and that there was insufficient follow-up on placements. Charities were also criticized for not keeping track of children placed while under their care.

What was the true significance of Charles Loring Brace’s orphan train movement?

Was it really about finding impoverished children from the city a good home and a better life, as we are taught?

Or was the orphan train movement the beginning of something else entirely, the organized shipping of children for other reasons?

What was really going on here?

Frederick Law Olmsted was the first executive secretary of the United States Sanitary Commission.

The United States Sanitary Commission was a private relief agency created by federal legislation on June 18th of 1861, with the mission of supporting the sick and wounded soldiers of the Union Army.

Sanitary Fairs were fundraising events held to support this agency.

The “Sanitary Fairs” had everything, including majestic “temporary” buildings said to have been built for the fairs, to be torn down after, and while not as elaborate as the big expositions such as in Chicago, they were still something in and of themselves.

The planner of the United States Sanitary Commission, and its only president from 1861 to 1878, was Henry Whitney Bellows, an American Unitarian Clergyman.

He was the Pastor of the First Congregational Unitarian Church of New York City at the time of the American Civil War, also known as the All Souls Unitarian Church.

This building for Henry Whitney Bellows’ congregation, also known as the “Church of the Holy Zebra,” was said to have been built between 1853 and 1855, and in use only until 1929, at which time they moved uptown.

This church building was destroyed by fire on August 23rd of 1931.

Here is a description of the organs that were once housed in this beautiful building destroyed by fire.

In addition to planning and organizing the United States Sanitary Commission, Henry Whitney Bellows was an organizer of the Union League Club of New York, along with Frederick Law Olmsted, George Templeton Strong, and Wolcott Gibbs.

It was a private social club for wealthy men that opened in New York City in 1863 where pro-Union men could come together “to cultivate a profound national devotion” and “strengthen a love and respect for the Union.”

It became the most exclusive mens’ club in Manhattan, and perhaps in the nation.

This location for the Union League Club was said to have been built on the northeast corner of 5th Avenue and 39th Street between 1879 and 1881.

This Union League Clubhouse closed its doors permanently on January 24th of 1931, after a new clubhouse was built on Park Avenue and 37th Street starting in 1929.

A little over a year later, on January 26th of 1932, a fire was said to have started in the basement, and engulfed the whole building in a short-period of time.

Unitarian clergyman Henry Whitney Bellows was also involved in the organizing of the Century Association in New York City, founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1857.

The Century Association was a private social, arts and dining club, and named after the first 100 people proposed as members.

The Century Association Building at 42 E. 15th Street was in-use by the association starting in 1857, and served as one of the headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission.

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were members of the Century Association, as well as many other famous architects, artists, writers, presidents, industrialists, financiers, and the like.

Frederick Law Olmsted’s prodigious career as a landscape architect also included the following works:

Olmsted and Vaux were credited with include the landscaping plan in 1866 for Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York…

…the community plan for Riverside, Illinois, one of the first planned communities, in 1868…

…the Buffalo Olmsted Park System, New York’s oldest system of paths and pathways, which included six parks, seven parkways, eight landscaped circles, and other public spaces, said to have been designed with Vaux starting in 1868.

According to the notation on the bottom of this image of his map of the Buffalo Park System, Olmsted proclaimed that “Buffalo was the best planned city in the United States…if not the world.”

The plan for the Walnut Hill Park in New Britain, Connecticut, was said to have been designed by Olmsted and Vaux in 1870.

The Mount Royal Park in Montreal Quebec was planned in 1877, said to be the first park Olmsted created after he and Vaux dissolved their partnership in 1872.

Other landscape plans for which Frederick Law Olmsted is listed as the primary landscape architect include:

Boston’s Emerald Necklace of Parks starting in 1878…

…and in 1888, in Rochester, New York, both Highland Park…

…and the Genesee Valley Park.

The Belle Isle Park in Detroit, Michigan, sometime in the 1880s…

…and the Cadwalader Park in Trenton, New Jersey, in 1890.

The Cherokee Park in Louisville, Kentucky in 1891…

…and starting in 1892, Olmsted is credited with the Grand Necklace of Parks in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, also known as the Emerald Necklace, which includes Lake Park…

…and Juneau Park.

For the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, we are told Frederick Law Olmsted collaborated with yet another prolific architect, Chicagoan Daniel Burnham, to adapt Olmsted’s design of a Venetian-inspired pleasure ground, complete with waterways and places for quiet reflection in nature that complemented the grand architecture of the exposition…

…for the South Park Commission Site for the World’s Columbian Exposition of Jackson Park, Washington Park, and the Midway Plaisance.

This area was described as a sandy area along Chicago’s lakeshore that looked like a deserted marsh before construction began, but Olmsted saw, we are told, the area’s potential, and that his design included lagoons and what became known as Wood Island since they had not been developed yet.

As the person responsible for planning the basic land- and water-shape of the exposition grounds, we are told that Olmsted concluded the marshy areas of Jackson Park could be converted into waterways, and that workers dredged sand out of the marshes to make lagoons of different shapes and sizes.

Of course, since the buildings of the Exposition were only intended to be temporary structures, they were torn down afterwards, but Olmsted’s Jackson Park was left as a legacy for Chicagoans to enjoy…

…which hosts one of two Exposition buildings that were left standing – the former Palace of Fine Arts, which houses the Museum of Science and Industry today.

The other still-standing building from the 1893 Exposition is the Art Institute of Chicago…

…which was said to have been utilized as an auxiliary building during the Exposition for international assemblies and conferences.

Also in the early 1890s, Olmsted was said to have been tasked with designing Druid Hills in Atlanta, one of the city’s first planned suburbs…

…with his curvilinear style in which small parks are like wings on both sides of a straight line, in this case Ponce de Leon Avenue.

Frederick Law Olmsted’s last project, we are told, was for the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina…

…where he was employed by George Washington Vanderbilt III to design the landscape for his new Biltmore Estate, which was said to have been built between 1889 and 1895.

The Olmsted Legacy in landscape architecture did not end, however, as it was carried on by his son, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. and adopted son and nephew John Charles Olmsted, in the form of the Olmsted Brothers architectural firm which they established in 1898.

The Olmsted Brothers architectural firm was credited with things like the completion of Piedmont Park in Midtown Atlanta, called the Central Park of the South…

…as well as the landscape architecture for the 1906 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oregon…

…the 1909 Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition in Seattle, Washington…

…and the Olmsted Brothers played an influential role, among many other things, in the creation of the National Park Service, which was established in August of 1916 by President Woodrow Wilson.

There are many famous architects and engineers to choose from for a study of the reset historical narrative, but Frederick Law Olmsted, and later the Olmsted Brothers, who carried on his legacy in the field of landscape architecture, seems to have been elevated in stature and ability to provide the explanation for how our current narrative came into existence after I believe was an unnatural occurrence that happened on earth not all that long ago, relatively-speaking.

Yet the stories we are told to explain the world we live in just don’t add up!

Freemasons, Bankers, Revolutionaries & Civil Wars

A year ago, when I was looking into the life of George Peabody, the lines of research kept growing because of all of the interconnected people and events of the 19th-century that he was connected to in one way or another.

Widely regarded as the “Father of Modern Philanthropy,” George Peabody was said to have been born into a poor family in Massachusetts in 1795.

There were other major historical figures who became wealthy said to have been born into poverty or difficult circumstances.

Ones off the top of my head included:

Canadian brewer John Molson, who was born in England in 1763 and said to have been orphaned at the age of 8, when first his father died, then his mother two years later. 

He ended up in Montreal, Quebec at the age of 18, and by the age of 21, completely took over the brewery in which he was a partner.

He was appointed the Provincial Grand Master of the District Freemasonic Lodge of Montreal by the Duke of Sussex in 1826, a position he held for five years before resigning in 1831.

Another poor boy made good story that comes to mind is another Canadian, distiller Joseph E. Seagram.

Born in 1841 in what is now Cambridge, Ontario, his parents died when he was a child and he and his brothers were said to have been raised by clergy.

He received education at a business college and eventually learned about the distilling process at Waterloo Distillery, and ultimately bought out other owners to become the full owner, and renamed it Seagram’s. His 1907 Creation of “VO Whiskey” became the largest-selling Canadian whiskey in the world.

Seagram was also a freemason, and at one time Senior Warden of the Grand River Lodge, Number 151, in what is now Kitchener, Ontario, which was previously known as Berlin.

Jack Daniel, same idea.

Jasper Newton “Jack” Daniel was born sometime in the mid-1800s. The birth date of 1850 was on his tombstone, however, his birthdate was said to be listed as September 5th, 1846 in Tennessee state records from the time.

He was the youngest of ten children, and his mother died shortly after he was born.

When his father died in the Civil War, he ran away from home because he didn’t get along with his stepmother.

He was taken in by the local lay-preacher and distiller, Dan Call, and began to learn the distilling trade.

Jack Daniel purchased the hollow and land the distillery was located on in Lynchburg, Tennessee, after taking over the distillery in 1884.

I couldn’t find anything about Jack Daniel being a Freemason, but I did find some interesting connections Freemasons and his whiskey.

One was a limited-edition commemorative bottle of “Jack Daniel’s Single Barrel Whiskey,” bottled exclusively for American Freemasons…

…and the other thing I found was a rare “Jack Daniel Whiskey Freemasonic Watch,” complete with skull and bones in between the compass and the square underneath the cover of it, that the information is no longer available for on the website where one was auctioned off.

This biographical information about these men would be otherwise unremarkable, but it is interesting they all share a similar theme in childhood and how they all came into fame and fortune.

And when I looked for a connection to Freemasonry for George Peabody, I found one…and much, much more.

I found this passage referring to the British Freemasonic Banker, George Peabody, on page 175…

…of the book “The Secret Founding of America, the Real Story of Freemasons, Puritans & the Battle for the New World,” by Nicholas Hagger.

There are the other names I am finding in the book here that are ringing bells from my past research, which I will be tying in as I go.

However, before I go any further down this Freemasonic rabbit hole, about which this book is a treasure trove of information, I am going to continue researching what we are told about George Peabody’s life, and then return to this subject because there is quite a bit that can be tied together using “The Secret Founding of America” as a guide about what has actually taken place here as opposed to what we have been told.

I didn’t know about this book’s existence until I did an internet search for “Was George Peabody a freemason?”

Here is another connection of George Peabody, where he is striking the Freemasonic “hidden hand” pose in this portrait, signifying “Master of the Second Veil.”

George Peabody was born on February 18th of 1795 in South Danvers, Massachusetts, near Salem, as one of seven or eight children in a poor family, as the number of siblings varied from reference to reference.

Only attending school for a few years, George left school at the age of 11 to work in his brother’s shop in Newburyport, Massachusetts, to help support his mother and siblings when his father died, and the poverty of his early years was said to have influenced his philanthropy in later years.

The George Peabody House Museum in Peabody, Massachusetts, is touted as his birthplace.

When his brother’s Newburyport, Massachusetts, dry goods business burned down, Peabody went to Georgetown in Washington, DC, in 1811, to work in a wholesale dry goods’ warehouse.

The owner of the warehouse, Elisha Riggs. hired George Peabody as his office boy, and by 1814, Riggs provided the financing for the wholesale dry goods firm of Riggs, Peabody & Company, specializing in importing dry goods from Great Britain.

When Riggs retired in 1829, the firm became Peabody, Riggs & Company, as George became the Senior Partner.

Elisha Riggs also financed the founding of Riggs National Bank, which was organized by his son George Washington Riggs.

This building on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, said to have been completed in 1902, served as the headquarters for Riggs National Bank until 2005, when Riggs was dissolved, and acquired by PNC Financial Services.

The reason for the change in ownership of the bank was the investigation of Riggs Bank for several money-laundering scandals, including “unknowingly” allowing the hijackers involved in 9/11 to transfer money “due to lax controls” at the bank…

…allowing the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet to hide his fortune after his accounts were frozen.

It is interesting to note that as a “National Bank,” Riggs was authorized to print currency at one time in its history.

Lots of rabbit holes on this trail, once I started looking for information on this particular bank!

During the years George Peabody lived in Baltimore, he established his career as a businessman and financier.

Here are some of the things I am finding about his business career.

He first travelled to England in 1827 to purchase wares, and negotiate the sale of American cotton in Lancashire.

This is interesting because by 1825, cotton was Britain’s biggest import, primarily from American cotton fields, and Lancashire was dominant force in the British economy with its cotton industry, where the raw cotton was turned into thread and fabrics in a factory-based production line with the advent of the Industrial Revolution in this industry, and marked the birth of the British-working class.

George Peabody opened an office in Liverpool, with British business playing a more and more important role in his business affairs.

The bankers who helped establish him in Liverpool included the son of the Irish-born banker in America, Alexander Brown, Sir William Brown, 1st Baronet of Richmond Hill, who managed his father’s Liverpool office.

Alexander Brown, an Irish linen merchant who immigrated to America, established the first investment banking firm in the United States in 1800.

He was joined in business by his sons William, George, John, and James, and the firm became “Alex. Brown & Sons” in 1810.

So his son William established the Liverpool office of the family business; George and John founded “Brown Bros. & Company” in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and James opened a branch in New York City and Boston.

This is what we are told about Brown Brothers & Company, that during the first 100-years of its existence, it helped make paper money standard currency in the United States; underwrote the first railroad and trans-Atlantic steamship companies; and essentially created the first foreign exchange system between the American dollar and the British pound.

In 1931, the Brown Brothers merged with the Harriman Brothers & Company, a private bank started with railway money, in 1931 to become known as the “Brown Brothers Harriman & Company,” one of the oldest and largest private investment banks in the United States.

Founding partners of the “Brown Brothers Harriman & Company” included W. Averill Harriman, the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman, and Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman…

…and Prescott Bush, American banker and politician, and the father of President George H. W. Bush.

Alexander’s son George stayed in Baltimore and took a leading role in the founding of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1827, and became the head of the business branch upon Alexander’s death in 1834.

The “Alex. Brown & Sons” company proclaimed itself “America’s Foremost International banking enterprise in the 19th-century.”

This bank building for “Alex. Brown & Sons” was said to have been built in 1901, and survived the 1904 Great Fire of Baltimore, having the least amount of damage of any building within the “Burnt District.”

Since then, the building has served as a “Capitol One” Branch, and in 2019 became the “Alex Brown Restaurant,” only to be permanently closed in 2020.

The company “Alex. Brown & Sons” was purchased by the Bankers Trust in 1997, absorbed into Deutsche Bank in 1999, and Alex Brown Wealth Management was sold to Raymond James in 2016.

“Alex. Brown & Sons” sure sounds like the American-Irish version of the Rothschild International Banking family dynasty, started by Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt in the 1760s, who established an international banking family through his five sons:

His oldest son, Amschel Mayer Rothschild, succeeded his father as the head of the Frankfurt bank.

Nathan Mayer Rothschild settled in Manchester, England in 1798, and established a business in textile trading and finance, and made a fortune in a banking enterprise he began in London in 1805 that dealt in foreign bills and government securities.

Nathan had become a freemason in London of the “Emulation Lodge, No. 12, of the Premier Grand Lodge of England” in October of 1802.

By the time of his death in 1836, Nathan Mayer Rothschild had secured the position of the Rothschilds as the preeminent investment bankers in Britain and Europe, and his own personal net worth was over 60% of the British national income.

Mayer Amschel’s son Salomon Mayer von Rothschild went to Austria, and established the “S M von Rothschild” banking enterprise in Vienna in 1820, and was raised to the Austrian nobility as a baron in 1822, with the offer extended to all of his brothers, and which Nathan turned down.

Among other major funding projects in Austria, his banking enterprise financed the Nordbahn Rail Transport Network, Austria’s first steam railway.

Mayer Amschel’s son Carl Mayer von Rothschild went to live in the “Kingdom of Sicilies,” located in Southern Italy between 1816 and 1860, in 1821.

He set up C M de Rothschild & Figli, which became the dominant financial house in Naples and operated as a satellite office to the main Rothschild bank in Frankfurt.

Clients of the Naples Rothschild bank included the Vatican, the Dukes of Parma and the Dukes of Tuscany.

James Mayer de Rothschild was the founder of the French branch of the Rothschild family, moving to Paris in 1812 to coordinate the purchase of specie (money in the form of coins rather than notes) and bullion (gold and silver in bulk before coining, valued in weight) for his brother Nathan back in London, and in 1817, opened the De Rothschilds Freres (The Rothschild Brothers) bank in Paris, and by 1823, was firmly established as the banker to the French government.

Just looking at parallels in the historical record between the Irish-American Brown business history, the German-Jewish Rothschild business history, and the born-into-poverty George Peabody’s business history, all which included links to textile merchants, banking and railroads.

With all of his great connections, George Peabody branched out.

He took up residence in London permanently in 1837, and went from being a wholesale dry-goods and cotton merchant, to a merchant-banker offering securities in American railroad and canal enterprises to British and European investors.

He started a banking business trading on his own account a year after he moved to London, and by 1851, he established the banking firm of “George Peabody & Company” to meet the increasing demand for securities issued by American railroads, and his company specialized in financing governments and large companies.

Apparently railroad and canal developers in the early 19th-century in the United States needed investment capital, and turned to European money markets for the funding to complete their projects.

George Peabody’s bank quickly rose to become the premier American banking house in London, and this is a statue of him that is located near the Royal Exchange in London.

Now I am going to go back and dissect information that I stumbled across about George Peabody being a Freemason in “The Secret Founding of America” book by Nicholas Hagger, and tie-in some if it in with other research I have done.

This type of information is very hard to find, but it dovetails with other information I have been finding about this period in history.

There is a lot more information contained in the pages of this book, but I am going to concentrate primarily on some things I have uncovered in my research that are 1) either hard to find in writing; or 2) hard to substantiate when found in writing.

This paragraph called “Rothschilds Plan an American Central Bank” from page 73 of “The Secret Founding of America” talks about Mayer Amschel Rothschild funding Adam Weishaupt’s Order of the Illuminati in the 1770s; his five sons controlling banks in the major cities of Europe; the Rothschilds’ wanting to start a central bank in America; and several of the Rothschilds being behind the funding of both North and South “in the planned division.”

In the “planned” division?

We have already seen Mayer Amschel Rothschild and his five sons establish their International banking family dynasty throughout major cities of Europe.

And this is the saying that has been attributed to more than one prominent member of the Rothschild family, starting with the first London family banker, Nathan Mayer Rothschild.

Adam Weishaupt established the Bavarian Order of the Illuminati on May 1st of 1776.

Born in Ingolstadt, Germany, He was educated by Jesuits starting at the age of 7, and was initiated into Freemasonry in Munich in 1777.

He died in Gotha in Germany, under the protection of Duke Ernest II, of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1830.

The lineage of the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg eventually became the House of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha, to which first-cousins Queen Victoria & Prince-Consort Albert both belonged, which became known to us as the House of Windsor in 1917.

On page 174, we find the name of “Giuseppe Mazzini,” taking over the Illuminati in 1834.

Apparently Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian politician, journalist, and activist, had links with Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, who served as Great Britain’s Prime Minister between 1855 and 1865, which was both the year of his death, and the year the American Civil War came down an end.

According to this book, Giuseppe Mazzini, who had founded a political movement for Italian youth (under age 40) in 1831, sent his right-hand man, Adriano Lemmi, and Louis Kossuth, head of the radical-democratic wing of the Hungarian-nationalists during the Uprisings of 1848, to the United States to organize “Young America” Lodges based on the same ideas.

The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe that year.

The Revolutions had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, and was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, with 50 countries being affected.

So, the goal was to remove the original ruling families, and ultimately replace them with a new form of government, which was ultimately controllable.

When I looked for information on the topic of Mazzini, Lemmo and Kossuth, this is what I found.

We will see some of these same names, and others, at the February 21st of 1854 meeting coming up in just a moment on page 175.

Before we get to the names at the February 21st, 1854, meeting on the same page, we also find references to U. S. Attorney General Caleb Cushing; British Freemasonic banker George Peabody; and J. S. Morgan, on page 175.

This passage says that Caleb Cushing was affiliated with the Northern Jurisdiction of Freemasonry, and became the architect of the Civil War.

The architect of the Civil War?

More from “The Secret Founding of America” in just a moment.

Let me see what else I can find out about Caleb Cushing in a search.

Caleb Cushing was an American Democratic politician who served as a Congressman from Massachusetts and Attorney General during the administration of the 14th-President of the United States, Franklin Pierce.

Here are a couple of other things about Caleb Cushing that I find interesting.

Caleb Cushing’s hometown in Massachusetts, from when his family moved there when he was ten, which would have been 1810, was Newburyport, which was the same town where George Peabody worked in his brother’s shop until Peabody moved to Baltimore in 1811.

No indication they knew each other, but an interesting connection nonetheless.

But an even more interesting find about Caleb Cushing was his connection to China.

Caleb Cushing was appointed by President John Tyler, the 10th-President of the United States, as Ambassador to China in 1843, a position which he held until March 4th of 1845.

The Cushing Mission to China arriving in Macau consisted of four American Warships, which were loaded with gifts, and devices like telescopes and revolvers, in the hopes of impressing the Royal Chinese Court.

When the Chinese were not inclined to receive Cushing as an envoy, Cushing threatening with the U. S. Warships in his entourage, to go directly to the Chinese Emperor.

This tactic resulted in the Chinese Emperor negotiating with Cushing, and the Treaty of Wanghia, also known as the Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between the United States and the Chinese Empire in 1844.

This sounds like exactly the same tactic that was used on the Japanese by the U. S. Navy’s Commodore Perry – warships visiting Tokyo and threats – resulting in the Treaty of Kanagawa, also known as a “Treaty of Peace and Amity” in 1854.

Within six years of the signing of the Treaty of Wanghia, China was enmeshed in the Taiping Rebellion, a civil war between 1850 and 1864.

It was a civil war between the established Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, an unrecognized oppositional state in China supporting the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty.

Though, we are told, the Qing Dynasty ultimately defeated the opposing forces with the eventual help of British and French forces, the Taiping Rebellion left the economic heartland of China in the central and lower Yangzi River basins in ruins, and millions of people lost their lives as a result of it, as well as that in western eyes, China was marked as poor and backwards.

Okay, so that’s little bit more about Caleb Cushing.

Been talking about George Peabody, so what about Junius Spencer Morgan, the man the book says George Peabody hired in 1854 to handle the funds Cushing had transferred from Peabody’s bank to the United States for the Southern insurrections who were calling for the dissolution of the Union.

Junius Spencer Morgan was the founder of the company that would become J. S. Morgan & Company in 1864, that was the successor company to George Peabody & Company, of which he became the Junior Partner in October of 1854.

In 1854, Morgan was put in charge of the firm’s iron portfolio, which included the marketing of railroad bonds in London and New York.

By the time J. S. Morgan died in 1890, the Morgan banks were the dominant forces in government and railroad finance, and his son John Pierpont Morgan had taken the helm of the company, becoming known as. J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895.

J. P. Morgan, an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout this period of time, also known as the “Gilded Age,” between the years of 1870 and 1900.

He was a driving force behind the wave of industrial consolidation in the United States in the late 18th- and early 19th-centuries…

…including the creation of U. S. Steel in 1901 by merging three companies into one, and creating the world’s first billion-dollar corporation!

So, anyway, what about the others who were at that February 21st of 1854 meeting at the house of George Sanders, American Consul, and the person who was said to have handled the Peabody funds in London, according to the “Secret Founding of America” book.

These two different sources information name many of the same names at being at this meeting.

The over-lapping names between the two lists are: Sanders, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Kossuth, Ruge, Herzen, and the future American President James Buchanan, the 15th-President, who served in the years immediately preceding the Civil War.

George Sanders was appointed as the Consul in London during the administration of President Franklin Pierce.

He was involved in the “Young America” movement, which had become a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s.

Sanders was believed to have been involved in the plot to assassinate Abraham Lincoln, though he escaped being taken into custody after it took place.

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general and revolutionary, and follower of Mazzini who embraced the republican nationalism of the Young Italy movement.

Garibaldi was born in Nice on July 4th of 1807, which was part of the French First Republic, which was founded in September of 1792 during the French Revolution and ended with the declaration of the First Empire in May of 1804 under Napoleon Bonaparte.

His family was Ligurian, the coastal region of northwestern Italy bordered by Monaco and France on the Ligurian Sea.

In 1814, Nice was returned to King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia by the Congress of Vienna.

Then Nice was returned to France in 1860 by the Treaty of Turin, conducted between France and Piedmont-Sardinia,and in which the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice were annexed to France.

Garibaldi ardently opposed this.

Garibaldi was certified in 1832 as a merchant navy sea captain and an active participant in the Nizzardo Italian Community of Nice that wanted the County of Nice annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.

In April of 1833, Garibaldi joined the Young Italy movement of Giuseppe Mazzini, a proponent of Italian unification as a liberal republic via liberal and social reform, and they met for the first time in November of 1833.

Garibaldi joined the Italian Carbonari movement, a network of secret revolutionary societies divided into small covert cells that was active from about 1800 to the 1830s.

Garibaldi participated in a failed Mazzini insurrection in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy in February of 1834, and fled the country ultimately finding his way to Brazil.

There, among other things, he participated in the successful effort of the Riograndense Republic to secede from the Empire of Brazil during the Ragamuffin War of 1835, a republican uprising that began in southern Brazil in what is now the Rio Grande de Sul Province.

In 1841, Garibaldi moved to Uruguay where first he worked as a trader and schoolmaster.

Garibaldi took command of the Uruguayan fleet, however, in 1842, and raised an Italian legion of soldiers, known as Red Shirts, from the large Italian population of the capital city of Montevideo for the Uruguayan Civil War, which officially went from 1839 to 1850, but unofficially started in 1832 and ended in 1904.

The Red Shirts became the symbols of Garibaldi and his followers.

Garibaldi joined the Freemasons in 1844 when he was initiated into a masonic lodge in Montevideo while in Uruguay.

He was eventually elected as the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy, and he saw freemasonry as a network othat united progressive men as brothers within nations and countries.

Garibaldi returned to Italy in the midst of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian States, and first offered his services in Piedmont to King Charles Albert of Sardinia.

Rebuffed, he offered his services to the provisional government of Milan in Italy’s Lombardy region, and won some minor battles for them in their fight against Austrian occupation during the First War of Italian Independence from March of 1848 to August of 1849, after which Austria remained dominant in Italy until the Second War of Italian Independence.

Garibaldi commanded the Defense of Rome against a French Force sent by Louis Napoleon.

The French overthrew the Roman Republic,which had briefly replaced the Papal States, and the Pope was restored to power, but the defeat in Rome strengthened the cause of Italian Unification.

Garibaldi went to New York in 1850, where he anticipated becoming the captain of a merchant ship which was being built, but for which the funds ran out.

While in New York, he was said to have attended masonic lodges there, meeting supporters of democratic internationalism and socialist thought, and he worked in a candle factory in the Rosebank section of Staten Island owned by Italian inventor Antonio Meucci, preserved today as a memorial to Garibaldi.

He was dissatisfied with this, and Garibaldi left New York for Central America, going first to Nicaragua and other parts of the region with a travelling companion.

Then, he went on to Lima, Peru, in and took command of the ship Carmen, going first to the granite Chincha Islands off the coast of Peru for a load of guano.

Guano is defined as the excrement of seabirds and bats that is used as a fertilizer.

Then Garibaldi took off on several trading voyage across the Pacific, to places in China like Canton, and Manila in the Philippines; around the southern coast of Australia and the Bass Strait; and around Cape Horn at the tip of South America heading back to New York and Boston with goods like copper and wool.

In November of 1853, after resigning his command of the Carmen, he sailed to England in command of the Commonwealth, and having arrived on March 21st of 1854 according to the references I have found about Garibaldi’s life. This still puts him in England in the ballpark of the historical time-frame of the February 21st meeting at George Sanders house.

There’s a lot more to Garibaldi’s story, but this gives you the idea about how he fits in to our historical narrative.

Arnold Ruge was a member of the “Young Hegelians” and expressed his belief that history is a progressive advance towards the realization of freedom, and that freedom is expressed in the State, the creation of a rational general will, which is the will of the people as a whole.

A believer in a unified Germany, and also involved in the Revolutions of 1848, Ruge organized the extreme left in the Frankfurt Parliament.

He was forced to take refuge in London in 1849, where he met up with Giuseppe Mazzini, and formed the “European Democratic Party.”

He was considered a leader in religious and political liberalism in his time.

As mentioned in this paragraph from “The Secret Founding of America,” Ruge was co-editor of a revolutionary magazine for “Young Germany” with Karl Marx, who also happened to be living in London during this same time-frame, where he had moved in 1850, and was to have his home base in London for the rest of his life.

As a matter of fact, another German-born revolutionary socialist, Friederich Engles, and Russian revolutionary socialist, Vladimir Lenin, along with Karl Marx, all lived in London at some point in time!

The name Herzen at the February 1854 meeting was Alexander Herzen, a Russian writer and thinker known as the “Father of Russian Socialism” and one of the main fathers of “Agrarian Populism.”

Herzen was born out of wedlock to a rich Russian landowner in April of 1812, right before Napoleon’s invasion of Russia.

He left Russia for good in 1847, landing first in Paris, where he supported the Revolutions of 1848, but was disillusioned with the failure of associated European Socialist movements.

He had assets from his inheritance that were frozen after he emigrated from Russia, but because of a business relationship of his family with Baron James de Rothschild in Paris, who negotiated the release of Herzen’s assets which were nominally transferred to Rothschild.

He ended up in London in 1852, where he started his own printing company, the “Free Russian Press” in 1853, with a view to becoming the “uncensored voice of free Russia.”

The “Free Russian Press” was launched shortly before the beginning of the Crimean War, which started in October of 1853, and ended in February of 1856, and which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance comprised of France, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia.

This is a painting depicting the “Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava,” which took place during the Crimean War in the Ukraine on October 25th of 1854, which resulted in a failed attack by a British Light Cavalry unit led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces.

Alfred Lord Tennyson, the Poet Laureate during much of Queen Victoria’s long reign, made the battle famous in his poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade,” which was published only six-weeks after the event, in which he emphasized the valor of the brave cavalry carrying out its orders, regardless of well-prepared artillery units and high casualties until it was forced to retreat.

The Russian Empire lost the Crimean War in the end, resulting in a weaker Imperial Army, a drained treasury, and its influence undermined in Europe.

The future U. S. President James Buchanan was named as President Franklin Pierce’s Ambassador, or Minister to the United Kingdom, a position he held from August 23rd of 1853 to March 15th of 1856.

So he would have also been in London at the time of the aforementioned meeting on February 21st of 1854.

James Buchanan was nominated to be the Democratic Party’s Presidential nominee in 1856, and said to have benefited from being out of the country when he was living in London and not associated with slavery issues, and won the 1856 election with his running mate John C. Breckinridge.

As President, he was said to have intervened in the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott case to gather majority support for a pro-slavery decision, in which a majority of the Supreme Court ruled in March of 1857 that the United States Constitution was not meant to include citizenship for people of what was called African-descent (who were in actuality the indigenous Moorish people of North America), so that the rights and privileges of the Constitution could not be conferred on them…

…and Buchanan attempted to engineer Kansas entering the Union as a slave state, by sending a message to Congress urging the acceptance of Kansas as a slave state, which it rejected and set the admission for Kansas as a free state in June of 1861.

This was several years after the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law on May 30th of 1854, creating the two new Territories and allowing for popular sovereignty.

It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas” when pro-slavery and anti-slavery activists flooded into the new territories seeking to sway the vote.

Ultimately the cause of eleven states to secede from the Union in 1860 was in support of states’ rights in the context of slavery to support the South’s agricultural economy, and the federal government not overturning abolitionist policies in the North and in new territories.

As a matter of fact, James Buchanan went down in history as the worst President of the United States.

I wonder if he took a hit to his reputation for the team?

More on this possibility from “The Secret Founding of America” book in just a moment.

The last named person at the meeting in London that I haven’t touched upon being in London yet was Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian Revolutionary.

Louis Kossuth, a member of the Hungarian lower nobility through his family origins, was a leader of the 1848 Revolution in Europe, and he inspired the people in speeches to rise up against the Austrian Empire, which was created by proclamation in 1804 out of the realms of the Habsburg Empire, and included Hungary.

The Hungarian Declaration of Independence declared the Independence of Hungary from the Habsburg Monarchy during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, issued by Louis Kossuth from the Protestant Great Church of Debrecen, said to have been built between 1805 and 1824, and which passed the National Assembly on April 13th of 1849.

Subsequently, Kossuth was the first, and only, Governor-President of the short-lived Hungarian State in 1849 from April 14th to August 11th.

In the meantime, an alliance was formed in May between the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire, and by August of 1849, the Hungarian Army had been defeated, and the new State of Hungary ended.

Louis Kossuth left Hungary, and as things went, ended up in Great Britain, touring and speaking for a couple of weeks, in 1851, and then left for a trip to the United States, and in the 1851 – 1852 time-frame toured the country, during which time he gave a speech to a meeting of the joint-houses of the U. S. Congress, where a bust of him in the U. S. Capitol building can be found today.

He applied for admission to the Freemasonic Grand Lodge #133 of Cincinnati…

…which was the same Cincinnati lodge used by Kossuth and Lemmi as headquarters for their “Young America” lodges mentioned previously in the book, which also referenced the steps taken to “begin the process of bringing about a civil war by forming revolutionary groups throughout the United States to intensify the debate on slavery.”

Kossuth returned to London from America in July of 1852, where he lived for the next eight-years.

So, based on a review of what is in the written historical narrative about the men listed that were said to have been at the February 21st of 1854 meeting in London were actually living in London at the time of the meeting, and most of the men at the meeting were known revolutionaries.

What else did “The Secret Founding of America” have to say?

I was really interested in this section because I have come across Albert Pike on several occasions in my research.

According to the earlier paragraph shown, Caleb Cushing had ties to the Northern Jurisdiction of Freemasonry and became the architect of the Civil War…

…and in the next paragraph, it says that Caleb Cushing tapped Albert Pike to take the steps necessary to become the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction of Scottish Rite Freemasonry.

It is not hard to find Albert Pike’s connection to Freemasonry in the historical record.

Not hard at all.

What is hard to find is Albert Pike’s and Freemasonry’s connection to historical events, and that is why I was so glad to find this, because there are other very interesting pieces of information that I have come across that point to a deep involvement in major events of the 20th-century that are hard to substantiate.

I will explain what I mean by this shortly.

A couple more things before I leave this informative book.

One was the mention Caleb Cushing’s role in encouraging the previously mentioned 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act.

According to this paragraph, Caleb Cushing used former Master Mason John Brown to cause the Civil War.

And indeed John Brown was very involved in what happened in “Bleeding Kansas.”

John Brown was best known for the Harper’s Ferry raid on October 16th of 1859 in West Virginia.

There was a federal arsenal located there, and while the plan was to raid the arsenal and instigate a major slave rebellion in the South, he had no rations or escape route.

In 36-hours, troops under the command of then Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee had arrested him and his cohorts, who had withdrawn to the engine house after they had been surrounded by local citizens and militia.

So while his plan was doomed from the start, it did serve to deepen the divide between the North and South.

John Brown was hung on December 2nd of 1859, less than two months after the onset of the Harper’s Ferry Raid.

Did John Brown take one for the team, too?

Or did he not see that one coming?

Another involves several of Albert Pike’s roles during the Civil War.

One is that when he became the most powerful Mason in the World when he became the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Southern Jurisdiction; he secretly organized the rebellion in the Southern States using this jurisdiction as a cover; and that most of the leadership of the Confederacy, both political and military, were Freemasons under Pike’s secret command.

One of the first times in my research that I came across Albert Pike’s name in connection with the Civil War was finding out that he was a senior officer in the Confederate Army who commanded the District of Indian Territory, what later became known as Oklahoma, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.

The Trans-Mississippi Theater of the Civil War covered everything west of the Mississippi River as pictured here.

We are told that there were all together 7 battles in Arkansas, New Mexico, Missouri and Louisiana between 1862 and 1864 in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of War.

This region was also the heart of the ancient Washitaw Empire, with Monroe, Louisiana being the Imperial Seat, in what was known as “Washitaw Proper.”

I think what was really going on here was very different from what we are told, and it has everything to do with what actually happened to the advanced, ancient Empire that was originally here.

Let’s take a look at some details from the American Civil War.

During the entire course of the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865, there were an estimated 10,500 battles, engagements, and other military actions fought in 23 states, with over 650,000 casualties.

I am going to focus on Fort Sumter and Charleston Harbor and see what comes up.

The official beginning of the American Civil War was said to be the Battle of Fort Sumter between April 12th and 13th of 1861, in South Carolina’s Charleston Harbor, with victory going to the Confederate forces under the command of General P. G. T. Beauregard.

This is Fort Sumter today.

It is described as a sea fort that was said to have been built starting in 1829 as one of a series of fortifications on the southern coast of the United States to protect American harbors from foreign invaders, and said to have never been fully completed.

70,000 tons of granite? Which is 63,500 metric tons?

To build up the artificial island the fort is situated on, we are told that 70,000 tons of granite were transported to South Carolina from New England.

How did they manage to accomplish transporting that weight of stone according to the history we have been taught?

Oh…okay…apparently on schooners.

That makes perfect sense, right?!

When I pulled up a map looking for Fort Sumter, I found this one showing at least 9 references to forts, batteries, castles in Charleston Harbor.

The “Star of the West” Battery is at the head of the Main Channel leading into Charleston Harbor.

Apparently the battery received its name from a civilian steamship that was built in 1852 for Cornelius Vanderbilt.

The “Star of the West” was used in an effort to re-supply Union troops at Fort Sumter on January 9th of 1861, several weeks after South Carolina had become the first state to secede from the Union on December 20th of 1860, and was fired upon by an artillery battery situated on Morris Island.

The “Star of the West” steamship ended up having a storied career during the Civil War, and ended up at the bottom of the Tallahatchie Channel near Yazoo City in Mississippi, where she was deliberately scuttled and sunk by Confederate forces before the Battle of Fort Pemberton, an earthen fort said to have been built hurriedly by Confederate forces, which resulted in a victory for them which took place on April 12th of 1863, two years exactly after the Battle of Fort Sumter.

The Cummings Point Battery was located on a promontory of Morris Island, and was directly across the harbor from Fort Sumter.

The battery on Cummings Point was said to be an earthwork in a belt of waterfront fortifications, and to have originally been built in February of 1780, during the American Revolutionary War, under the direction of Colonel William Moultrie when it became clear that the British were going to attack Charleston from the south and west.

By the time of the American Civil War, it had been faced with bars of railroad iron placed side-by-side, and became known to history as the “ironclad battery.”

A story about the ironclad battery at Cummings Point appeared in Harper’s Weekly Magazine, on March 2nd of 1861, along with the 21st Chapter of Charles Dickens novel “Great Expectations,” which was first released in a serial format in his weekly periodical “All the Year Round,” starting December 1st of 1860, and apparently it appeared in other magazines as well.

Interesting.

I have come to believe most famous novelists including, but not limited to, Charles Dickens, Victor Hugo, Mark Twain, Jack London, and John Steinbeck, were all involved in delivering the brand-new historical narrative right into our collective minds.

When looking for information on the Cummings Point battery, I found the historical Fort Wagner on Morris Island, which would have been located between the “Star of the West” battery to the south and the Cummings Point battery to the north of it.

The Battle of Fort Wagner took place on July 18th of 1863, where the 54th Massachusetts, known to history as the first African-American regiment in the Union Army, unsuccessfully assaulted Fort Wagner as depicted in the 1989 movie “Glory.”

Nothing remains of the physical infrastructure of Fort Wagner today…

…as apparently it was somehow lost to the sea in the late-1800s.

On the same side of the Charleston Harbor as Fort Wagner, and the two batteries I just mentioned, Fort Johnson was located further up towards the city of Charleston, on the coast of James Island, where the first shot of the Civil War was said to have been fired at Fort Sumter by Confederate soldiers…

…of which its only remains today are only two cisterns…

…and the old magazine, said to have been built in 1765, buried by Confederate soldiers during the Civil War, and uncovered in 1931.

Fort Sumter was located in Charleston Harbor almost directly in-between where Fort Johnson was located on James Island, and Fort Moultrie, which is still standing on Sullivan Island on the other side of the Harbor from Fort Sumter.

The first fort built on this location, Fort Sullivan, was said to have been built from Palmetto logs, giving the inspiration for the flag of South Carolina and its nickname “The Palmetto State,” and said to have been still incomplete when it was attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War in 1776, and named after the commander, Colonel William Moultrie.

This is the fort standing on Sullivan Island today.

What is called the Moultrie flag on the left was flown during the defense of Fort Sullivan in 1776.

The Palmetto was added in 1861, and it was adopted as the state flag.

Another battle commander’s flag with the crescent symbol in the upper-left-hand corner was the flag of Confederate Army Major General Earl van Dorn, the great-nephew of Andrew Jackson, who led the Confederate forces at the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas in March of 1862.

This was the battle flag of General Van Dorn.

Why are there crescent images on these battle flags?

The star and crescent symbolism has been identified with Islam, and what we are told is that this happened primarily with the emergence of the Ottoman Turks, and for one example of several national flags, are depicted on the modern Turkish flag.

I also read where the Egyptian hieroglyphs of a star and the crescent moon denote the Venus Cycle from morning star to evening star.

The Floating Battery was said to be located at the northern tip of Sullivan Island, above the location of Fort Moultrie.

We are told it was an ironclad vessel constructed by the Confederacy early in 1861 before the start of the war, and as a strategic naval platform, it was utilized in the April 12th and 13th bombardment of Fort Sumter.

The last three things I am going to look at on the map of the Charleston Harbor Defenses are the Mt. Pleasant Batteries; the Castle Pinckney; and the tip of Charleston known as “the Battery.

Along the coast of Mt. Pleasant which includes Hog Island, there were three Confederate batteries said to have been constructed over the course of the war to defend Charleston Harbor.

Battery Gary was said to be the first one constructed, and utilized in the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April of 1861.

Interesting side-note…Charleston’s professional soccer team is called the “Charleston Battery” and their stadium is located at Patriots Point in Mt. Pleasant.

Next up for scrutiny is Castle Pinckney.

Castle Pinckney is located on what is called Shute’s Folly in Charleston Harbor between Patriot’s Point and “The Battery” of Charleston.

We are told that Castle Pinckney was a small masonry fortification built by the United States government in 1810, and was used as an artillery position during the Civil War, garrisoned by the Charleston Zouave Cadets, a light infantry regiment of the French Army, after the attack on Fort Sumter.

Zouave units were said to have been used on both sides of the conflict.

Castle Pinckney was declared a National Monument in 1924, and then in 1951, Congress passed a bill to abolish its status as a National Monument.

Since then, primarily under state ownership, it has undergone some limited restoration efforts, but is in the process of being reclaimed by nature.

Lastly, I am going to take a look at “The Battery,” described as a defensive seawall and promenade in Charleston, and said to have been named for a civil war coastal defense battery at the site.

The Battery is famous for its antebellum homes…

…and its great view of Fort Sumter!

Interestingly, this is called the “Crisp Map of Charleston” from 1711, named after its English publisher Edward Crisp based on a 1704 survey he did, showing Charleston as a walled, bastioned star city.

I found one reference that called this map a “flawed, 19th-century fake.”

Well, that may be, but this is said to be the 1721 Herbert Map, showing the same idea.

I am going to end with the subject of what kinds of things happened in the year of 1871, a very eventful year it would seem, only a short 6-years after the end of the American Civil War in 1865.

First, I encountered in my research the short-lived Paris Commune, established on March 28th of 1871, which was a radical socialist, anti-religious and revolutionary government that ruled Paris until it was suppressed by the French army in May of 1871.

What happened in the Paris Commune was closely followed by London resident Karl Marx, who published a pamphlet in June of 1871, called “The Civil War in France,” about the significance of the struggle of the Communards in the Paris Commune.

What we know of as Commune-ism is also known as Marx-ism, and still very much with us today.

Why is that?

The second subject are these graphics I have encountered displaying alleged quotes of Albert Pike’s about World Wars I, II, and III.

The following three quotes that appear to be the military blueprint for three world wars were said to have been contained a letter written Albert Pike to Giuseppe Mazzini in 1871.

I have encountered the quotes and the information about them being from Pike’s letter to Mazzini before, but this is the first time I have encountered a real-life Mazzini, and others, with which to connect the information.

For the First World War, he was talking about the Illuminati overthrowing the Czars and making Russia a fortress of atheistic communism in the same year Karl Marx first wrote about Communism with regards to the Paris Commune. 

Coincidence?

For the Second World, he talked about taking advantage of the differences between Fascists and Zionists; destroying Nazism; Zionism creating Israel, and Communism being strong enough to control Christendom.

And for the Third World War, the Illuminati taking advantage of the differences between Zionist and Islamic leaders so they mutually destroy each other.

Any of this sound familiar to what we know in the present-day?

It does to me.

Could all of these conflicts, at least since the American Civil War, and maybe even the Crimean War and other wars of the 19th-century, been planned, even scripted out, for the Controller’s desired outcome, which was world control and domination?

Also, 1871 was the year the U. S. Congress passed the “District of Columbia Organic Act,” which repealed the charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and established a new territorial government for the District of Columbia.

This created a single municipal government for the federal district, which was incorporated, defined as the process of “constituting a company, city, or other organization as a legal corporation.”

Thus the 1871 U. S. Corporation was born, which opened the door for ownership by foreign interests.

I am passionate about trying to find out how we got to the craziness of the world we live in today from what was originally a very advanced, integrated, and harmonious world civilization…when it was the Old World Order and not the New World Order.

Hopefully I have been able to shine some light on this vast subject of what might have taken place here that is available to find in a search, that in some way, shape, and form provides a plausible explanation for how we might have gotten to this point.

Did you know that the famous American author, Jack London, was also a Socialist?

And that he published a book in 1908 called “The Iron Heel,” about the rise of an oligarchic tyranny in the United States.

An oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.

The story-line emphasized future changes in society and politics, and not technological changes. It is called a dystopian novel, meaning characterized by mass poverty, public mistrust and suspicion, a police state or oppression.

They have actually been telling us in a disguised way all along because they are required to tell us what they are doing in order to gain our consent because of our Free Will…

…so they have to managed to convince us that handing over our freedom is our own idea.

See how that works?!!

They have been working on getting us to this place for a very long time, but they have lost control of the narrative, no matter how hard they try to get it back!

German Entrepreneurs and Settlements in the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys in the 19th-century, or How Zionism Took Over America and the World

I have noticed a recurring pattern coming up in my research, which is that of finding German entrepreneurs and settlements dating from the 19th-century whenever I have researched cities situated along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

This has piqued my interest and I am going to look specifically for historical German influences found in cities specifically along these two rivers.

While some of what I will include in this two-part video series is from previous research, much will be from new research.

What we are told is that in the decade from 1845 to 1855, more than a million Germans fled to the United States to escape economic hardship…

…and that altogether over 7 1/2-million immigrants came the United States between 1820 to 1870, primarily from Ireland and China.

Many of the German immigrants were said to have had enough money to journey to the midwest in search of farmland and work, unlike the Irish and Chinese who typically ended up in large cities on the coast in low-paying, menial jobs.

The Germans sought to escape the political unrest caused by riots, rebellion, and the Revolutions of 1848.

The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe that year.

The Revolutions had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, and was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, with 50 countries being affected.

The most important of these revolutions were in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries

There are some things I would like to point out about the Mississippi River and Nile River before I jump into the subject matter I have chosen to investigate in this post.

I have drawn a red line on this world map to demonstrate that there is a straight, west-to-east, linear relationship between the location of the Mississippi River Delta, and that of the Nile River Delta.

The Mississippi River, also known as the “Father of Waters,” flows southward 2,320 miles, or 3,730 kilometers…

…from its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota, not far from Lake Superior, and the Great Lakes Region of North America…

…to the Mississippi Delta in southeastern Louisiana.

The Nile River, also known as the “Father of African Rivers,” and along with its major tributary, the White Nile, is 4,130 miles, or 6,650 kilometers, long.

The source of the White Nile is Lake Victoria, in what is called the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa.

The source of the Blue Nile is Lake Tana, a sacred lake in Ethiopia, and it joins the White Nile to become the Nile at Khartoum, the capital of Sudan.

From Khartoum, the Nile flows northward to the Nile Delta.

Here is a side-by-side comparison of the Mississippi River and the Nile River…

…as well as what the Mississippi River Delta and the Nile River Delta look like together in person.

This is an aerial view of the Mississippi Delta, which is on the southeastern coast of Louisiana, showing many geometric and straight channels…

…and the same type of straight, geometric channels are also found in the Nile Delta.

I am going to first look at the Mississippi River Valley…

…with a starting point of New Orleans, located a short-distance northwest of the Mississippi River delta region…

…and what I found out was that there was a substantial German contribution to the New Orleans economy in the 19th-century…

…where apparently before the American Civil War, New Orleans was the largest German colony below the Mason-Dixon line.

The Mason-Dixon Line was a line of demarcation between the northern states and southern states surveyed in 1760s, before the Civil War.

Let me be clear right from the start.

This work will expose evidence of a Hidden Hand…

…of a small number of related, elitist family bloodlines, hiding in different nationalities and religions, along with other allies, to carry out their plans for complete power and control over the world.

We are told that German immigrants started arriving in New Orleans from the time it was founded in 1718.

It is interesting for me to note that 1717 is the exact mid-point year between 1492 and 1942, boundary years for what I believe was a 3D-timeloop that was created by negative beings to hijack the original positive timeline Humanity was on.

Everything was grafted on to the existing infrastructure on the planet, and falsely attributed in the new historical narrative.  The world history we have been taught is filled with war and violence, death and destruction, which was not our original evolutionary path.

There are 450 years in between 1492 and 1942, and halfway, at 225 years is 1717.

In that same year, the Premier Grand Lodge of England – the first Free-Mason Grand Lodge – was founded in London on June 24th, 1717.

This star-city depiction of New Orleans was circa 1763.

We are told that the construction of St. Mary’s Assumption Church was completed in 1860 for the expanding number of German Catholics settling in the Lower Garden section of the city…

…and apparently St. Alphonsus, not far from St. Mary’s Assumption Church, was completed in 1857 for the burgeoning Irish Catholic immigrant population, in New Orleans Lower Garden section as well.

There was an explosion of parentless children in the 19th-century, and New Orleans was no exception to this occurrence.

In addition to the German Protestant Orphanage, established in 1867, and the German Evangelical Lutheran Bethlehem Orphanage, established in the 1880s, there was a whole host of orphanages and houses of refuge in New Orleans:

…with countless children of all ages institionalized in palatial residences…why all of the kids??

Along with the explosion of parentless children in the 19th-century, there was the systematic introduction of hard liquor and beer into the adult population occurring at the same time, starting as early as 1830 with the establishment of Teacher’s Scotch Whiskey in Scotland.

I already know we will come to many examples in this post of the development of breweries and distilleries in the 19th-century….starting in New Orleans, at one time the biggest, beer-brewing city in the South.

The Jackson Brewery in New Orleans, known by the shortened version of Jax, was established in 1890 by Lawrence Fabacher, and in business until the 1970s, after which time it was converted into a shopping mall.

The Dixie Brewery was established in 1907 by Valentine Merz, and is still business as a brewery as of 2019, though the original building was severely damaged in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina, and never re-opened.

…and the Falstaff Brewery, operating in New Orleans between 1936 and 1978…

…and the building was later repurposed for apartment living-space.

There’s a lot more of all things German to find in New Orleans, so I will just mention a few more before I go up the Mississippi River to find more examples.

Kolb’s Restaurant was established by Conrad Kolb in 1899, and closed its doors in 1994…

…the Jung Hotel on Canal Street was said to have been constructed between 1927 and 1928..

…and the Hotel Grunewald, a 504-room hotel, said to have been built by German immigrant Louis Grunewald in 1893 and now known as The Roosevelt New Orleans of the Waldorf-Astoria hotel chain.

There is much more here to find, but I have a lot of ground yet to cover, so I am going to move on from New Orleans.

Immediately after leaving New Orleans, I stumbled upon the German Coast in my research, a region of early Louisiana German settlement along the Mississippi River comprised of the present-day Acadiana, or French Louisiana, parishes of St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, and St. James.

German immigrants were settled along this Mississippi River region in 1718 by John Law and the Company of the Indies.

I am going to digress from the German focus of this post for a moment because I believe this information about John Law and the Company of the Indies is a signifcant finding.

John Law was a Scottish gambler-turned-economist & banker who served as Controller-General of Finances for his friend, Phillipe II, the Duke of Orleans, regent for the juvenile Louis XV of France.

After escaping prison and execution in London for killing an opponent in a duel in 1694, he fled to the European continent and travelled for ten years.

He continued to make good money from gambling and made acquaintances that were useful to him later, like the Duke of Orleans.

While he was in the Netherlands, he studied the Amsterdam Exchange Bank and the Dutch East India Company, also known as the VOC.

The Dutch East India Company was the world’s most valuable company of all-time, worth $7.9-trillion as a stand-alone company.

Law was intrigued by these things working together: bankers accepting shares as collateral for loans, and conversely, borrowing to buy new shares, in an interaction between the stock market and lenders that produced a new kind of economy.

With these ideas, Law devised a system based on paper-money, and within which he was convinced that in order for an economy to work well, credit was necessary.

In his book, Money and Trade Considered, he used terms like money supply, inflation, and the relationship between money and labor, as well as taxation being applied across all socioeconomic levels.

His proposals were rejected by the Scottish Parliament, but the Duke of Orleans was prepared to give it a go.

In 1716, John Law set-up a public bank in France known as the General Private Bank, issuing paper money against deposits of gold and silver.

It met with success, and in 1717, the French government approved Law’s proposal to merge a number of existing businesses under the name Company of the Indies, which was also known as the Mississippi Company, comprising a vast area of eight states which at that time belonged to France, and Law became the Company’s Chief Director in 1718.

The Mississippi Company acquired important monopolies in the tobacco trade, exclusive trading rights in Louisiana, the Mississippi River Valley, China, East India, and South America.

The General Private Bank became the Royal Bank in 1718, which meant that the bank-notes were guaranteed by the king.

The key to the Bank Royale agreement was that France’s National Debt would be paid by the revenues coming from the opening of the Mississippi Valley.

The Mississippi Company boomed on paper, however it only took 2 years for the the bubble to burst in 1720.

What does all of this have to do with the today?

I am seeing the underpinnings of everything.

For one thing, all of this certainly sounds like the genesis of the financial and economic system under which the world has been operating for quite some time.

For another, it illustrates one of the mechanism by which the New World Order was created from the Old World Order, the Earth’s original ancient, advanced civilization and control of the financial system and resources was undertaken, as well as everything everything else, in this New World.

It is interesting to note that the original Ouachita National Bank opened in Monroe, Louisiana, in 1906.

Before closing in 1933, the Ouachita National Bank printed six different types of national currency, and moved twice, during that 27-year-period.

Monroe was the ancient Imperial Seat of the Washitaw Empire, in an area known as Washitaw Proper.

Known as the Mound Builders of Mu and the Ancient Ones, the Washitaw Mu’urs were formally recognized by the United Nations in 1993 as the “Oldest Indigenous Civilization on Earth.”

Watson Brake is an archeological site in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, dated to 5,400 years ago, and is the oldest earthwork mound complex in North America, acknowledged to be older than the Egyptian Pyramids and Stonehenge in England.

It is located on private land, so is not available for public viewing.

Stonehenge, which has an earthwork very similar to Watson Brake around its perimeter, according to what we are told, dates from starting at 3,100 BC, about 5,100 years ago.

The next place I am going to look at in the Mississippi River Valley is Baton Rouge, the capital of Louisiana.

The modern history of Baton Rouge dates to 1721, and it became the state capital in 1849.

On another side-note, it is interesting to note that the old Louisiana State Capitol building, called a castle, was said to have been constructed by 1847 and 1852…

…and since 1990, serves as the “Museum of Political History.”

It was replaced as the State Capitol Building by this one, with its construction said to have been completed in 1931, which would have been during the Great Depression.

The German community in Baton Rouge was said to have its origins in Pennsylvania German settlers, the name given to immigrants from modern-day Germany, The Netherlands, and Switzerland.

These particular German settlers came from Bayou Manchac after flooding in the 1780s…

…in search of higher ground to live along a line bluffs south of Baton Rouge, and came to be known locally as “Dutch Highlanders.”

We are told Baton Rouge’s historic Highland Road was established as a supply road for the indigo and cotton plantations of the early settlers.

Today, Highland Road is where you find luxury homes and high-end real estate in Baton Rouge.

Highland Road is known as the “Miracle Mile” between Louisiana State University…

…where there are two mounds believed to be more than 5,000 years old, and along with Watson Brake, considered to be part of the oldest mound system in North America.

…and the Country Club of Louisiana.

One of my first a-ha’s in my awareness of the advanced ancient civilization that was hidden in the landscape all around us was the realization that golf courses were a cover-up of mound-sites – just carve out the top of a mound, and voila, you have a bunker…

… and the existence of two acknowledged ancient mound sites at Louisiana State University across town from the Country Club of Louisiana just underscores that belief for me.

The next place we come to in the Lower Mississippi Valley is Natchez in Mississippi…

…named for the Natchez people, a matrilineal kinship society who inhabited the region historically before the arrival of Europeans.

One of the largest mounds in North America is Emerald Mound, located on the Natchez Trace Parkway near Stanton, Mississippi, and served as one of the main ceremonial centers for the Natchez people prior to European contact.

The Natchez Bluffs and Under-the-Hill Historic District is bounded roughly by South Canal Street, Broadway, and the Mississippi River.

There are some interesting things to point out in this location.

Fort Rosalie was nearby on South Canal Street.

If there was once a canal here, there is not one any longer.

No longer standing, Fort Rosalie was said to have been built in 1716 when it was part of the French Colonial Empire.

Fort Rosalie was situated close to the main ceremonial center known as the Grand Village of the Natchez.

The Natchez Bluffs running alongside of the Mississippi River most definitely don’t even look close to a natural feature…

…yet there is nothing I can find to say that it was man-made.

This is Natchez’ Under-the-Hill District, with its mud-flooded appearance.

Did I find a historical German presence in Natchez?

I most certainly did.

While there had been some early arrivals in the late 1700s, the German-Jewish community in Natchez started to organize in the 1840s, many of whom opened retail stores in the Under-the-Hill District.

Interesting there would be a cotton boll in the Star of David picture here.

Apparently, according to an 1858 survey, 8-out-of-12 Jewish businesses in Natchez traded in clothing or dry-goods, merchants like Aaron Beekman.

After the Civil War, the Natchez Jewish community continued to grow in size and prominence.

It is interesting to note there was a Monsanto Chemical Company connection to Natchez.

The Monsanto brothers Benjamin and Jacob were from a Sephardic Jewish slave-trading family originating in Spain, ended up coming to live in Natchez.

Benjamin Monsanto, a slave-holder-and-seller, purchased the cotton-producing Glenfield Plantation in 1787.

A Natchez Monsanto descendent by the name of Olga Mendez Monsanto married John Francis Queeny, who founded the Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis in 1901 and named it after his wife’s family.

“Monsanto” means sacred or holy mountain in Spanish and Portuguese.

The first product the Monsanto Chemical Company manufactured was saccharine, which Queeny sold to the Meyer Brothers Drug Company in St. Louis.

Monsanto was acquired by the German multinational Bayer Pharmaceutics and Life Sciences Company after gaining United States and EU regulatory approvals on June 7th of 2018 for $66-billion in cash, and Monsanto’s name is no longer used.

Natchez is considered to have the greatest concentration of splendid antebellum mansions in the United States.

The Longwood Mansion, also known as “Nutt’s Folly,” is the largest octagonal house in the United States at 30,000-square-feet, or almost 2,800-square-meters, and six floors.

Said to have been built by local cotton-planter Haller Nutt, who was said to have wanted something unusual for his family home and was intrigued by octagonal homes.

He decided to build it in 1860 to replace his first home and started construction shortly after.

Estimates of as many as one million bricks were made for this house.

Then the Civil War started and construction was halted after only the first floor was completed.

The family moved in with the intention that they would return to complete the house after the war was over.

Work halted in 1861 with only nine rooms on the basement floor completed.

Haller died at the age of only 48 from pneumonia.

His wife was Julia was left to raise their eleven children in poverty in the lower level of the home.

After the last child who lived here passed away, the home was sold to Kelly MacAdams in 1968 for $200,000.

She repaired the home for two years, leaving the upper levels unfinished to show what war can do.

She gave the home to a local association, the Pilgrimage Garden Club, with the agreement that the home would never be finished.

The colonnaded onion dome of Longwood Mansion…

…reminds me of the one at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut…

…and the one at the Pena National Palace in Sintra, Portugal.

Something tells me the Master Builder ancestors of the enslaved people working the plantations for the wealthy land-owners were the ones that built all of the splendid mansions….

The next place I am going to look at is Vicksburg in Mississippi, the county seat of Warren County, and located roughly half-way between Memphis and New Orleans at the confluence of the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers.

We are told French colonists were the first Europeans to settle the area, which was part of the historical territory of the Natchez people, and it was the French who built Fort St. Pierre in 1719…

…on high-bluffs at Redwood on the Yazoo River.

Perhaps Vicksburg is best-known for the Vicksburg Campaign and Siege during the American Civil War, which took place between 1862 and 1863, and at the end of which the Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant captured the Confederate stronghold of the port of Vicksburg and divided the Confederacy.

Along with the Battle of Gettysburg in July of 1863, it was considered a turning-point in the American Civil War.

We are told that after the Vicksburg National Military Park was established in 1899, the nation’s leading architects and sculptors were commissioned to honor the soldiers and sailors from their respective states that fought in the Vicksburg campaign, leading it to be called the “Art Park of the World” with more than 1,400 monuments found throughout the park.

Like the Mississippi Memorial…

…the Michigan Memorial…

…and the Illinois State Memorial.

The Vicksburg National Military Park also hosts the USS Cairo, one of seven river ironclads named after towns along the Upper Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

The Shirley House is said to be the only-surviving wartime structure inside the Vicksburg National Military Park.

This is a wartime picture of the Shirley House circa 1863, with what is described as the camp of the 45th Illinois Infantry behind it.

But there are things going on in this photo that don’t make sense to me.

Why all the digging and entrances?

Apparently during the Siege of Vicksburg, the people of the city dug caves into the sides of hills to get out of harm’s way from the hail of iron that was coming their way from Union forces.

A possible explanation…but is it plausible?

This photo was notated as Union soldiers on the lawn of the Warren County Courthouse after the siege.

It was said to have been constructed between 1858 and 1860.

Interesting to note the contrast between the size of the soldiers and that of the courthouse.

Considered to be Vicksburg’s most historic structure, a museum is operated within the old courthouse today.

The mud-flooded-looking Washington Hotel in Vicksburg was said to have been used as a military hospital during the Civil War.

There was a castle in Vicksburg which was said to have been built in the 1850s, including a moat, but it was destroyed by the Union Army and the site turned into an artillery battery.

I just wanted to set the stage of what the historical narrative tells about Vicksburg.

This is what I found about Vicksburg’s German Jewish community, dating to early in the city’s history.

Back when I was doing research about Monroe in Louisiana, I found Joseph Biedenharn, a German-American businessman from Vicksburg, whose parents immigrated to the United States following the Revolutions of 1848.

Joseph was a candy-maker, the first bottler of coca-cola, and the first to develop an independent network of franchise bottlers to distribute the drink.

This was his original company building in Vicksburg.

He moved his manufacturing and coca-cola bottling operations to Monroe, Louisiana, from Vicksburg, Mississippi in 1913.

The same soft drink that dissolves stuff, like teeth…

…rust…

…unclogs drains…

…and contains Monsanto’s artificial sweeteners in the diet version.

Along with his son, Malcolm and other investors, Joseph Biedenharn bought a crop-dusting business in 1925, added eighteen planes to the fleet, and moved the company headquarters from Macon, Georgia, to Monroe.

Crop-dusting involves the spraying of crops with pesticides and fertilizers, like you know, other Monsanto products!

Also, it is interesting to note that Biedenharn’s crop-dusting business was the origin of Delta Airlines, which was incorporated in December of 1928.

Delta’s headquarters moved from Monroe to Atlanta in 1941.

The next place we come to is Memphis, a city situated on the Chickasaw Bluffs of the Mississippi River…

…in land historically inhabited by the Chickasaw people, one of the five civilized tribes, along with the Cherokee, Seminole, Creek and Choctaw.

The majority of people in the Five Civilized Tribes were removed to Indian Territory in the 1830s, now the State of Oklahoma, after President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Indian Removal Act in 1830, giving him the authority to grant them lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for their ancestral lands.

As a matter of fact, Andrew Jackson, before he was President, along with John Overton and James Winchester, were credited with the founding of Memphis on May 22nd of 1819, and named after the ancient capital of Egypt on the Nile River.

Downtown Memphis is situated on what is called Chickasaw Bluff #4.

This feature in the river across from it caught my attention, so I searched around for what it was called.

I found out that it is called Mud Island River Park…

…at the tip of Mud Island, which is actually a peninsula and not an island.

The Mud Island River Park is accessible by ferry, car, foot and monorail suspension railway.

Mud Island has, among other things, a 5,000-seat amphitheater…

…and a hydraulic scale model of the Lower Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois to New Orleans, Louisiana.

The Memphis Pyramid is nearby…

…with a 1991 construction date given, and it was utilized as sports’ arena, church and entertainment venue until…

…it was converted into a Bass Pro Shops Superstore, which opened in 2015.

I had already encountered the German-Jewish department stores established in Memphis in previous research.

Many customers perceived Goldsmith’s Department Store on Main Street as Memphis’ Greatest Store.

With its beginnings at its Beale Street location, in 1870 the German immigrant Goldsmith brothers, Isaac and Jacob, started doing business in Memphis.

This was the Goldsmith Brothers store on Main Street starting in 1895, and became a true “department store” in 1902, when they arranged merchandise by departments, among the first in the South to do so.

The Kress Department store in Memphis was the first opened in 1896 in what was to become a nationwide chain of five-and-dime stores, and moved to this new location on Main Street, said to have been designed by E. J. T. Hoffman and built in 1927.

In 1980, the Kress Store became McCrory’s and the store finally closed in 1994.

We are told that due to being conscious of the historical significance of the building, the structure was restored and is now a museum.

Elias Lowenstein immigrated to Memphis from Germany in 1854, where he opened Lowenstein’s Department Store, prominent in Memphis for 125-years.

He was a leader in the Memphis Jewish community and contributed liberally, we are told, to rebuilding the city of Memphis after the disastrous yellow fever epidemic in 1878, the worst American outbreak of yellow fever occurring in the Mississippi River Valley that year.

The outbreak originated in New Orleans in the spring and summer of that year, and spread up the Mississippi River and inland.

Yellow fever was so named because of the yellow-ish hue of the skin and eyes it causes, affecting multiple organ systems and causing internal bleeding.

What we are told is that in July of 1878, an outbreak of yellow fever was reported in Vicksburg, so Memphis officials stopped travel to the city from the safe.

However, a man from a quarantined steamboat slipped away and went to Kate Bionda’s restaurant in Memphis on August 4th.

He was hospitalized and quarantined the next day and died, and Kate Bionda became Memphis’ first death from yellow fever on August 13th, and from there the yellow-fever infections spread quickly throughout Memphis.

We are told unequivocally mosquitoes were the carriers of yellow fever.

Elias Lowenstein was said to have built his mansion in 1891, called one of the most important Victorian Romanesque mansions in Memphis, and one of the finest of its style in the South.

This is an illustration of the original Lowenstein’s Department Store in Memphis, said to have been built in 1886, with its classic mud flood feature of the slanted pavement from the ground-level windows in front of the building, to the not-ground-level windows with the slant of the pavement, and showing dirt -covered streets as well.

The original Lowenstein’s Department Store building, vacated by the Lowensteins in the 1920s, was first taken over by a furniture company who eventually moved out in 1980, and the building sat vacant for 30-years. It was saved from demolition and today houses apartment and retail space.

New Madrid is next, the seat of New Madrid County on the Missouri side of the Mississippi River’s Kentucky Bend…

…and best-known for the New Madrid Earthquakes, three of which in the winter of 1811 and 1812 were estimated to be the largest earthquakes ever recorded in the United States, that the USGS estimated were between 7 and 8 on the Richter Scale.

The first large one took place on December 16th of 1811; the second one on January 23rd of 1812; and the third large one on February 7th of 1812.

Descriptions of what happened during the first one included rolling ground; uprooted trees; huge chasms opening up and swallowing whatever was above; the Mississippi River flowing backwards; and general pandemonium from frightened people.

The series of earthquakes in the New Madrid region dramatically affected the landscape, causing bank failures along the Mississippi River; destroyed entire communities; caused landslides along the Chickasaw Bluffs in Tennessee and Kentucky; large tracts of land subsided on the Mississippi flood plain; and liquified subsurface sediment spread over a large area at great distances.

Liquefaction was described as widespread and severe.

Sand blows, described as large sandy deposits resulting from an eruption of water and sand to the ground surface, formed over an area of 4,015-square-miles, or 10,400-square-kilometers.

Well, this would certainly explain the mud-flooded appearance of places I have found along the Mississippi River as that is what the liquefaction of earth results in.

This is a photograph of soil liquefaction that occurred during the 7.5 magnitude earthquake that occurred on September 28th of 2018 on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia.

St. Francis Sunken Lands Wildlife Management Area in northeastern Arkansas today sank during the New Madrid earthquakes, turning once fertile and abundant landscape into a swamp.

It is interesting to note that after all of this devastation, it took three-years to get federal action on disaster relief for the region with the onset of the War of 1812.

Congress finally approved $50,000 for the New Madrid Relief Act on February 17th of 1815, making it the nation’s first disaster relief of its kind.

The Act provided that anyone who lost land due to the earthquake was eligible to receive between 160 and 640 “like acres” of land elsewhere in Missouri.

What we are told ended up happening was land agents arriving in the area to buy up the acreage and conned many New Madrid residents, offering them pennies on the dollar, and speculators subsequently claimed the new lands, and that of the 516 certificates issued by Congress, only 20 went to New Madrid residents, with most being held by people in St. Louis.

In the years following, the fertile flood-plain land was developed for growing cotton.

Today, New Madrid is the second-leading producer of cotton in the State of Missouri, and the percentage of organic farming in New Madrid County indicates none.

One more thing before leaving New Madrid.

This signage about the New Madrid earthquakes explaining that the city was destroyed and very few people died because the population was sparse.

This is the New Madrid County Courthouse today, said to have been built in 1915 and 1919 in Classical Greek Revival style.

The next place we come to on the Mississippi River is St. Louis, the second largest city in Missouri after Kansas City.

Prior to European settlement, St. Louis was a hub of the original Mississippean Civilization, with Cahokia Mounds in the area being a major regional center.

For purposes of comparison, this is a photo of a tree- and soil-covered mound at Teotihuacan, outside of Mexico City, that was taken in 1832.

Mexico City - Teotihuacan 1832

These next two photos were taken of Teotihuacan in 1905, a few years prior to the beginning of the first major excavations of the site.

Here’s a comparison on the left of Monk’s Mound at Cahokia on the left and the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan on the right with all of the ground cover removed, with similar stairways and directional orientation.

There were numerous major earthworks inside the St. Louis City boundaries, which was nicknamed “The Mound City,” that were mostly destroyed during the city’s development.

These photos document the destruction what was called “Big Mound” in St. Louis in 1869.

In an 1819 land survey, Army engineers counted twenty-five mounds from Biddle Street north to Mound Street, east of Broadway, and north of LaClede’s Landing.

In another comparison with Teotihuacan, there was an extensive pyramid-temple complex there.

I am going to give one example in St. Louis of German-Jewish business practices because it is a comprehensive example of what has taken place here.

The Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. This is a post card of it from the 1930s.

Today the company employs over 30,000 people, and operates twelve breweries in the United States.

It was founded as the Bavarian Brewery in 1852 by George Schneider, but financial problems forced him to sell the brewery to various owners during the late 1850s, one of which Eberhard Anheuser, a prosperous soap and candle-maker.

The name of the brewery became E. Anheuser & Company in 1860.

A wholesaler who had immigrated from Germany to St. Louis in 1857, Adolphus Busch, became Eberhard Anheuser’s son-in-law in 1861.

He was the twenty-first of twenty-two children in a family that did well financially selling winery and brewery supplies in Mainz-Kastel in Wiesbaden, in Germany’s State of Hesse.

After serving in the Union Army during the American Civil War for six months, Adolphus Busch returned to St. Louis and began working for the brewery.

Soon he became a partner, and served as company secretary until his father-in-law died in 1880, at which time he became president of the business.

During the 1870s, Adolphus Busch had toured Europe to study changes in brewing methods at the time. In particular he was interested in the pilsner beer of the town of Budweis, located in what is now the Czech Republic.

In 1876, he introduced Budweiser…

…and 1876 was the same year he introduced refrigerated railroad cars to transport beer.

By 1877, the company owned a fleet of 40 refrigerated railroad cars.

Expanding the company’s distribution range led to increased demand for their products, and the company expanded its facilities in St. Louis during the 1870s.

Busch implemented pasteurization in 1878 as a way to keep beer fresh for a longer period of time.

He established the St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company in 1878, and by 1888, the company owned 850 cars.

In addition to refrigeration and pasteurization, Busch adopted vertical integration as a business practice, in which he bought all the components of his business, from bottling factories to ice-manufacturing plants to buying the rights from Rudolf Diesel to manufacture all diesel engines in America.

This illustration was of the Bevo Bottling Facility in St. Louis.

Vertical integration is where the supply chain of a company is owned by the company. It secures the supplies need by the company to produce its product, and the market needed to sell it. It is also a way to consolidate control over production and increase profits for the company. It was a common practice during this era.

He also founded the Manufacturers Railway Company in 1887, which operated until 2011.

Adolphus Busch died in 1913.

A text-book case of how to accumlate immense wealth, his net worth $60 million in US dollars at the time of his death.

The Busch Entertainment Corporation, which was founded in 1959, became SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment in 2009 with its sale to the Blackstone Group, an American multinational private equity, asset management, and financial services firm based in New York City.

Now, I am going to take a look at the Ohio River Valley Basin, starting at Cairo, Illinois.

The city of Cairo, Illinois, was located at the southernmost point in Illinois, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

I say was because today, Cairo is empty and deserted, and considered a ghost town.

In its heyday, Cairo was an important city along the steamboat routes and railway lines. 

Here is a comparison of the appearance of the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers on the top left with the confluences of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis in the top middle; the Blue Nile and White Nile near Khartoum, in the African country of Sudan on the top right; the Raccoon and Des Moines Rivers near Des Moines, Iowa, on the bottom left; and at the Six Rivers National Forest in Eureka, California on the bottom right.

Is nature responsible for the striking similarities, or are we looking at something else here?

Fort Defiance was situated right where the two waterways come together.

It has Illinois State Park status, and in lieu of an actual fort, it displays historic signage, with no fort in sight.

It was said to have been constructed under the direction of Union General Ulysses S. Grant in order to gain strategic access to the rivers.

Southern Illinois where Cairo is referred to as “Little Egypt.”

It is geographically near Thebes, Makanda, and Carbondale in Illinois and is just down the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri.

Like Cairo, Thebes was said to have been named for the Egyptian city of the same name, and is perhaps best-known for the Thebes Bridge, a five-span cantilever truss railroad bridge said to have been built for the Union Pacific Railroad and opened for use in 1905.

Construction of the Thebes Bridge was said to have started in 1902…

…and the bridge was said to have been designed by civil engineer Ralph Modjeski, a pre-eminent bridge designer in the United States.

The Giant City State Park is in nearby Makanda, Illinois.

The City of Makanda used the slogan “Star of Egypt” in the early 20th-century.

Makanda was once a major shipping hub for Chicago on the Illinois Central Railroad for fruits and vegetables.

The city of Carbondale in Illinois, just a short-distance north of Makanda, is the home of Southern Illinois University…

…and is in the crossing point of the paths of totality of both the 2017 and the 2024 solar eclipses.

Were Egyptians, and Hebrews for that matter, in actual fact, already long-established in America, and not imported from somewhere else?

Back to Cairo.

In the 2010 census, there were 2,831 people listed as still living here, though most of the businesses are gone and its buildings in a state of decay.

I am not finding references for historical German influences here, but that doesn’t mean there weren’t any and as we continue along the Ohio River from here, I know the influences will be there from past research.

One more thing before I leave abandoned Cairo for the next city along the river.

The English novelist Charles Dickens visited Cairo, Illinois in 1842.

Dickens created some of the world’s best known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian-era.

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is Charles-Dickens-1.jpg

He was said not to have been impressed with Cairo, and that the nightmare city of Eden was based on Cairo in his novel “Martin Chuzzlewit,” which was published in serial form between 1842 and 1844.

Martin Chuzzlewit is the story of the trials and adventures of a young architect of the same name, who ends up in America from England with travelling companion Mark Tapley to seek their fortunes.

In New York, Martin purchased land “sight unseen” on a “major American river,” having been told that the place would need an architect for new building projects.

When they arrived at Eden/Cairo, what they found instead was a swampy, disease-filled settlement, virtually empty of people and buildings as previous settlers had died, and both Martin and Mark got ill from malaria while they were there.

They recover from their illnesses and return to England, where Martin ultimately reconciles with his family.

I have explored the idea in past posts that the Literature and Art of the 19th- and 20th-centuries were programming devices.

Many of these authors were required reading in secondary-school English classes, and many of their books were also turned into movies.

I think famous authors like Charles Dickens, Leo Tolstoy, Jack London, Mark Twain, and John Steinbeck were giving shape and form to the new historical narrative in our collective minds.

Was the old Cairo Custom House actually built between 1869 and 1872…

…or did someone just stick a plaque telling us what to believe?

The next place we come to is Paducah in Kentucky, at the confluence of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers.

Once upon a time it was the location of Fort Anderson, called a Union Army fortification built in 1861, the same year as Fort Defiance back in Cairo was said to have been built.

Also like Fort Defiance, it no longer stands, and the only memory of its existence is Historical Marker 828 at the place where it once stood.

Paducah was first incorporated in 1830, and its port facilities made it an important location for steamships and river commerce.

The railroad arrived in Paducah in the 1850s and that it became an important railway hub for the Illinois Central Railroad, which connected major cities both north-and-south, and east-and-west.

German-Jewish businessmen started arriving in Paducah in the 1840s, and then in greater numbers after the railroad came on the scene.

They dominated the local whiskey business as well.

In 1890, Joseph Friedman and his brother-in-law John Keiler started a distillery and wholesale whiskey business in 1890, with the distillery becoming one of the largest in the country.

Another one who got his start in the whiskey business in Paducah was Isaac Wolfe Bernheim, a German-born businessman who started the I. W. Harper brand of bourbon whiskey along with his brother in Louisville, Kentucky.

I found good examples of subliminal advertising in these ads for I. W. Harper Whiskey, which is “always a pleasure,” and “America’s Finest” and associated with patriotic symbolism.

Isaac W. Bernheim established the location for the Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest south of Louisville in 1929 on land he was said to have purchased at the bargain-basement price of $1/acre because it had been strip-mined for iron ore.

When I was looking for photographs of the Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest, I found these giant wooden trolls there that people seem to love to pose with.

I myself find the imagery they evoke to be on the very disturbing side.

Apparently they were made from recycled wood by Danish artist Thomas Dambo, and have been on the grounds since 2019.

A few more things back in Paducah before I move on.

Paducah has had major flooding three times resulting in enormous amounts of property damage and loss of life – in 1884, 1913, and 1937.

Here is one photo of the 1884 Paducah flood…

…and another that I found that is one of those creepy, staged-looking photographs with the words “stage of water” even mentioned on this one that I find from time to time…

…like the ones that I found in Nelson County Virginia on the Orange and Alexandria bridge…

…this one taken in Trenton, New Jersey sometime in the 1870s…

…and this one taken in front of the Machinery Hall in Cincinnati at the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and the Central States.

The American German National Bank of Paducah printed currency between 1872 and 1910…

…though they didn’t make that distinction on the actual currency notes.

Lastly, twenty blocks of Paducah’s downtown have been designated as a historic district, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The next stop on the Ohio River is Evansville, the largest city in southern Indiana and a hub for everything in the region…

…as well as the seat of Vanderburgh County.

This is the Old Vanderburgh County Courthouse, said to have been built between 1888 and 1890.

The city of Evansville was said to have been founded in 1812, and incorporated in 1817.

It is interesting to note that Evansville was founded around the same time of the New Madrid earthquakes.

Evansville is not geographically distant from New Madrid, Missouri, being only 144-miles, or 232-kilometers, apart from each other.

New Madrid is best-known for the New Madrid Earthquakes, three of which in the winter of 1811 and 1812 were estimated to be the largest earthquakes ever recorded in the United States, that the USGS estimated were between 7 and 8 on the Richter Scale, and which created widespread devastation through the region.

The Wabash and Erie Canal was said to have been built starting in 1832…

…and its construction completed by 1853, between Toledo, Ohio, and Evansville.

…but we are told the canal was already made obsolete with the opening of the Evansville & Crawfordsville Railroad to Terre Haute was opened that same year, and only two flat barges made the entire trip.

Lumber Baron John Augustus Reitz immigrated from Germany to America to seek his fortune at the age of 21 in 1863.

He eventually found work in a sawmill in Evansville, and in 1856 opened his own sawmill with his sons on Pigeon Creek, and became one of the largest in the area.

Evansville was the largest hardwood market in the country from 1845 to 1885.

Besides the lumber industry, Reitz was involved in banking and the railroad as well, organizing the Crescent City Bank and incorporating the Evansville, Carmi and Paducah Railroad which later became the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.

So John A. Reitz was a very busy and wealthy man.

The Reitz Home in Evansville is now a Victorian House museum, and considered to be one of the finest examples of the French Second Empire-style architecture.

He was said to have built the house in 1871, with things like hand-painted ceilings, intricately-patterned hand-laid wood parquet floors, stained glass windows, and French gilt chandeliers.

John A. Reitz was said to have been a devout Roman Catholic in the biographical references I looked at, but I wanted to see if there as a possibility he was actually Jewish.

Well, I found there is a possibility when I looked up the origin of the family name.

Known for his philanthropic activities, John A. Reitz was said to have been a big contributor to the construction and maintenance of Evans Hall, a building solely dedicated to temperance.

The Temperance Movement was called a social movement against the consumption of alcohol, and typically criticized alcohol consumption and emphasized alcohol’s negative effects on people’s health, personalities, and lives, in many cases demanding the complete prohibition of it.

Interesting that there would be a building dedicated to temperance in a community with a robust beer-making industry.

Apparently by the year of 1862, there were sixteen breweries already, and the first one to have been set up was taken over by brewmaster John Hartmetz in 1877.

It eventually became a large regional brewery with a national reputation for quality with regards to its famous Sterling beer brand.

Not only was there was an alcohol industry in Evansville, there was also a cigar industry.

The Fendrich Cigar Company became the largest independent cigar factory in the world, at its peak producing 100-million cigars each year.

The Fendrich Brothers immigrated first to Baltimore in America in 1833 from a part of Germany with a history of cigar-making.

They started in the tobacco and cigar business in the 1840s, and in 1855 moved their company headquarters to Evansville.

There was a good-sized German-Jewish presence in Evansville from its beginnings as well.

There were a number of big fires in Evansville’s history.

The Main Street fire of January 3rd of 1951 blazed through the city’s central retail hub, destroying almost all of the Main Street landmarks, some of which are shown here in a photograph that was taken a few weeks before the fire.

Before I leave Evansville, I want to take a look at Angel Mounds.

The site named after the Angel family who purchased the farmland they are on starting in 1852.

This sounds just like the magnificent mound-building civilization of North America being named the Hopewell Culture in 1891, after a family who owned the land that the Hopewell Mound Group earthworks were located on in Ross County, Ohio, and not having any connection made in the name with the indigneous people of this continent.

The Angel Mounds site included six large platform mounds, five small mounds, at least one large plaza, and palisaded walls.

The moundbuilders are typically-depicted like this, wearing loin-cloths and living in thatched huts.

I counted 21 cities on my map of the Ohio River Valley at the beginning of this post, so I am going to hit the highlights from just a few more of the cities as there is so much to find here it would take me forever to finish this.

Then I will summarize and expand on my findings at the end.

Next I am going to look at the Louisville area on the border with the state of Indiana.

Founded in 1778 on the Ohio River, Louisville is one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians, and the settlement was said to have grown as a portage site for Ohio River traffic because of the Falls of the Ohio, the only obstruction for river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico.

The Falls of the Ohio were also where Lewis and his crew met up with Clark at what is now Clarkville, Indiana in October of 1803, across the river from Louisville, Kentucky.

…after a keelboat for their expedition was said to have been built to Lewis’ specifications near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the summer of 1803.

The earliest settlements around the Falls of the Ohio are shown here:

Louisville was the destination of the first German immigrants starting around 200 years ago, and by 1850 they represented nearly 20% of the population, said to have influenced every aspect of daily life from politics to art.

By 1854, Louisville Public Schools not only taught German, but classes were taught in English and German.

The Moses & Henry Levy brothers immigrated to America from Germany, in 1853, and opened their first Levy’s Department store in 1861, and then moved to their flagship store after it was said to have been constructed between 1888 and 1893 by prominent Louisville architects Arthur Loomis and Charles Julian Clarke.

The Levy Brothers Building still stands today, is on the National Register of Historic Places, and was renovated to have a restaurant on the first two floors, and apartment units above the restaurant.

Kunz’ The Dutchman Restaurant started out as a wholesale liquor business in 1892, and was a restaurant between 1941 and 1966.

Alcohol that is 100 proof is 50% Alcohol By Volume (ABV) and straight-up flammable.

Alcohol is classified as a depressant because it slows down the Central Nervous System, causing a decrease in motor coordination, reaction time, and cognitive function, and high doses the respiratory system slows down drastically, potentially causing a coma or death.

Founded in 1797 as Brunerstown, by 1870, seventeen-percent of the citizenry of Jeffersonville, Indiana across the river from Louisville, were foreign-born, mostly from Germany.

This is the German-American bank location in Jeffersonville today.

The Butcherville neighborhood of Louisville was so-named because it became the area for butchers and stockyards in Louisville, Kentucky because of its proximity to the Beargrass Creek where animal remains were said to have been dumped.

The Bourbon stockyards were built in 1836, and waves of German immigrants found their way to Butchertown.

The Bourbon Stockyards closed in 1996, after untold millions of animals were led to slaughter here.

The most prominent of the German meat-packers was Henry Fischer, whose Fischer Packing Company still exists today.

The Germantown neighborhood in Louisville was predominately settled by Germans in the mid-1800s as well.

The next place is Cincinnati, located on the northern side of the confluence of the Ohio and Licking Rivers, the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky.

…and it is the seat of Hamilton County, with construction of the present courthouse said to have been completed in 1915.

Cincinnati was booming in the 19th-century, when during the 1800s it was listed among the top ten cities for its population.

During that time, a significant number of German immigrants arrived in Cincinnati.

Mass immigration began in the 1830s with Cincinnati’s boom in the meatpacking and shipping industries.

Ohio farmers brought their live-stock to Cincinnati for processing and shipment to various markets

Meat-packing resulted in tremendous wealth for some, while at the same time workers received little pay for working long-hours without benefits and if they couldn’t keep up the pace, they were simply replaced.

Upton Sinclair published the book “The Jungle” in 1906, which was about the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in Chicago, depicting the working-class poverty, lack of social supports, harsh living and working conditions, health violations and unsanitary practices, and the deeply-rooted corruption of people in power.

While the book’s publication and public outcry surrounding it led to reforms in the meat-packing industry, like the Meat Inspection Act…Upton Sinclair was a socialist, and promoting socialism was another purpose of the book.

Political refugees came to Cincinnati after the 1848 Revolution in the German states.

The Revolutions had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, and was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, with approximately 50 countries being affected.

The most important of these revolutions were in the Habsburg Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries, as well as in France, the Netherlands, and Italy.

Between 1840 and 1850, the German population increased almost ten times, and thirty-percent of Cincinnati’s population was of German stock. by 1860.

It is important to note Cincinnati has the oldest Jewish community west of the Allegheny Mountains.

In 1854, Isaac Mayer Wise became the rabbi of the B’ne Yeshurun Congregation in Cincinnati, and a leader in establishing what became known as American Reform Judaism.

Formerly the Plum Street Temple, the Isaac M. Wise Temple was said to have been erected in a Byzantine-Moorish synagogue architectural style that originated in Germany during the 19th-century for his congregation in 1865, and that it was dedicated in 1866.

Among the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States, in the historical narrative we are given, the year it was built in 1865 was the last year of the Civil War.

Rabbi Isaac M. Wise’s brother-in-law, a publisher named Edward Bloch followed him to Cincinnati in 1854, who helped set up the production-side of the oldest Jewish-American Newspaper in America, “The Israelite,” which was first published in 1854.

Edward Bloch then went on to found the Bloch Publishing Company in Cincinnati, at the time the largest Jewish publisher in the country.

His son Charles moved the headquarters of the company to New York City in 1901.

Rabbi Isaac M. Wise established the “Union of American Hebrew Congregations” for Reform Judaism in Cincinnati in 1873.

Cincinnati’s Over-the-Rhine neighborhood is among the most intact and largest historic districts in the United States.

The name of the neighborhood came from the mostly German immigrants who developed the area in the mid-1800s.

Amongst the districts within the Over-the-Rhein neighborhood is the Brewery District, the heart of Cincinnati’s beer-brewing industry.

It was here that the first German-owned brewery was opened in 1829.

By 1860, there were as many as 36 breweries operating in Cincinnati.

By 1889, there were 13 fewer breweries, bu they were shipping beer the world over, and by 1890, Cincinnati was named the “Beer Capital of the World.”

Some of the members of Cincinnati’s Beer Barons Hall of Fame include:

John Kauffman, who established the Kauffman Brewery in 1844…

…Friedrich and Heinrich Schmidt, who in 1852 founded the Schmidt Brothers Brewery first as the St. Louis Brewery…

…and Christian Moerlein, who established his first brewing company there in 1853, the city’s largest brewery developing into a national and international market.

From Cincinnati, I am going to end in Pittsburgh, and show you several of the cities along the way there without going into detail:

Maysville, seat of Mason County in Kentucky…

…Huntington, the seat of Cabell County in West Virginia…

…Steubenville, the seat of Jefferson County in Ohio…

…and East Liverpool in Columbiana County in Ohio, once called the “Pottery Capital of the United States” due to the large number of potteries in the city at one time, of which only three remain.

I am going to end my journey at Pittsburgh, the largest city in the Ohio River Valley.

This is a view of the “Forks of the Ohio” at present-day Pittsburgh…

…which like Fort Defiance back in Cairo, Illinois, at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers…

…has a star fort presence, in this case Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio River.

During the mid-19th-century, Pittsburgh received a dramatic influx of German immigrants, including the parents of Henry John Heinz, the founder of the condiment-manufacturing H. J. Heinz Company .

By the time of his death in 1919, the H. J. Heinz Company owned over twenty food-processing plants, as well as seed farms and container factories.

Heinz merged with Kraft in 2015 to become the world’s fifth-largest food and beverage company.

At least one biographical reference I found said H. J. Heinz’ parents were Lutheran and he was raised Lutheran, but like with John A. Reitz back in Evansville, Heinz is also listed as an Ashkenazic Jewish family name.

The Pittsburgh Jewish Community starting in 1838, and is known in the broader American Reform Jewish community for the 1885 Pittsburgh Platform that called for Jews to adopt a modern approach to the practice of their faith, though it was never formally adopted by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations.

It contained eight principles, one of which was the recommendation to do away with rabbinical laws that regulate diet, priestly purity, and dress.

Two other of the principles of the “Pittsburgh Platform” I would like to bring forward mention Palestine by name.

One states: “We recognize in the Mosaic legislation a system of training the Jewish people for its mission during its national life in Palestine, and today we accept as binding only its moral laws, and maintain only such ceremonies as elevate and sanctify our lives, but reject all such as are not adapted to the views and habits of modern civilization.”

The other states: “We recognize, in the modern era of universal culture of heart and intellect, the approaching of the realization of Israel’s great Messianic hope for the establishment of the kingdom of truth, justice, and peace among all men. We consider ourselves no longer a nation, but a religious community, and therefore expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws concerning the Jewish state.”

These two principles establish the notion of the physical location of Palestine, presumably in the Middle East, as having been the ancestral homeland of the Jews, but at that time, they considered themselves a religious community with no expectation of returning to Palestine.

Twelve years after the promulgation of the eight principles of the Pittsburgh Platform, the first World Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland in 1897, which was convened by Theodore Herzl for the small minority of Jewry in agreement with the implementation of the Zionist goals.

The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued in November of 1917 addressed to Lord Rothschild, the leader of the British Jewish Community, from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announcing support for “the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people.”

The Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) declaration in its 1937 Columbus Platform of “an affirmation of the obligation of all Jewry to aid in Palestine’s upbuilding as a Jewish homeland…,” and its assertion in the 1976 Centenary Perspective that “we are bound to the newly born State of Israel by innumerable religious and ethnic ties…,” was accepted by the CCAR in the Miami Platform of 1997.

Let’s talk about Zionism now, because the Mormons are Zionists as well, and actually say there was an ancient civilization of Israelites in the Americas.

Among other things in Mormonism, Zion is a metaphor for a unified Society of Latter Day Saints, metaphorically gathered as members of the Church of Christ, and in this sense, any stake of the Church may be referred to as a “Stake of Zion.”

A stake is the name given to administrative units composed of multiple congregations in certain denominations of the Church, like the Palestine Stake of Zion, in Palestine, Illinois.

There is a city named Palestine in Illinois?

It must must have been named after the Palestine in the Middle East, right?

Or is it?

Could there have actually been a place or region called Palestine in America as well?

Then there was what Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement, believed, that the entirety of the Americas was Zion, and that the American tribes were descended from the Hebrew Tribes of Israel.

Was the founding of the Mormon Church what is defined as “Controlled Opposition?”

Controlled Opposition is a strategy in which an individual, organization, or movement is covertly controlled or influenced by a 3rd-party and the controlled entity’s true purpose is something other than its publicly stated purpose.

The controlled entity serves a role of mass deception, surveillance or political/social manipulation. The controlled party is portrayed as being in opposition to the interests of the controlling party.

So it sure looks to me like the early Mormon leaders were also involved in the creation of the new civilization and narrative, as well as Catholic orders like the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries, the Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church and the Royal Houses of Europe…

…and their secret activities involved with the creation of the New World Order were carried out with the involvement of the highest echelons of secret societies including the Freemasons, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias, and the Skull and Bones Society.

The definition of Zionism as an international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel.

I think Zionism is the vehicle by which the world’s controllers, known by names such as the Illuminati, Cabal, Globalist elite, and Bilderbergers that planned and executed the corporate structure for their global take-over of the world’s finances, resources and people.

They are a small number of related, elitist family bloodlines, hidden in different nationalities and religions, to carry out their plans for world domination.

What was the origin of their Zionist template?

This is the King James Version of Psalm 76:1-2:

1In Iudah is God knowen: his name is great in Israel. 
2In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Sion. 

The word Salem or Shalom in Hebrew, means “Peace’…

…which the similar sounding word salaam in Arabic also means.

A Tabernacle was a portable sanctuary in the wilderness, and the earthly dwelling-place of God.

On the surface, we are told that “Sion” is the Greek form of “Zion;” denotes Mt. Hermon in Deuteronomy 4: 48, where Mt. Hermon referred to as Mt. Sirion…

…and a hill where King David captured a stronghold, a temple was later built, and later become synonymous with Jerusalem.

I also found a definition of “Sion” as ‘an imaginary place considered to be perfect or ideal.’

The metaphysical meaning of “Sion” is defined thus, with words describing things like high power, virtue, courage and strength:

So, what if the King James Version of Psalm 76:2 of “God’s tabernacle is in Salem, and his dwelling place in Sion” actually means something to the effect of:

“God’s portable sanctuary is in Peace, and his dwelling place in the Highest Ideals,” which could also be applied to each individual Human Being as a “portable sanctuary of peace” striving to live life in the highest manner possible.

The word Zion instead has come to be associated as a place name for Jerusalem, as well as the Jewish homeland, and is not synonymous with Sion, which is a State of Being the people of the original civilization strove for.

What if the Twelve Tribes of Israel were not from a specific location on the Earth, but an integral part of how the original worldwide civilization was laid out?

The following is a summary of some my findings regarding the creation of the world we live in today by focusing my research primarily on German entrepreneurs and settlements in the Mississippi River and Ohio River Valleys.

German-Jewish immigrants starting primarily around 1830 started arriving in cities all along these important waterways, setting up shop, monetizing all available resources through the creation of different industry sectors…

…creating the new economy and financial system…

…and generally laying the groundwork for the New World on top of the original infrastructure of the ancient Moorish Civilization that built everything, which had its origins in Mu, also known as Lemuria.

In my opinion, the infrastructure was dug out of mud flows and/or re-started in order to be able to use whatever form of infrastructure it was, like canals, railroads, and streetcars among many other things, and not built by the people who took the credit for building them.

These businessmen created jobs for which they paid immigrants, not only from Germany but other countries as well, low wages, which was in turn returned to as wealth in the form of payment for goods…

…purchased in their department stores and other shops, among many other ways of increasing wealth by payment.

It is also an interesting side-note that Child Labor Laws didn’t go into effect in the United States until 1938.

Creating an environment filled with the widespread-availability of addictive substances, establishing alcohol- and tobacco-use as socio-cultural norms, which was glamorized in glitzy advertising.

Beautiful old buildings were either intentionally modified, demolished or left abandoned to deteriorate on their own over time.

Following the Mississippi River, I found the origins of the Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis, from which its very first product, Saccharin, was manufactured by the company founder for the Meyer Brothers Drug Company in the same city, and the start of a whole host of poisonous products.

Monsanto was acquired by the German multinational Bayer Pharmaceutics and Life Sciences Company after gaining United States and EU regulatory approvals on June 7th of 2018, and Monsanto’s name is no longer used.

I found this picture of a cotton field in New Madrid County, the second-leading producer of cotton in Missouri, with signage displaying the “Bayer” logo.

I found Joseph Biedenharn originating in Vicksburg, Mississippi, a German-American businessman who was the first bottler of coca-cola, and the first to develop an independent network of franchise bottlers to distribute the drink.

He moved his coke-bottling business to Monroe, Louisiana, in 1913, and he along with his son and other investors, Joseph Biedenharn bought a crop-dusting business in 1925 (for spraying pesticides, which were other product-lines of Monsanto)…

…which was the genesis of Delta Airlines, incorporated in 1928.

And lastly, in following the Ohio River, I found the origins of American Reform Judiasm, which connects directly back to the formation of the Zionist movement as we know it in the 20th-century, in Cincinnati and Pittsburgh.

In conclusion, the same people that don’t want you to believe Henry Kissinger ever said this at the World Health Organization Council on Eugenics on February 5th of 2009…

…want you to believe that “The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion,” first published in Russia in 1903, describing a Jewish plan for global domination, was an anti-semitic forgery.

I want to end this by saying I personally believe the world’s elitist controllers will not get away with all that they have done, and that things are in motion to bring about their Day of Reckoning in the near future.

Who is Represented in the National Statuary Hall in the U. S. Capitol Building? – Part 4 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas & Kentucky

So far in the National Statuary Hall, from Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, and Arkansas, there have been two journalist/politicians (Bob Bartlett & Ernest Gruening); two military hero/politicians (Joseph Wheeler/Barry Goldwater); a Jesuit missionary (Father Eusebio Kino); one lawyer/politician (James Paul Clarke); one lawyer (Uriah M. Rose); and one disability rights advocate/socialist (Helen Keller).

From California, Colorado, Connecticult and Arkansas, there was an actor/politician (Ronald Reagan); astronaut/politician (Jack Swigert); two Founding Father/Lawyer/politicians – Robert Sherman and Caesar Rodney; a merchant/politician – Jonathan Trumbull; a lawyer/politician (John M Clayton); a Woman Scientist/Public Health Doctor (Florence R. Sabin); and a Franciscan Missionary (St. Junipero Serra).

From Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, and Idaho, there were two physicians – John Gorrie and Crawford Long; two military leaders during the Civil War, Edmund Kirby Smith, who commanded the Trans-Mississippi Theater, and George L. Shoup, a Cavalry leader in Colorado, who later became Governor of Idaho and a U. S. Senator; a lawyer and politician who became Vice-President of the Confederacy, Congressman, and later Governor of the State of Georgia, Alexander H. Stephens; a lawyer and politician who had a 33-year-career in the U. S. Senate, William E. Borah; the founder and ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii, King Kamehameha I; and a Belgian Catholic priest and missionary, who attained Sainthood for his work with the lepers of Hawaii, Father Damien.

So far the count of U. S. politicians in the National Statuary Hall is at 13-out-of-24 statues, once again over half of them, with seven of them being lawyers.

James Shields and Frances Willard represent the State of Illinois in the National Statuary Hall.

James Shields is one of the statues representing the State of Illinois.

He was an Irish-American Democratic politician and U. S. Army officer, and the only person in U. S. history to serve as Senator for three different states, and one of only two to represent more than one state.

He represented Illinois from 1849 to 1855; Minnesota from 1858 to 1859; and Missouri in 1879.

Born in Ireland in 1806, and raised there, Shields came first to North America in 1826, starting out as a purser on a merchant ship, first landing in Florida during the Second Seminole War, and then in Quebec, before going on to settle in Kaskaskia, Illinois in the early 1830s.

The village of Kaskaskia where he settled was named for the indigenous Kaskaskia people who lived here, part of the Illinois Confederation of the Great Lakes Region, and it was the location of the “Grand Village of the Illinois,” now a state historic site known as the Zimmerman site.

The French explorers Luke Joliet, a fur trader, and Father Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit Missionary, came across Kaskaskia in 1673, on their expedition to chart the Mississippi River.

What is known today as “Starved Rock State Park” is located across the Illinois River from the village of Kaskaskia.

Starved Rock was the location of what was called the Fort St. Louis du Rocher, and said to have been built on the butte by trusted men of the Sieur de la Salle during the winter of 1682 and 1683.

The fort was the center of what was called “LaSalle’s Colony,” a place LaSalle’s agents traded with the estimated 20,000 Native Americans who lived in the Starved Rock Region.

No surface remains of the fort are found at the site of the fort today.

The French were said to have built Fort Crevecoeur in 1680, near modern-day Peoria, also said to have been destroyed by members of LaSalle’s expedition, who feared it was going to be destroyed in the on-going French and Indian Wars, which took place between 1609 and 1701.

Subsequently, the French were said to have built Fort St. Louis du Pimiteoui, also known as Old Fort Peoria, in the same area.

Apparently…there were A LOT of historical forts in this region.

Were they built by who we are told, or were they star forts built by the indigenous people?

Back to James Shields.

While still in Ireland, he was educated at St. Patrick’s Pontifical University in Maynooth, Ireland, where he studied military science, French, and fencing.

Pontifical Universities were established or approved directly by the Holy See in Rome.

After Shields arrived in Kaskaskia, Illinois, he studied law and began to practice in 1832, and by 1836, he was serving as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives, and he was elected State Auditor in 1839.

Abraham Lincoln denounced Shields as State Auditor in an inflammatory letter that was published in a local newspaper, that came to a head on September 22nd of 1842, when the two men almost fought in a duel.

There were reported interventions by others at the duel site, and the two men were said to part on good terms and subsequently become good friends.

Shields was appointed as an Illinois Supreme Court Justice in February of 1845 to take the place of Stephen Douglas.

He resigned to become Commissioner of the U. S. General Land Office, during which time he surveyed land in Iowa he wanted to become a colony for Irish immigrants.

He resigned from that position in order to become a Brigadier-General following the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1846.

He commanded the 3rd Brigade during the Battles of Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded and spent nine-weeks recovering, and returned to fight for one-day, in both the Battles of Contreras and Churrobusco, and then once-again wounded in the Battle of Chapultepec, where he was again wounded resulting in a fractured arm, and he was forced to remain recovering through the end of the war.

After the Mexican-American War ended in 1848, Shields was promoted to the rank of Major-General, and received two honorary swords from South Carolina and Illinois.

He returned to his law practice in Illinois, though soon tapped by President James Polk, and confirmed by the Senate, to be the Governor of the Oregon Territory on August 14th of 1848, which was created on the same day.

He declined the offer in order to run for the Senate in the State of Illinois.

Shields won the election in 1848, but the resulted was voided because he had not been a naturalized citizen for the nine-years required by the U. S. Constitution.

He won a special election held by the Illinois Governor after the 9-years had passed, with his first term starting in October of 1849.

After being defeated for his Senate seat in Illinois in 1855 by Lyman Trumbull, Shields moved to Minnesota, where he had been awarded lands in return for his military service.

He arranged for Irish immigrants to move from the East Coast to Rice and LeSueur counties.

He founded Shieldsville in Rice County and was involved in the early settlement of Faribault in Rice County as well.

When Minnesota became a state in 1858, Shields became a compromise candidate for the U. S. Senate along with Henry Mower Rice, and the two drew straws to determine who would serve the longer and shorter terms.

Shields drew the short straw, and only served as Minnesota’s U. S. Senator from May 11th of 1858 to March 3rd of 1859.

During the American Civil War, Shields was appointed as Brigadier General of Volunteers for California, which was where he was living at the time having moved there from Minnesota.

He subsequently commanded the 2nd Division of the V Corps, Army of the Potomac, during the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862.

The Shenandoah Valley Campaign was chalked up as a victory for Confederate forces under the leadership of Major General Stonewall Jackson, whose troops prevented three Union Armies from reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond between March and May of 1862.

Though Shields was wounded as a result of the battle, his troops inflicted Stonewall Jackson’s only tactical defeat of the campaign at the Battle of Kernstown on March 22nd of 1862, for which he was promoted to Major General.

His promotion was subsequently withdrawn and rejected, however, and Shields resigned from the Army.

James Shields moved to San Francisco in 1863, and served as the State Railroad Commissioner until 1866.

In 1866, Shields settled in Carrollton, Missouri, where he lived for the rest of his life.

He lost his election to Congress for the State of Missouri in 1868, but in 1879, he was elected to the fill a vacant Senate seat, where he served only three-months before resigning on March 3rd of 1879. This made him the only person to have served as senator from three different states.

He died unexpectedly only three-months later, on June 1st of 1879, in Ottumwa, Iowa, while on a lecture tour, at which time he complained of chest pains before his death.

James Shields was buried in an unmarked grave in Carrollton for 30-years in St. Mary’s Cemetery, until the local government and Congress funded a granite and bronze monument in his honor.

Frances Willard is the other historical figure representing Illinois.

Frances Willard was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women’s suffragist.

She was born in 1839 in Churchville, New York, near Rochester, to Josiah Flint Willard, a farmer, naturalist and legislator, and businessman, and Mary Willard.

The family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, in 1841, where her parents took classes at Oberlin College.

Oberlin College was established in 1833, and is the oldest coeducational liberal arts college in the United States, and the second-oldest in the world.

Then in 1846, the family moved to Janesville, Wisconsin, for the given reason of her father Josiah’s health.

There, Frances and her sister Mary were said to have attended the Milwaukee Normal School, where their mother’s sister taught.

The Willard Family moved to Evanston, Illinois, in 1858, where Josiah Willard became a banker.

Frances and her sister Mary attended the North Western Female College there.

Their brother Oliver attended seminary at the Garrett Biblical Institute in Evanston.

After Frances Willard graduated from the North Western Female College, she worked at the Pittsburgh Female College…

…and also at the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary in New York, which later became Syracuse University.

Then in 1871, she was appointed as President of the newly-founded Evanston College for Ladies, and in 1873, she was named as the first Dean of Women when the same school became the Woman’s College of Northwestern University.

This position didn’t last long for her over confrontations in 1874 with the University’ President, Charles Henry Fowler, who had been her fiance.

After this happened, she focused her career energies into the Women’s Temperance Movement, and she was involved in the founding of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), also in 1874, and was elected the first Corresponding Secretary.

The WCTU was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform, playing an influential role in the Temperance Movement, supporting the 18th Amendment to the Constitution that established Prohibition, and influential in other social reform issues of the Progressive Era.

She was elected President of the National WCTU in 1879, and held this post until her death in 1898.

Frances Willard was also editor of the organization’s weekly newspaper, “The Union Signal” from 1892 to 1898.

Willard argued for the right for women to vote, based on “Home Protection,” as President of the WCTU, as a part of which she argued that having the right to vote gave women a means of protection in and outside of the home against violent acts caused by intoxicated men.

Frances Willard founded the World WCTU in 1888 and became its first President in 1893.

After 1893, Willard became a committed Christian Socialist, having been influenced by the Fabian Society in Great Britain.

The Fabian Society was a British Socialist organization whose purpose was to advance the principles of Democratic Socialism rather than by revolutionary overthrow.

Christian Socialism was established as a religious and social philosophy that blended Christianity and socialism, advocating for left-wing politics and socialist economics from a Biblical perspective.

Frances Willard died in her sleep from influenza on February 17th of 1898 where she was staying at the Empire Hotel in New York City just prior to leaving for a European tour…

…and was buried in the Rose Hill Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois.

She bequeathed her home in Evanston to the WCTU, and it became her museum and the headquarters for the organization in 1900.

The State of Indiana is represented by Oliver P. Morton and Lew Wallace in the National Statuary Hall.

Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton, better known as Oliver P. Morton, was a Republican Party politician from Indiana.

He was the 14th-Governor of Indiana during the American Civil War, making significant contributions to the war effort, and he was a close ally of President Abraham Lincoln’s.

He also served as a senator from Indiana for a period of time during the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War.

Oliver P. Morton was born in Wayne County Indiana, on the border with Ohio, in August of 1823 to James Throck and Sarah Morton.

His mother died when he was three-years-old, and he went to live with his mother’s parents in Ohio.

As a young man, he rejoined his family in Centerville, Indiana, where he was apprenticed to a hatmaker for four years.

He quit the hat-making business to enroll in Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he studied law for two-years.

After briefly attending Cincinnati College, Morton returned to Centerville in 1845, and was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1846.

Morton campaigned and was elected to serve as a Circuit Court Judge in 1852, but resigned after a year because he preferred to practice law.

By 1854, however, Morton was active in Indiana politics.

That same year, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, which allowed settlers of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether or not slavery would be allowed within.

It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas” when pro-slavery and anti-slavery activists flooded into the new territories seeking to sway the vote.

Master Mason John Brown…

…was very involved in what happened in “Bleeding Kansas.”

Ultimately the cause of eleven states to secede from the Union in 1860 was said to have been in support of states’ rights in the context of slavery to support the South’s agricultural economy, and the federal government not overturning abolitionist policies in the North and in new territories.

In 1856, Morton became a member of the Resolutions Committee of the Republican Party on the national level of the preliminary national convention for the new political party in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania…

…and was a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia.

Morton lost his first election as a Republican for Governor in 1856 to Democrat Ashbel Willard (apparently no relation to Frances), a popular state senator.

In 1858, the name of “Republican” had been officially adopted by the “People’s Party” and in 1860, Indiana Republicans nominated Morton, known as a Radical Republican for his anti-slavery position, for the office of Lieutenant Governor, with the more Conservative choice Henry Lane for the party’s candidate as Governor.

Lane and Morton won the state’s general election and Republicans gained control of the state legislature.

The day after the election, the General Assembly chose Lane to fill a U. S. Senate seat. He resigned, and Morton became the 14th Governor of the State of Indiana on January 18th of 1861.

Morton, who was Governor of Indiana form 1861 to 1867, was a strong supporter of the Union, during the Civil War, advocating for the use of force to preserve it as opposed to compromise, and staunchly supported President Abraham Lincoln’s conduct during the war.

As Governor, Morton went to great lengths to make sure that Indiana contributed as much as possible to the war effort.

Morton attended the “Loyal War Governors” conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania in 1862, which gave Lincoln the needed support for the “Emancipation Proclamation.”

Once Emancipation became an issue in 1862, Indiana Republicans suffered defeats in the mid-term elections, and Democrats gained the majority in the State Legislature, leading to many conflicts between the State Legislature and Governor Morton over the next few years.

Even though the Democrats fiercely opposed Morton, he still managed to win reelection in 1864, and the Republicans managed to retake control of both houses of the General Assembly.

Morton was partially crippled by a stroke in October of 1865, and during the time he was recovering, his Lt. Governor, Conrad Baker, served as Acting Governor.

Morton returned to the governorship in March of 1866, though needing assistance to walk.

In 1867, Morton was elected by the General Assembly to serve as a U. S. Senator, and he resigned as Governor. He s was elected to a second-term, but died before the end of it.

In his first term, he quickly became a leader in the Senate, becoming a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee and chair of the Committee of Privileges and Elections.

This was during the time of Reconstruction and Morton supported the Radical Republican program for re-making the former Confederate states, supporting such things as legislation to void the southern states’ constitutions, and to require elections for representatives to state constitutional conventions that would be charged with writing new ones.

Morton died on November 1st of 1877, after having a second stroke on August 6th of 1877.

His remains laid in-state at the Indiana State Capitol building and his funeral held at the Roberts Park Methodist Church in Indianapolis, after which he was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery.

The other statue for Indiana is represented by Lew Wallace.

Lew Wallace was a lawyer; Union General during the Civil War; Governor of the New Mexico Territory; politician from Indiana; and author, best known to the general public for writing “Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ” in 1880.

Lew Wallace was born in April of 1827 in Brookville, Indiana.

Wallace’s father David was a graduate of West Point, and after he left the military in 1822, he moved to Brookville where he became a lawyer and entered politics, serving in the Indiana General Assembly, later becoming the State’s Lieutenant Governor, Governor and a member of Congress.

After moving to Covington, Indiana in 1832, Lew’s mother Esther died from tuberculosis in 1834.

His father remarried in 1836, to Zerelda Gray Sanders Wallace, who later became a prominent suffragist and temperance advocate.

In 1837, when he was 10, the family moved to Indianapolis when his father became Governo

By 1846, at the start of the Mexican-American War, Lew Wallace was studying law at his father’s law office, but he left there in order to become a 2nd Lieutenant for the Marion Volunteers on June 19th of 1846, a local militia group that he was already a part of, until he departed that service in the military, after not seeing combat, on June 15th of 1847, and returned to Indiana to pursue law.

Wallace was admitted to the Bar in February of 1849, and he established a law practice in Covington, Indiana.

In 1851, he was elected the prosecuting attorney of Indiana’s 1st Congressional District.

From 1849 to 1853, his law office was in the Fountain County Clerk’s Building, said to have been built in 1842, and known today as the Lew Wallace Law Office.

He resigned from that position in 1853 to move to Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he continued to practice law and was elected to a two-year term in the Indiana Senate in 1856.

The General Lew Wallace Study & Museum in Crawfordsville, a National Historic Landmark, contains his personal mementoes and houses the Ben Hur Museum as well.

Wallace organized an independent Militia called the Crawfordsville Guards, later called the Montgomery Guards, which would later form the core of the 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, his first military command during the Civil War.

Wallace adopted the Zouave uniform and training style of the elite units of the French Army in Algeria for the unit.

Wallace began his full-time military career shortly after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, which took place on April 12th of 1861, considered the beginning of the Civil War.

His 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into the Union Army two-weeks later, on April 25th of 1861, and he received a commission as a Colonel the next day.

On June 5th of 1861, his regiment won a minor battle at Romney, West Virginia, near Cumberland, Maryland, leading to the Confederate evacuation of Harper’s Ferry on June 18th.

Wallace was promoted to Brigadier General in September of 1861, and given command of a brigade.

On February 4th and 5th of 1862, Union troops made their way towards the Confederate Fort Henry on the Tennessee River in western Tennessee.

Wallace’s brigade was ordered to occupy Fort Heiman, called an uncompleted Confederate fort across the river from Fort Henry.

They watched from Fort Heiman as Union troops attacked Fort Henry on February 6th, resulting in a Union Victory and the Confederate surrender of Fort Henry.

Wallace was left in command of Fort Henry as another general moved troops overland towards Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River.

Then on February 13th, Wallace received the order to move out towards the Cumberland River, and his brigades took positions in the center of the Union Line, facing Fort Donelson.

Wallace’s decisions in the battlefield led to checking the Confederate assault and stabilizing the Union defensive line.

He was promoted to Major General, and became the youngest Major General in the Union Army.

Wallace was the 3rd Division Commander under General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Shiloh, which took place on April 6th of 1862.

There was controversy surrounding Wallace’s actions in the field concerning whether or not he followed General Grant’s orders that led to a significant setback in his military career, even though overall Shiloh was considered a Union victory because Confederate forces ended up retreating, and ending their hopes of blocking the Union advance into northern Mississippi.

Wallace’s most notable service during the Civil War was said to have been the Battle of Monocacy, which took place on July 9th of 1864 near Frederick, Maryland, in which even though they were defeated by Confederate troops, Wallace’s men were able to delay a Confederate march towards Washington, DC, for a day giving the city time to organize its defenses and force the Confederates to retreat to Virginia.

Among other duties after the Civil War ended, Wallace was appointed to the military commission that investigated the Lincoln assassination conspirators that began in May of 1865, and ended on June 30th of 1865 after finding all eight conspirators guilty.

In 1867, Wallace returned to Indiana to practice law, but it no longer appealed to him, so he turned to politics.

He lost two Congressional elections, in 1868 and 1870, but as a reward for supporting the candidacy of President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, Wallace was appointed Governor of the New Mexico Territory, a position in which he served from August of 1878 to March of 1881.

From May 19th of 1881 to March 4th of 1885, Wallace served as the U. S. Minister to the Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) in Constantinople (now Istanbul).

As an author, Lew Wallace was best known for writing “Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ” in 1880…

…which was turned into an award-winning movie in 1959 starring Charlton Heston as the wealthy Jewish Prince, Ben-Hur.

Wallace returned to Crawfordsville, Indiana, from the Ottoman Empire.

Among other pursuits, he was given the credit for building the Blacheme in 1895, a 7-story apartment building in Indianapolis.

He lived in Crawfordsville until his death in February of 1905, where he was buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery there.

Norman Borlaug and Samuel J. Kirkwood represent the State of Iowa in the National Statuary Hall.

Norman Borlaug was an American Agriculturalist who led initiatives around the world that lead to significant increases in agricultural production, known as “The Green Revolution.”

Norman Borlaug was born in March of 1914 on his Norwegian great-grandparents’ farm in the Norwegian-American community of Saude, Iowa, in Chickasaw County.

Borlaug worked on the family farm west of Protivin, Iowa, from the ages of 7 to 19, raising things like corn, oats and livestock.

He attended the one-room New Oregon #8 rural school in Howard County, Iowa, through the 8th-grade, a building that is owned by the Norman Borlaug Heritage Foundation as part of his legacy.

For the remainder of his secondary-education he attended Cresco High School, excelling in athletics.

He received his higher education at the University of Minnesota, where he received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Forestry in 1937, a Master of Science degree in 1940, and a Ph.D in plant pathology and genetics in 1942.

Borlaug was employed as a microbiologist by DuPont in Wilmington, Delaware, between 1942 and 1944, where it was planned he would lead research in agricultural bacteriocides, fungicides and preservatives.

With the entry of the U. S. into World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th of 1941, his lab instead was converted to conduct research for the U. S. Military, like the development of glue that resisted corrosion in the warm salt water of the Pacific; camouflage; canteen disinfectants; DDT to control Malaria; and insulation for small electronics.

The Mexican President Avila Camacho, elected in 1940, wanted to augment Mexico’s industrialization and economic growth, and the U. S. Vice-President Henry Wallace, who saw this as beneficial to the interests of the United States, persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to work with the Mexican government in agricultural development.

They in turn contacted leading agronomists who proposed the Office of Special Studies within the Mexican Government to be directed by the Rockefeller Foundation, and staffed by Mexican and American scientists focusing on soil development; maize and wheat production and plant pathology.

Borlaug was tapped to be the head of the newly established Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program in Mexico, a position which he took over as a geneticist and plant pathologist after he finished his wartime service with DuPont in 1944.

In 1964, he was made the Director of the International Wheat Improvement Program at El Batan on the outskirts of Mexico City, as part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research’s International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (or CIMMYT), the funding for which was provided by the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, and the Mexican Government.

Interesting to note that Borlaug felt that pesticides, like DDT, had more benefits than drawbacks, and advocated for their continued use.

Borlaug retired as Director of the CIMMYT in 1979, though stayed on as a Senior Consultant and continued to be involved in research in plant research.

He started teaching and doing research at Texas A & M University in 1984, and was the holder of the Eugene Butler Endowed Chair in Agricultural Biotechnology, for which he advocated the use of as he had for the use of pesticides, in spite of heavy criticism.

Norman Borlaug died at the age of 95 in September of 2009 in Dallas.

There is a memorial to him outside of the city of Obregon, at CIMMYT’s Experiment Station in Mexico’s Sonora State, where there are miles and miles of cultivated land, where tractors plow the land, airplanes spray pesticides on the crops; mechanical harvesters reap the wheat; trucks carry the crops to town from where they are shipped around the world.

Among other awards in recognition for his achievements, Borlaug received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970; the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977; and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2006.

It is interesting to note that the old Des Moines Public Library Building has been the Norman E. Borlaug/World Food Prize Hall of Laureates for the World Food Prize since 1973, an international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality, quantity, or availability of food in the world.

The old Des Moines Public Library Building was said to have been constructed in 1903, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

The World Food Prize is awarded here in October of every year and the World Food Prize Foundation is endowed by the Rockefeller Foundation.

It is also interesting to note that in Norman Borlaug’s home state of Iowa, Power Pollen is located in Ankeny.

Power Pollen’s mission statement is to preserve and enhance crop productivity by enabling superior pollination systems.

Well, that sounds great, but when I was looking for information on Power Pollen, I encountered the information that in 2021, Power Pollen announced a commercial license agreement with Bayer Pharmaceuticals designed to help corn seed production.

And what’s wrong with that picture?

Monsanto was acquired by the German multinational Bayer Pharmaceutics and Life Sciences Company after gaining United States and EU regulatory approvals on June 7th of 2018 for $66-billion in cash, and Monsanto’s name is no longer used.

Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa’s other statue, was Iowa’s Civil War Governor, and he also served as a U. S. Senator and as the U. S. Secretary of the Interior.

Samuel J. Kirkwood was born in 1813 in Harford County, Maryland, which is located in the middle between, the cities of Washington, DC; Baltimore, Maryland; and Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In 1835, Kirkwood moved to Ohio with his father, where he practiced law and was involved in politics.

Kirkwood moved to Iowa in 1855, near Iowa City, and got involved in the milling business with the Clark family, who he married into as well.

Kirkwood took an interest in the newly-founded Republican Party, and he delivered a speech at the founding meeting of the Iowa Republican Party in February of 1856.

Kirkwood was elected in 1856 to the Iowa Senate as a Republican, where he served until 1859.

Kirkwood was nominated for Governor in 1859, and defeated Augustus C. Dodge, who like Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, participated in a series of debates, during which slavery was the main issue.

Kirkwood spoke in opposition to slavery, and Dodge was in favor of popular sovereignty, where the people in the territories decided.

Kirkwood was elected as Governor, and during his first year in office, John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry in West Virginia took place on October 16th of 1859, and further polarized the nation over slavery.

There was a federal arsenal located there, and while the plan was to raid the arsenal and instigate a major slave rebellion in the South, he had no rations or escape route.

In 36-hours, troops under the command of then Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee had arrested him and his cohorts, who had withdrawn to the engine house after they had been surrounded by local citizens and militia.

John Brown was hung on December 2nd of 1859, less than two months after the onset of the Harper’s Ferry Raid.

Kirkwood was on the side of the militant abolitionists, and when Barclay Coppock, a young man from Iowa who was part of Brown’s raid, fled home, Kirkwood refused to accept extradition papers from Virginia and allowed Coppock to escape.

Like Governor Oliver P. Morton back in Indiana, Samuel Kirkwood was a strong supporter of President Abraham Lincoln, and was active in raising troops and supplies from Iowa for the Union Army, and as well attended the Loyal War Governors’ Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania in 1862, which gave support for Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.

In 1864, he left the office of governor to practice law in Iowa City.

Then between 1865 and 1867, he finished out someone else’s term in the U. S. Senate, and then he served again between 1877 and 1881.

In between that time, he was Governor of Iowa again between 1876 and 1877, and in March of 1881, Kirkwood resigned from the Senate to become President James A. Garfield’s Secretary of the Interior, which he was until April of 1882.

Kirkwood died in September of 1894 in Iowa City, where he was buried in Oakland Cemetery.

The two statues representing the State of Kansas are Dwight D. Eisenhower and John J. Ingalls.

Dwight David Eisenhower during World War II achieved the rank of 5-star general and was the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe; the first Supreme Commander of NATO from 1951 to 1952; and the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was born in Denison, Texas, in October of 1890.

His Eisenhauer ancestors immigrated to America from Karlsbrunn, Germany, and settled in Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1741, considered part of the what are called the Pennsylvania Dutch.

The Eisenhower family moved to Abilene, Kansas, in 1892, and Dwight graduated from high school there in 1909.

In 1911, Eisenhower accepted an appointment to the U. S. Army military academy at West Point in New York, and graduated in the middle of the class of 1915.

His 1915 class at West Point became known as the “Class the Stars Fell on” because 59 out of 164 graduates that year became general officers, besides Eisenhower, including the 5-Star World War II General Omar Bradley.

During the years of World War I, between 1914 and 1918, Eisenhower served in infantry and logistics at bases in Texas, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, like Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio…

…Fort Oglethorpe in northern Georgia…

…Fort Leavenworth in Kansas…

…Camp Meade in Maryland…

…and Camp Colt in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

By the time he received orders to go to France, the war was over.

After the war, Eisenhower was promoted to Major, a rank he held for 16-years.

His assignments included being assigned to a convoy that drove the 3,000-mile, or 4,800-kilometer, length of the Lincoln Highway, from Washington, DC to California, to test vehicles and show the need for improved roads to the nation, and said to have inspired the National Highway System…

…and commanding a battalion of tanks at Camp Meade.

He was the Executive Officer under Major General Fox Conner in the Panama Canal Zone from about 1922 to 1924, under whom he studied military history and theory…

…and on General Conner’s recommendation, he attended the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, between 1925 and 1926.

From there, he was a Battalion Commander at Fort Benning in Georgia until 1927.

Then he was assigned to the Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and graduated from there in 1928.

While Eisenhower was the Executive Officer to the Assistant Secretary of War George Mosely from 1929 to 1933, he attended the Army Industrial College at Fort McNair in Washington, DC, where he graduated from in 1933.

The Army Industrial College today is known as the Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy.

Eisenhower was posted as the Chief MIlitary Aide to General Douglas MacArthur, and accompanied him to the Philippines in 1935, where he was assistant military advisor to the Philippines government in developing their army.

In December of 1939, Eisenhower returned to the United States and became the Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion of the 15th Infantry Regiment at Fort Lewis, Washington, later becoming the Regimental Executive Officer.

He was promoted to Colonel in March of 1941, and assigned as Chief of Staff to the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce.

Then in June of 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff for General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army at Fort Sam Houston.

Eisenhower participated in the Louisiana Maneuvers, a series of major U. S. Army exercises held in northern and west central Louisiana from August to September of 1941…

…and he was promoted to Brigadier General on September 29th of 1941.

Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, DC, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941, where he served until June 1942, with the responsibility to create war plans to defeat Japan and Germany.

After going to London in May of 1942 with the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces, Lt. General Henry Arnold, to assess the effectiveness of the Theater Command in Europe, he returned to London in June of 1942 as the Commanding General of the European Theater of Operations, and was promoted to Lt. General on July 7th of 1942.

Then in November of 1942, Eisenhower was appointed the Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations through the new Allied Expeditionary Force Headquarters.

Under the command of Lt. General Eisenhower, Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa took place from the 8th through the 16th of November of 1942, and was planned in the underground headquarters at the Rock of Gibraltar.

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula.

By December of 1943, President Roosevelt had chosen Eisenhower, by this time a four-star general, to be the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.

He was tasked with planning and carrying out Operation Overlord, the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy, starting with the D-Day landings on June 6th of 1944.

Eisenhower was promoted to the highest officer rank in the Army of 5-star General, known as “General of the Army,” on December 20th of 1944.

By the end of the War in Europe on May 8th of 1945, Eisenhower commanded all Allied Forces.

After World War II ended, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the American Occupation Zone, located primarily in southern Germany, and headquartered at the IG Farben building in Frankfurt, the world’s largest office building in Europe until the 1950s.

Besides documenting evidence of the atrocities of Nazi concentration camps for the Nuremburg Trials, he arranged for the distribution of American food and medical equipment in response to the post-war devastation in Germany.

Eisenhower went back to Washington, DC, in November of 1945 to replace General George C. Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army.

Eisenhower became President of Columbia University in 1948, and one of his accomplishments there was establishing the Institute of War and Peace Studies.

Eisenhower became the Supreme Commander of NATO in December of 1952, and was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe.

He retired from the Army on June 3rd of 1952, and was also elected President of the United States in November of 1952.

He held the office of President of the United States from 1953 – 1961.

Eisenhower gave his final televised address as President on January 17th of 1961, one in which he raised the issues of the Cold War, the role of the U. S. Armed Forces, and raising the alarm about the need to guard against the unwarranted influence of the Military-Industrial complex.

Eisenhower died on March 28th of 1969 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC, from Congestive Heart Failure.

After numerous viewings of his body around Washington, he was returned to Abilene, Kansas via a special funeral train, and laid to rest inside the Place of Meditation on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Center.

John James Ingalls is the other statue representing the State of Kansas.

He was one of the Republican Senators from Kansas, serving between March 4th of 1873 and March 3rd of 1891.

He was credited with the suggestion of the state motto, Ad Astra Per Aspera (“to the stars”) and the designing of the state seal.

Ingalls was born in Middleton, Massachusetts, in December of 1833.

He graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1855.

He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857.

In 1860, Ingalls moved to the Kansas Territory, which was created in 1854, and settled in Atchison.

Joining the anti-slavery forces to make Kansas a free state, Ingalls was a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in 1859, which ultimately created the constitution for the State of Kansas.

For several years, Kansas had two governments, in two different cities – Lecompton and Lawrence – with two constitutions, one of which was pro-slavery, and the other anti-slavery, and each one claiming to be the legitimate government of the Kansas Territory.

By the time of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention held between July 5th and July 29th of 1859, there were three other constitutions for Kansas citizens to vote on – the Topeka Constitution, the Leavenworth Constitution, and the Lecompton Constitution, which was drafted by pro-slavery advocates.

Initially, the Lecompton Constitution won the popular vote, but there was a climate of intimidation and violence around the voting, and it was overruled.

The Wyandotte Constitution, which admitted Kansas to the Union as a Free State, won the second round of popular voting, and was the Constitution which was approved for the admission of the State of Kansas in the U. S. Congress, which took place on January 29th of 1861.

Ingalls became a State Senator in 1862, and served as the Secretary of the first State Senate.

He was also a Judge Advocate in the Kansas Militia during the Civil War.

Judge Advocates functioned as legal advisors within the military.

In 1873, he was elected to the U. S. Senate, and served Kansas as a Senator there for the next 18-years.

During the time he was in the U. S. Senate, he was a supporter of the 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which mandated that most positions within the federal government be awarded on the basis of merit and not for political patronage…

…and the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which regulated the railroad industry.

John J. Ingalls died in August of 1900, and was buried in Atchison’s Mount Vernon Cemetery.

John Ingalls was a second-cousin to Charles Ingalls, the father of Laura Ingalls Wilder who wrote the “Little House on the Prairie” books.

Henry Clay and Ephraim McDowell represent the State of Kentucky in the National Statuary Hall.

Henry Clay was an attorney and statesman, who served in both houses of Congress; as the ninth U. S. Secretary of State; ran for U. S. President three times; and helped establish both the Whig Party and the Republican Party.

Henry Clay was born in April of 1777 at the Clay Homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, the 7th of 9 children born to the Baptist minister John Clay and his wife Elizabeth.

His father died in 1781, and his mother subsequently remarried, to Captain Henry Watkins, a successful planter.

When Watkins moved the family to Kentucky in 1791, Henry Clay remained in Virginia.

He ended up becoming a clerk at the Virginia Court of Chancery, where he got the attention of George Wythe, a professor at William and Mary College in Williamsburg, signer of the Declaration of Independence, mentor of Thomas Jefferson, and judge on Virginia’s High Court of Chancery.

Wythe chose Clay to be his secretary, a position he held for four years.

During this time, Wythe influenced Clay’s view that the United States could help spread freedom around the world.

Clay finished his legal studies with Virginia Attorney General Robert Brooke; was admitted to the Virginia Bar in 1797; and moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where he set up his law practice.

Henry Clay married Lucretia Hart in April of 1799, the daughter of Colonel Thomas Hart, a prominent businessman and early settler of Kentucky, and they lived at first in downtown Lexington.

We are told the Clays started building Ashland, a plantation outside of Lexington, in 1804.

Ashland encompassed over 500 acres (or 200 hectares), on which Henry Clay’s slaves planted crops of corn, wheat, rye, and hemp, the chief crop of Kentucky’s Bluegrass region.

He also imported Arabian horses, Maltese Donkeys, and Hereford Cattle as livestock.

The Maltese donkeys were one of the large breeds of donkeys bred by Henry Clay, and George Washington among others, to produce the American Mammoth Jackstock to be used as work animals.

Shortly after arriving in Kentucky, Henry Clay entered politics, and was a member of the what was called the “Democratic-Republican Party,” also known as the “Jeffersonian Republican Party,” that championed republicanism, agrarianism, political equality, and expansionism.

He clashed with state “Democratic-Republican Party” leaders over a state constitutional convention.

Clay was an advocate for direct election of public officials and the gradual emancipation of slavery in Kentucky.

The 1799 Kentucky Constitution included direct election of public officials, but not Clay’s plan for gradual emancipation, and instead retained the pro-slavery provisions of the original Kentucky Constitution of 1792, under which Kentucky was accepted as the 15th State admitted to the Union by the U. S. Congress.

Clay won election to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1803, where he was quite active, among other things initiating the partisan gerrymander of Kentucky’s electoral college districts, which insured that Kentucky’s electors voted for Thomas Jefferson in the 1804 presidential election.

Clay’s influence in Kentucky politics was such that the Kentucky Legislature elected him to the U. S. Senate in 1806, which he served in for two-months before returning to Kentucky, at which time he was elected as Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives.

In 1810, Henry Clay was selected by the Kentucky Legislature to fill the U. S. Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Buckner Thruston to become a federal judge.

Clay quickly became a “War Hawk,” favoring expansionist policies.

He was a fierce critic of British attacks on American shipping and supported going to war against Great Britain…

…and advocated for the annexation of Spanish West Florida.

Henry Clay was elected as Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives for the 12th Congress, held between March 4th of 1811 and March 4th of 1813.

Both Houses of Congress had a Democratic-Republican Majority in the 12th Congress.

Historical events that took place during the 12th Congress included:

The Battle of Tippecanoe fought on November 7th of 1811 in Battle Ground, Indiana, where William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s forces of a confederacy of tribes opposed to European-American settlement of the American Frontier…

…the New Madrid Earthquake on December 16th of 1811…

…Louisiana was admitted to the Union as the 18th state on April 30th of 1812…

…the War of 1812 began when the United States declared war on Great Britain on June 18th of 1812…

…Detroit surrendered to the British on August 16th of 1812…

…and the Battle of Queenston Heights in Upper Canada took place on October 13th of 1812, the first major battle in the War of 1812, resulting in a British victory.

Altogether, Henry Clay was elected to seven terms in the House of Representatives, and was elected Speaker of the House six times.

Henry Clay’s first run for the Presidency of the United States was in the 1824 election.

There were five candidates representing the Democratic-Republican Party, including Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson.

Clay fell behind in state electoral votes, effectively knocking him out of the race, and he threw his support behind John Quincy Adams, who was elected President by the House of Representatives, and Henry Clay became Adams’ Secretary of State.

Followers of John Quincy Adams became known as National Republicans, and followers of Andrew Jackson became known as Democrats, and Andrew Jackson won the 1928 Presidential election.

It was during the Jackson Administration that the U. S. Congress authorized, and the President signed into law, the Indian Removal Act of 1831, which authorized the administration to relocate Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi River, something which Henry Clay was opposed to.

Henry Clay returned to Federal office in 1831, when he won election in the Kentucky Legislature to the U. S. Senate, and with Adams’ defeat in the 1928, Clay became the leader of the National Republicans, who nominated Clay for President in the 1832 election.

Jackson, a popular sitting President, won re-election.

Several of the things that happened during the second Jackson Administration revolved around banking and financial matters.

One of the policies pursued by President Jackson and has Secretary of the Treasury, Roger Taney, involved removing all federal deposits from the national bank and placing them in state-chartered banks, a policy seen as illegal by many since federal law required the president to deposit federal revenue in the national bank so long as it was stable.

This policy of removing deposits united Jackson’s opponents into one political party, which became known as the Whig Party, which had been the name of an earlier British political party opposed to absolute monarchy.

The American Whig Party base consisted of wealthy businessmen, professionals, and large planters.

Clay chose not to run in the 1836 election because of the death of one of his daughters, and the Whigs were not organized enough to nominate a single candidate.

Despite the presence of multiple Whig candidates, Martin Van Buren, a Democrat, won the 1836 presidential election.

Van Buren’s Presidency was negatively impacted by the Panic of 1837, a financial crisis that touched off a depression until the mid-1840s.

Clay and other Whigs argued that Jackson’s policies had encouraged speculation and caused the panic.

As the 1840 Presidential election came closer, many thought the Whigs would gain the presidency because of the economic crisis.

Though Henry Clay ran in this election, he faced a number of issues facing his electability, and the Whig party member William Henry Harrison was elected that year.

Harrison had the shortest presidency in U. S. history, dying from pneumonia 31-days after his inauguration in 1841.

Harrison was succeeded by his Vice-President, John Tyler, another Whig.

Tyler disappointed his fellow Whigs by not signing a bill to reestablish the National Bank, an important part of the Whig Party platform, and they ended up voting to expel him from the party.

Clay won the Whig presidential nomination in 1844, and faced Democrat candidate James Polk, who won the election that year.

Henry Clay returned to his career as an attorney after the election of 1844.

The Mexican-American War started in 1846 over the disputed border region between Mexico and Texas.

Clay gave a speech in November of 1847 in which he was highly critical of the war and attacked President Polk for fomenting the conflict with Mexico.

Also, by 1847 General Zachary Taylor, who commanded American forces during the war, emerged as one of the Whig candidates for the Presidency.

Henry Clay announced his candidacy for the nomination in April of 1848.

Taylor ended up winning the Whig nomination at the 1848 Whig National Convention, and the ultimately the Presidency that year, with Millard Fillmore as his running mate.

Interesting to note that Zachary Taylor died in July of 1850, allegedly after consuming copious amounts of raw fruit and iced milk at a July 4th fundraising event at the Washington Monument, became severely ill with a digestive ailment, dying several days later, and Millard Fillmore became president.

Henry Clay accepted re-election to the U. S. Senate in 1849, and was directly involved in formulating the Compromise of 1850, a package of bills that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of U. S. territories gained as a result of the Mexican-American War.

Henry Clay died from tuberculosis in June of 1852 in his room at the National Hotel in Washington, DC.

The National Hotel building was demolished in 1942.

Henry Clay was the first person to lie in-state in the U. S. Capitol Rotunda.

The remains of Henry Clay and his wife Lucretia are encased in marble in the mausoleum in the center of the Lexington Cemetery, with the 120-foot, or the 37-meter, -high Henry Clay Memorial towering above the mausoleum.

Some interesting points of information I found in researching Henry Clay.

One was that he was a Master Mason.

Another was that Henry Clay’s cousin was another influential 19th-Century Kentucky politician Cassius Marcellus Clay…

…the namesake of Cassius Marcellus Clay, better known to history as the famous 20th-century boxer Muhammed Ali, who was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky.

No indication there was a direct connection, just that the more recent Cassius Marcellus Clay was named after the famous 19th-century Kentuckian, but definitely find this to be interesting nonetheless.

The other statue representing the State of Kentucky in the National Statuary Hall is that of Ephraim McDowell.

Ephraim McDowell was a physician and pioneer surgeon, described as Founding Father of both the ovariotomy and abdominal surgery.

McDowell was born in Rockbridge County Virginia in November of 1771.

His father, Samuel McDowell moved the family to Danville, Kentucky, in 1784 after being appointed Land Commissioner, and presided over the ten conventions the resulted in the drafting of the Kentucky Constitution.

After receiving his early education at classical seminary of Worley and James, McDowell studied under the Irish-American Dr. Alexander Humphries in Staunton, Virginia, who was a 1782 graduate of the University of Edinburgh and had emigrated to America in 1783.

McDowell himself attended lectures in medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1793 and 1794…

…and studied privately in Edinburgh with the Scottish anatomist and surgeon John Bell.

Ephraim McDowell started his practice as a surgeon back home in Danville, Kentucky, after his return from Scotland.

He is credited with the perfection of lithotomy as a modern surgical technique, which is the removal of stones obstructing the bladder…

…and the first successful ovariotomy and abdominal surgery with the removal of a rather large ovarian tumor from a patient.

McDowell had married Sarah Shelby in 1802, the daughter of war hero and Kentucky’s first governor, Isaac Shelby.

He was a founder of Danville’s Centre College, which was established in 1819 and completed in 1820.

Old Centre at Centre College is the oldest continuously operated academic building west of the Allegheny Mountains.

McDowell had been a Presbyterian but became an Episcopalian.

Sometime around 1829, he and his wife became members of a committee formed to establish Danville’s Trinity Episcopal Church, one of the first churches organized in the Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky, the oldest in-use church structure in Danville, and the oldest continually used Episcopal Church building in the Episcopal Diocese of Lexington.

The building of the church was said to have been completed sometime in late 1830 or 1831.

This caught my attention because I came across the Trinity Episcopal Church not too long ago in Apalachicola, Florida, of which Dr. John B. Gorrie was a founder, one of Florida’s two statues in the Statuary Hall, and best-known for being the “Founder of Mechanical Refrigeration.”

Gorrie had received his medical training at the Fairfield Academy, also known as the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York, in Fairfield.

The Trustees of the Fairfield Academy had petitioned the Trinity Episcopal Church in Fairfield in 1812 for a funding grant with which to establish a college of liberal culture under Episcopalian auspices, but the petition was denied.

According to what we are told, the Trinity Episcopal Church in Fairfield was built in 1808.

The following year, a different petition to the Corporation of Trinity Church granted the funding for the theological seminary at the Fairfield Academy, until the Theological School was transferred to Geneva, New York, in 1821, at what later became the Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

It is interesting to note that Trinity Church is even today one of the largest landowners in New York City, now under the name of Trinity Real Estate.

In 1894, the Trinity Corporation was exposed by a New York Times reporter to have substandard living conditions on their Charlton Street properties.

Interesting connections between Dr. McDowell of Kentucky and Dr. Gorrie of Florida, and interesting to think about what the roles of the Trinity Corporation and Trinity Episcopal Churches might have been during this time.

Ephraim McDowell was believed to have died from acute appendicitis in June of 1830, and his wife died 18-years later.

They were originally buried in the Traveller’s Rest cemetery on the homestead of Isaac Shelby…

…but were reinterred in near a monument dedicated to Ephraim McDowell near Danville in 1879.

I am going to end this post here, and in the next post will be looking at who is representing the states of Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Michigan in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol building.

Who is Represented in the National Statuary Hall – Part 3 Florida, Georgia, Hawaii & Idaho

So far in the National Statuary Hall, from Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, and Arkansas, there have been two journalist/politicians (Bob Bartlett & Ernest Gruening); two military hero/politicians (Joseph Wheeler/Barry Goldwater); a Jesuit missionary (Father Eusebio Kino); one lawyer/politician (James Paul Clarke); one lawyer (Uriah M. Rose); and one disability rights advocate/socialist (Helen Keller).

From California, Colorado, Connecticult and Arkansas, there was an actor/politician (Ronald Reagan); astronaut/politician (Jack Swigert); two Founding Father/Lawyer/politicians – Robert Sherman and Caesor Rodney; a merchant/politician – Jonathan Trumbull; a lawyer/politician (John M Clayton); a Woman Scientist/Public Health Doctor (Florence R. Sabin); and a Franciscan Missionary (St. Junipero Serra).

So far the count of politicians in the National Statuary Hall is at ten out of 16 statues, so over half of them, with four of those being lawyers as well.

The State of Florida is the next in line. The two people who represent Florida are John B. Gorrie and Edmund Kirby Smith.

John B. Gorrie was a physician and scientist, credited with the invention of mechanical refrigeration.

John B. Gorrie was born to Scottish parents in October of 1803 in St. Kitts and Nevis, which were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be colonized by Europeans.

St. Kitts and Nevis is the smallest sovereign state and federation in the western hemisphere, in area and population, in the British Commonwealth, with the Queen as its head-of-state.

Gorrie spent his childhood in South Carolina, and received his higher education at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York, also known as the Fairfield Academy.

The Trustees of the Fairfield Academy had petitioned the Trinity Episcopal Church in Fairfield in 1812 for a funding grant with which to establish a college of liberal culture under Episcopalian auspices, but the petition was denied.

According to what we are told, the Trinity Episcopal Church in Fairfield was built in 1808.

The following year, a different petition to the Corporation of Trinity Church granted the funding for the theological seminary at the Fairfield Academy, until the Theological School was transferred to Geneva, New York, in 1821, at what later became the Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

It is interesting to note that Trinity Church is even today one of the largest landowners in New York City, now under the name of Trinity Real Estate.

In 1894, the Trinity Corporation was exposed by a New York Times reporter to have substandard living conditions on their Charlton Street properties.

Back to John B. Gorrie.

He moved to Apalachicola, Florida in 1833, where he was a resident physician at two hospitals, and served as a council member; postmaster; President of the Bank of Pensacola’s Apalachicola branch; secretary of his Masonic Lodge; and was a founding vestryman of Trinity Episcopal Church, that is still in use today, located at the corner of ‘D’ And 6th Street in Gorrie Square.

Dr. Gorrie’s medical research involved Yellow Fever, for which the prevalent hypothesis at the time was that mal-aria – or ‘bad air’ – caused diseases.

Hurged the draining of swamps and cooling of a sickrooms based on this theory, and to this end he experimented with making artificial ice.

Gorrie first mechanically produced ice in 1844, and by 1850, he was able to mechnically produce ice the size of bricks.

He was granted the patent on May 6th of 1851 for a “machine to make ice.”

Just as a point of reference, the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition in London started on May 1st of 1851 and went until October 15th of 1851.

John B. Gorrie died, however, in 1855, not long after his invention was patented.

He was unable to raise the money needed to manufacture his machine and everything in his life went south for him, including his health.

The other statue for the State of Florida is represented by Edmund Kirby Smith.

Edmund Kirby Smith was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded its Trans-Mississippi Department between 1863 and 1865.

The Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States Army was comprised of Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, western Louisiania, Arizona Territory and Indian Territory.

Edmund Kirby Smith was born in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1834, the youngest child of attorney Joseph Lee and his wife Francis.

Both of his parents were natives of Litchfield, Connecticut before moving to St. Augustine in 1821, where his father was appointed as a Superior Court Judge in the new Florida Territory, of which St. Augustine was the capital between 1822 and 1824.

As mentioned in Part 2 of this series, Litchfield was the location of the Litchfield Law School, the first independent law school established in America for reading law,  founded by lawyer, educator and judge Tapping Reeve in the 1770s, and it was a proprietary school that was unaffiliated with any college or university.

I looked up meanings for the unusual name of “Tapping Reeve,” and here is what I found as some possibilities:

Tapping – To exploit or draw a supply from a resource.

Reeve – Administrator, attendant; curator; agent; director; foreman; and the list goes on.

Something to think about.

Edmund Kirby Smith entered West Point in 1841 and graduated in 1845, and by August of 1846 was serving in the 7th U. S. Infantry as a Second Lieutenant.

He served in several battles of the Mexican-American War, which took place between 1846 and 1848 after the United States annexed Texas in 1845, and had obtained the rank of captain by the end of it.

After the Mexican-American War and before the American Civil War, Smith taught mathematics at West Point between 1849 and 1852, as well as pursuing his scientific interest in botany, and was credited with collecting and describing species of plants native to Florida and Tennessee.

Then, he returned to leading troops in 1859 in the Southwest.

Smith was promoted to Major in January of 1861 when Texas seceded from the Union, and he refused to surrender his command at Camp Colorado in what is now Coleman to the Texas State Troops.

Within just a few months, Smith had resigned his commission in the United States Army to join the Confederacy.

He had been promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General in June of 1861, and given a command of a brigade in the Army of the Shenandoah, which he led in the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21st of 1861, the first major battle of the civil war, in which he was severely wounded.

Smith recovered from his injuries, and returned to duty in October of 1861 as a Major-General and division commander of the Army of Northern Virginia for awhile, the primary military force of the Confederate States in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War.

Then in February of 1862, he was sent west to command the eastern division of the Army of Mississippi, cooperating with General Braxton Bragg in what was called the “Invasion of Kentucky,” during which time he was victorious in the Battle of Richmond in Kentucky, called one of the most complete confederate victories in the war, and the first major battle in the Kentucky Campaign.

By October of 1862, Smith was promoted to Lieutenant-General, commanding the 3rd Corps, Army of Tennessee.

Then in January of 1863, Edmund Kirby Smith was transferred to command the Trans-Mississippi Department, and for the rest of the Civil War he remained west of the Mississippi River.

His Trans-Mississippi Department never had more than 30,000 men stationed over a large area and he wasn’t able to concentrate his forces enough to challenge the Union Army or Navy.

After the Union forces captured Vicksburg, Mississippi…

…and Port Hudson in Louisiana…

…Edmund Kirby Smith’s forces were cut off from the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia.

As a result of being cut-off from Richmond, Smith commanded and administered a nearly independent area of the Confederacy, and the whole region became known as “Kirby Smithdom.”

Ultimately, the Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the Trans-Mississippi Department on May 26th of 1865 on board the U. S. S. Fort Jackson on Galveston Bay in Texas to the Union Major General Edward Canby, approximately eight-weeks after General Robert E. Lee’s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia.

Edmund Kirby Smith was active in the telegraph business as the President of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company…

…served as the Chancellor of the University of Nashville from 1870 and 1875…

…and taught mathematics and botany at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee…

…in whose cemetery he was buried after his death from pneumonia in 1893.

The statue representatives for the State of Georgia are Crawford Long and Alexander H. Stephens.

Crawford Long was a surgeon and pharmacist, best known for his use of inhaled sulphuric ether as an anesthetic.

Crawford Long was born in Danielsville, Georgia, on November 1st of 1815.

His father was a state senator, merchant and planter.

Danielsville is 16-miles, or 23-kilometers, north of Athens, Georgia.

He started attending the University of Georgia in Athens after he graduated from the local academy at the age of 14.

His friend and roommate at the University of Georgia was Alexander H. Stephens, the other statue representing Georgia.

More on him shortly.

Crawford Long received his Master of Arts degree, and first went on to study medicine at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he studied under the revered surgeon Benjamin Dudley, and Long was said to have first noticed the effects of operating without anesthesia.

Crawford Long went on to complete his studies at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and received his M.D. in 1839.

Crawford Long returned to Georgia after an 18-month internship in New York, and took over a rural practice in Jefferson, Georgia, in 1841.

Crawford Long was credited with using ether for the first time as an anesthetic on March 30th of 1842 to remove a tumor from the neck of a patient, even though the first public demonstration of using either didn’t take place until four-years later by William Morton, to a medical audience at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

Long was also credited with being the first to use ether as an anesthetic during childbirth, when he had his wife inhale ether when she was giving birth, and this practice was dominant in the field for many, many years afterwards.

Though others published their results before he did, Crawford Long was declared the official discoverer of anesthesia by the National Eclectic Medical Association in 1879…

…and led to “Doctors Day” being celebrated on March 30th every year to commemorate his first use of anesthesia on March 30th of 1842.

Crawford Long and his wife are buried next to each other at the Oconee Hill Cemetery in Athens, Georgia.

The other statue represented by Georgia is one of Alexander Hamilton Stephens, an American politician who served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Georgia between October of 1843 to March of 1859 and December of 1873 to November of 1882; was Vice-President of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865; and the 50th Governor of Georgia from November of 1882 to March of 1883.

Alexander H. Stephens was born in February of 1812 in Talioferro County, near Crawfordsville, Georgia, the county seat.

Alexander H. Stephens was born on February 11th of 1812. His mother, Margaret Grier, died that same year.

His mother’s brother Robert Grier was the founder of Grier’s Almanac, one of Georgia’s longest-running publications, having been published continuously since 1807.

His father Alexander remarried in 1814, and both his father and his stepmother died from pneumonia in 1826, when Alexander was 14-years-old.

Though he grew up poor and in difficult circumstances, he went to live with another of his mother’s brothers, Revolutionary War General Aaron Grier, near Raytown in Talioferro County. His Uncle Aaron had inherited one of the best libraries in that part of the country from his father.

Stephens continued his education through several benefactors, and attended college in Athens, where I mentioned previously his roommate was Crawford Long.

He was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and he graduated at the top of his class in 1832.

Stephens began legal studies and was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1834, and began his career as a successful lawyer in Crawfordsville with a career in law that spanned 32-years.

On top of that, he entered politics in 1836 when he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, where he served until 1841, and then he was elected to the Georgia Senate in 1842.

Then, Stephens served in the U. S. House of Representatives from October of 1843 to March of 1859.

He quickly rose to prominence as one of the leading southern Whigs in the House.

In 1861, Stephens was elected as a delegate to the Georgia Secession Convention to decide Georgia’s response to the election of Abraham Lincoln.

He came to be known as the “Sage of Liberty Hall” for his call for the South to remain loyal to the Union.

He voted again secession at the convention, but asserted the right to secede if the federal government continued to allow the northern states to nullify the “Fugitive Slave Law” with “Personal Liberty Laws.”

Liberty Hall was Alexander Stephens’ home in Crawfordville, and today is a museum, and part of A. H. Stephens Historic Park.

Stephens was elected to the Confederate Congress in November of 1861, and was chosen as Vice-President of the Provisional Government.

Stephens was outspoken in his support of institutionalized slavery.

He remained in this position through the end of the Civil War.

Stephens was arrested for treason against the United States at his home in Crawfordville on May 11th of 1865, and spent 5 months at Fort Warren on George’s Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor.

In 1866 Stephens was elected to the United States Senate by the first legislature that opened under the new Georgia Constitution, but was not allowed to take his seat because of restrictions against on former Confederates.

Then in 1873, he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives as a Democrat, and was re-elected four more times – in 1874, 1876, 1878 and 1880.

He became Governor of Georgia on November 4th of 1882, but died a short time later, on March 4th of 1883.

He is buried next to his statue in front of his home in A. H. Stephens Historic Park.

Alexander H. Stephens never married, and has no known descendents.

Next we come to Hawaii, which is represented by Father Damien and King Kamehameha I in the National Statuary Hall.

Father Damien, or Saint Damien of Molokai, was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium and a member of the Congregation of Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, a missionary religious institute.

The Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary came about from the religious upheaval caused by the French Revolution.

Its original members founded new schools for poor children, seminaries to help grow their priesthood and parish missions throughout Europe, and in 1825, the Holy See entrusted the evangelization of the Hawaiian Islands to the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.

Father Damien was recognized for his ministry from 1873 until his death in 1889 for people with leprosy in the Kingdom of Hawaii who lived in government-mandated quarantine in a settlement on Molokai.

Damien de Veuster arrived in Honolulu from Belgium on March 19th of 1864, and was ordained there as a priest on May 21st of 1864 at what is now the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, the Mother Church of the Diocese of Honolulu.

Father Damien was first assigned to the Catholic Mission in North Kohala on the island of Hawaii.

The Kingdom of Hawaii was struggling with a public health crisis and labor shortage.

Many of his native Hawaiian parishioners had infectious diseases like leprosy, smallpox, cholera, influenza, syphilis, and whooping cough, brought to the Hawaiian Islands by foreigners, and from which thousands died.

In 1865, out of fear of the contagious disease of Leprosy, King Kamehameha V and the Hawaiian Legislature passed the “Act to Prevent the Spread of Leprosy.”

This Act quarantined the lepers of Hawaii, and the most serious cases were emoved to the settlement colony of Kalawao, and later a second one named Kalaupapa, on the island of Molokai.

From 1866 to 1969, approximately 8,000 Hawaiians were sent to these two settlements for medical quarantine.

The Kingdom of Hawaii did not provide enough resources, having planned for the people who lived there to take care of themselves and grow their own food, but this was not practical and did not work out well.

The Bishop of the Honolulu Diocese believed the lepers needed a Catholic priest to assist them, and the first volunteer to arrive at the isolated settlement of Kalaupapa was Father Damien.

We are told he worked with them to build a church and establish the Parish of St. Philomena.

Father Damien cared for the lepers and helped to establish leaders in the community to improve the quality-of-life there.

He was also said to have taught, painted houses, and organized farms, the construction of chapels, roads, hospitals and churches, as well as serving as their priest.

Father Damien worked for 11-years at the leper settlement on Molokai.

In 1884, he realized that he himself had contracted leprosy when he felt nothing when he put his foot into scalding hot water.

With his remaining time, he tried to advance as many projects as possible, including the completion of several building projects and improved orphanages.

Four volunteers arrived on Molokai to help him: Louis Lambert Conrardy, a Belgian priest; an American Civil War veteran, Joseph Dutton; James Sinnett, an nurse from Chicago; and Mother Marianne Cope, formerly the head of the Franciscan-run St. Joseph’s Hospital in New York City.

By March 23rd of 1889, he was bedridden, and he died from leprosy on April 15th of 1889.

Initially buried at the leper settlement where he had lived, his remains were returned to Belgium in 1936, though later the remains of his right hand were returned to Molokai for re-interment when he was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1995.

He was canonized as a saint in October of 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI.

The other statue for Hawaii is represented by King Kamehameha I.

King Kamehameha I , also known as the Great, was the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which originated in 1795, but became official when the whole Hawaiian Archipelago became unified in 1810.

Kamehameha was believed to have been born in the Kohala District of the island of Hawaii in November of 1758, at which time a bright star was said to have appeared just before he was born, which would have coincided with the return of Halley’s Comet in 1758.

He was the son of a high chief and daughter of King Alapa’i, who died in 1754.

King Kalani’opu’u was king when the expedition of British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in November of 1778, and went aboard his ship.

He went aboard Cook’s ship again in January of 1779, when the ship anchored in Kealakekua Bay, and gifts were exchanged.

Then in February of 1779, Cook’s ships returned to repair storm damage.

On this visit, Captain Cook tried to take the king hostage after the theft of a longboat, which lead directly to Captain Cook’s death when he was killed by the King’s attendants.

There’s differing reports about what happened after the death of King Kalani’opu’u in April of 1782.

One version of what happened is that the island of Hawaii was divided between his son Kiwalao, and his nephew, Kamehameha.

Things were peaceful we are told, until July of 1782, when a dispute between their chiefs broke out, which lead to war.

Kiwalao was slain at the Battle of Mokuohai, Kamehameha’s first major victory and solidified his leadership over much of the island.

Then Kamehamema embarked on a series of conquests that brought all the islands except for Kauai and Nihau under his control, which were eventually ceded to him through peaceful negotiations in 1810.

As King, Kamehameha set up governors to administer each island, and as a shrewd businessman, amassed a fortune for his kingdom through a government monopoly on the sandalwood trade and the imposition of port duties on visiting ships.

He was described as an open-minded sovereign who maintained his kingdom’s independence through the period of European discovery and exploration of the islands.

He died in May of 1819, his final resting place unknown as his trusted friends hid his body according to the ancient practice of “hiding the body in secret” to preserve his ‘mana’ or power.

Kamehameha

This was King Kalakaua.

When King Kamehameha V died in December of 1872, he had not named a successor the last elected Monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. 

Kalakaua ultimately became king through an election process by the legislative assembly in February of 1874.

He lost his absolute power in 1887 when he was forced by Hawaiian elites to accept a constitution that provided for a constitutional government.

He died in January of 1891.

King Kalakaua

Liliuokalani was proclaimed Queen of Hawaii after the death of her brother, King Kalakaua, in 1891.

She was the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian kingdom, from January 29th, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17th, 1893, by subjects of the Hawaiian kingdom, U. S. citizens, and foreign residents residing in Honolulu 

Queen Lili'uokalani

The last state I am going to be looking at in this part 3 of this series is Idaho, which is represented in the National Statuary Hall by William Borah and George L. Shoup.

William E. Borah was an outspoken Republican Senator, and considered to be one of the best-known figures in the history of Idaho.

He served in the U. S. Senate from 1907 until his death in 1940.

William Edgar Borah was born to parents who were farmers in June of 1865 in Jasper Township, Illinois, near Fairfield in Wayne County.

He received his initial education at Tom’s Prairie School near Fairfield, and then in 1881, his father sent him to Southern Illinois Academy, a Cumberland Presbyterian academy, to train for the ministry, but Borah was expelled in 1882.

Borah decided he wanted to be a lawyer, so his father sent him in 1883 to Lyons, Kansas, to live with his sister Sue, and her husband, Ansel M. Lasley, an attorney.

In 1885, he enrolled in the University of Kansas in Lawrence but contracted tuberculosis in 1887 and had to withdraw from his studies there.

He returned to Lyons, where his sister helped him recover his health, and he read law under his brother-in-law’s supervision, and passed the bar in 1887.

Though he was appointed as City Attorney of Lyons by the Mayor, Borah decided he wanted bigger and better things, and in 1890, he boarded the Union Pacific Railroad in Omaha, Nebraska, and headed west, and landed in Boise, Idaho.

Idaho had been admitted to the Union earlier in 1890,and the state capital, Boise, was considered a “boom town.”

Borah prospered in Idaho as an attorney in law and politics, serving as the chair of the Republican State Central Committee in 1892.

Borah joined many in Idaho in 1896 in breaking from the Republican Party to support the Democrat William Jennings Bryan in support of his platform of “Free Silver,” a major economic policy issue in the 19th-century, an expansionary monetary policy that featured unlimited coinage of silver as money on-demand, as opposed to the more carefully fixed money supply inherent in the gold standard.

The Republican-candidate, former Ohio Governor William McKinley, won the presidential election, and kept the gold standard in place.

As a point of historical information, President McKinley was shot twice in the abdomen by a gunman at the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York on September 13th of 1901, and died as a result of his wounds on September 14th of 1901, at the beginning of his second term as president.

Back to William Borah.

Borah supported the Spanish-American War in 1898, and remained loyal to the Silver Republicans.

Then in 1900, he decided that the issue of silver versus gold standard was no longer important in the light of increased gold production and national prosperity, and subsequently made a return to the Republican Party.

Borah was prominent as an attorney in southern Idaho, and he sought election to the U. S. Senate in 1902, but was defeated by Weldon B. Heyburn, a mining lawyer from northern Idaho, in his first Senate run.

Borah set his sights on replacing the Senate seat of Fred Dubois in 1907, and, long story short, was successful in doing so.

Right before Borah entered the Senate in December of 1907, he was involved in two trials in Idaho – one in which he was counsel for the prosecution and the other in which he was a defendent.

In the case of the former, he had a role as counsel in the prosecution of Big Bill Haywood, who was tried for conspiracy in the murder of former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg, who was assassinated on December 30th of 1905 by a bomb placed at the gate of his home.

Though Haywood’s defense attorney Clarence Darrow, best known for his defense of high school teacher John Scopes in the 1925 “Scopes Monkey Trial” for teaching evolution in a state-funded school in Tennessee, won an acquital for his client, the trial made William Borah a national figure.

While defendents in the Haywood case awaited trial, Borah was indicted in federal court for land fraud, having to do with acquisitions by the Barber Lumber Company, of which Borah was counsel, of title to timber land claims. Individuals had purchased the claims, and sold them to the lumber company, after having sworn they were for they are own.

The indictment of Borah was perceived to be political by Idaho Republicans who had lost state party leadership because of the new Senator.

Borah was tried in September of 1907, and he was acquitted because the prosecuting U. S. Attorney was unable to tie Borah to any offense.

When William Borah arrived for the Senate’s regular session in December of 1907, he was already known for the trials in Idaho, and for wearing a ten-gallon hat.

Borah immediately staked out progressive positions, and was one of a growing number of progressive Republicans in the Senate, even though he often opposed liberal legislation.

The Progressive Era was what was called a period of widespread social activism and political reform in the United States that spanned the time-period from the 1890s to World War I, which started at the end of July in 1914.

The stated main objectives of the movement were to address problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration and political corruption.

Borah had a hand in his first term in what became the 16th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, which allowed Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the States on the basis of population, which was passed by Congress in 1909.

Borah also had a hand in the 17th Amendment, which was ratified in 1913.

The 17th Amendment established the direct election of Senators in each State instead of election by the State Legislatures.

Borah’s popularity in Idaho won him re-election to a second term in the Senate in 1913, during the administration of President Woodrow Wilson.

He was given a seat on the Senate’s Foreign Relations Committee, a seat which he held for the next 25 years.

He became one of America’s leading figures on International Affairs.

Borah voted against the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which passed Congress on December 23rd, 1913, and was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. 

It created and established the Federal Reserve System, and created the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (commonly known as the US dollar) as legal tender.

After World War I began in 1914, Borah believed that the United States should keep completely out of it, supporting American neutrality.

In early 1917, when Germany resumed unlimited submarine warfare, Borah remained hopeful the U. S. could stay out of World War I, though he supported Woodrow Wilson on legislation to arm merchant ships, and voted in favor when the President requested a declaration of war in April of 1917, in order for the U. S. to defend its own rights.

William Borah again won re-election in November of 1918.

Borah fought against the 1919 Treaty of Versailles which ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers, and the Senate did not ratify it.

As a result of the Senate not ratifying the treaty, the U. S. never became an official member of the League of Nations, which was established in January of 1920, and was the first worldwide, intergovernmental organization with a stated mission of maintaining world peace.

Borah often fought with the Republican Presidents in office between 1921 and 1933, including Warren Harding, who was in office between 1921 and his death on August 2nd of 1923, and Calvin Coolidge who became President upon Warren Harding’s death.

The Teapot Dome Scandal broke in 1924, in which Coolidge himself was not involved but some of his cabinet members were implicated.

The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery scandal that took place during the Harding Administration between 1921 and 1923, in which the Secretary of the Interior, Albert Bacon Fall, had leased Navy Petroleum Reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, and two other locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding.

In order for Calvin Coolidge to get Borah’s support in the crisis, Borah wanted the Attorney General Harry Daugherty fired, which Coolidge resisted, but Daugherty ended up resigning under pressure.

Borah became the senior member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1924, and he became the committee’s chair, greatly increasing his influence.

He was involved in the efforts through the 1920s to outlaw war.

Chicago attorney Salmon Levinson formulated a plan to outlaw war called the “Kellogg-Briand Act,” or the “General Treaty of the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy, and worked to get Borah on board as its spokesman, which turned out to be an on-and-off kind of support.

In the end, Borah supported it and after it was negotiated and signed by other countries on August 27th of 1928, secured the ratification of the treaty in the Senate…

…though the pact didn’t actually stop war, as World War II began eleven-years almost to the day it was signed, on September 1st of 1939.

Borah ran for the Republican nomination in 1936, however, his candidacy was opposed by Republican Conservative leadership, and the nomination went to Alf Landon from Kansas.

He won his sixth-term in the Senate that year instead.

In the years leading up to World War II, Borah sought to settle the troubled international situation through personal diplomacy, seeking to visit Germany and talk to Hitler himself, but he never made the trip realizing that making the trip would compromise him in foreign policy debates.

He died from a cerebral hemorrhage on January 19th of 1940.

He had a state funeral in the U. S. Capitol and then went to the Idaho State Capitol in Boise for a second funeral, where an estimated 23,000 people, half the state’s population at the time, passed by his body.

He was buried in the Morris Hill Cemetery in Boise.

George L. Shoup, the other statue representing Idaho, was the first governor of Idaho, the State, and the last governor of Idaho, the Territory.

After serving as Governor of Idaho after statehood 1890 for several months, he became one of Idaho’s first United States Senators.

George Laird Shoup was born in June of 1836 in Kittanning, Pennsylvania, northeast of Pittsburgh.

In 1852, he moved to Galesburg, Illinois, and farmed with his father.

Shoup moved to the Colorado Territory in 1859 to engage in mining and merchandising first near Pike’s Peak, and later in Denver, after he was financially devastated in the Panic of 1857, which was said to have been caused by the declining international economy and overexpansion of the domestic economy.

During the Civil War, Shoup enlisted with independent scouts working in the New Mexico Territory, Colorado Territory and Texas.

He was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant when the Third Colorado Cavalry was formed in 1861 and left as a colonel in 1864.

He took part in the Battle of Apache Canyon in the New Mexico Territory…

…which was part of the Battle of Glorieta Pass from March 26th to March 28th of 1862, the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War in which the Confederate forces failed to break the Union possession of the West along the base of the Rocky Mountains.

Shoup was also noted to have taken part in the Sand Creek Massacre during the Colorado War, a massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U. S. Army in the American Indian Wars.

It occurred in November of 1864 when a 675-man force of the 3rd Colorado Cavalry attacked and destroyed their village in the southeastern Colorado Territory, in which an estimated 69 to over 600 Native American people were killed or mutilated.

After the war, he moved to Virginia City in the Montana Territory…

…and then settled across the Continental Divide in Salmon, a town in the Idaho Territory he helped found.

After the end of the Civil War, Shoup moved to Virginia City in the Montana Territory.

Shoup owned general merchandise stores in both locations.

Shoup was appointed Commissioner of Idaho’s Lemhi County, of which Salmon was the county seat…

…and in 1874, he was elected to the Territorial Legislature.

He served on the Republican National Committee for Idaho from 1880 to 1904.

And in 1889, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Shoup Governor of the Idaho Territory, a position he held until July of 1890, when Idaho became a State and the Territory ceased to exist.

He was elected the States first Governor in October of that year, a position in which he served only a few weeks, as he was elected to the United States Senate in November, and in which he served for over ten years, until March of 1901.

During his time in the U. S. Senate, he was interested in pensions, education and military affairs, and was Chairman of the Committee on Territories.

George L. Shoup died in December of 1904, and was given a state funeral in Idaho, and was buried in Boise’s Pioneer Cemetery, the oldest cemetery in continual use in the city since the area was settled in 1863.

I am going to end this part of the series on the National Statuary Hall here, and in the next part of this series I will be looking at the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas and Kentucky.

Who is Represented in the National Statuary Hall – Part 2 California, Colorado, Connecticut & Delaware

So far in the National Statuary Hall, from Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, and Arkansas, there have been two journalist/politicians (Bob Bartlett & Ernest Gruening); two military hero/politicians (Joseph Wheeler/Barry Goldwater); a Jesuit missionary (Father Eusebio Kino); one lawyer/politician (James Paul Clarke); one lawyer (Uriah M. Rose); and one disability rights advocate/socialist (Helen Keller).

Let’s see who comes up next!

Next in line is California.

The State of California is represented by statues of Ronald Reagan and Father Junipero Serra.

Ronald Reagan was the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, after a career as an actor and union leader, and served as the 40th-President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

Ronald Reagan was born in 1911 to a low-income family in Tampico, Illinois.

This photo of Tampico’s Main Street was notated as having been taken in 1905.

His first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park, where he was credited with saving 77 lives, in Dixon, Illinois…

…when he was attending Dixon High School.

In 1932, after graduating from Eureka College in Illinois, Reagan began working as a radio sports’ commentator in Iowa.

He moved to WHO radio in Des Moines as an announcer for the Chicago Cubs baseball games, where he created play-by-play accounts of games from basic descriptions that were wired as the games were in progress.

Reagan travelled with the Chicago Cubs to California in 1937.

He took a screen-test, which led to a 7-year contract with Warner Brothers, and he started his acting career as a B-actor.

His first movie was a starring role in “Love is on the Air” in 1937, and by the end of 1939, he had appeared in 19 movies.

Reagan played a double-amputee in the 1942 movie “Kings Row,” which made him a star.

Also in 1942, he was ordered into Active-Duty military service in San Francisco, having enlisted in the Army Enlisted Reserve in 1937, and commissioned as a second-lieutenant, and he never became a big, first-rank film star, even though he played the lead in numerous movies after his military service.

Ronald Reagan was first elected to Board of Directors of the Screen Actors Guild Union as an alternate member in 1941.

In 1946, he became 3rd Vice-President, and when the Union president and six board members resigned in March of 1947 due to conflicts-of-interest, Reagan was elected President of the Union, and relected six times, starting in 1947 and the last time he was elected was in 1959.

He was the Union President during the Hollywood Blacklist era during the early years of the Cold War, which was the practice of denying employment to entertainment industry professionals believed to be, or have been, Communist sympathizers.

He testified in front of the House Un-American Committee hearing in 1947 that a small group within the Screen Actors Guild was using “communist-like tactics” to steer Union policy.

Ultimately as a result of this Congressional hearing, the “Hollywood Ten” were cited for contempt of Congress, and blacklisted for refusing to answer questions about alleged involvement with the Communist Party.

Ronald Reagan moved into television in 1953, as host of the “General Electric Theater” for ten seasons, until 1962…

…and was a host and announcer of the “Tournament of Roses Parade” for ABC on January 1st of 1959.

His last television stint was as a host and performer for “Death Valley Days,” described as featuring true accounts of the American Old West, particularly in Death Valley.

It was sponsored by the Pacific Coast Borax company.

Some interesting side-notes about the Pacific Coast Borax Company that I have encountered in previous research.

Furnace Creek in Death Valley, which holds the records of both the highest-recorded ground and air temperature ever recorded on Earth, was the center of operations starting in 1890 for the Pacific Coast Borax Company and its 20-mule teams hauling wagon trains of borax across the Mojave Desert.

The Inn at Death Valley, formerly known as The Furnace Creek Inn, was said to have been constructed by the Pacific Coast Borax Company and opened on February 1st of 1927, operatimg for decades by the Fred Harvey Company, known for its “Harvey Houses” and other hospitality industry businesses alongside railroads in the western United States.

The reason given for this was the President of the Pacific Coast Borax Company, Richard C. Baker, wanted to open Death Valley to tourism, and at the same time, increase the revenue of the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad that was said to have been built originally by Francis Marion Smith for the purpose of shipping borax.

Ronald Reagan’s first wife was actress Jane Wyman – they married in 1940 and their divorce was finalized in 1949.

He married actress Nancy Davis in 1952.

When he became President of the United States in 1981, he was the first divorced President.

While Reagan was initially what was called a “Hollywood Democrat,” he moved to the right-wing in the 1950s, and became a Republican in 1962.

He emerged as a leading conservative spokesman in the Goldwater Presidential campaign of 1964, at which time he gained national attention in his speeches on behalf of Barry Goldwater.

In late 1965, Ronald Reagan announced his campaign to run for Governor of California in 1966. and defeated two-term Democratic Governor Pat Brown.

Reagan was Governor of California for two-terms, from 1967 to 1975.

His terms as Governor shaped the public policies he would pursue as President, like speaking out against the welfare state and advocating the ideal of less government regulation of the economy.

Ronald Reagan’s first presidential bid in 1976 Presidental campaign was unsuccessful, when he failed to secure the Republican Presidential nomination, which went to Gerald Ford, the incumbent who had become President when Richard M. Nixon resigned in 1974 following the Watergate Scandal.

Gerald Ford lost the 1976 election to the Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter.

He campaigned once again for the 1980 Presidential Election, where he faced Jimmy Carter against the backdrop of domestic concerns, and the on-going Iran-Hostage Crisis.

Reagan in his campaign stressed lowering taxes to stimulate the economy; less government interference in people’s lives; states’ rights; and a strong national defense.

Reagan and his running mate, George H. W. Bush, won a decisive victory of President Jimmy Carter.

Interesting to note that the American hostages in Iran were released minutes after the inauguration of Ronald Reagan as the President of the United States on January 20th of 1981, after 444-days, of captivity…

…and that Just a little over two months after his inauguration, on March 30th of 1981, there was an assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan by what was described as a lone gunman, John Hinckley Jr.

Hinckley was said to be seeking fame in order to impress actress Jodie Foster, with whom he was obsessed.

During Reagan’s two presidencies, he pursued policies, coined “the Reagan Revolution,” that reflected his beliefs in individual freedom; expanded the economy and military; and brought an end to the Cold War.

California’s other representative in the National Statuary Hall is Junipero Serra, a Franciscan missionary and Roman Catholic priest.

He was credited with establishing the Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda in Mexico, said to have been built between 1750 and 1760 a UNESCO World Heritage Site…

…as well as the first nine of twenty-one missions in California, from San Diego to San Francisco from 1770 to 1782.

Junipero Serra was beatified in 1988 by Pope John Paul II over the denunciations of Native American tribes that accused him of heading a brutal colonial subjugation.

Then in 2015, Pope Francis canonized him, and he became Saint Junipero Serra, the first saint to be canonized on U. S. soil at the National Basilica in Washington, D. C.

Serra was nicknamed the “Apostle of California” for his missionary efforts, but before and after his canonization, his reputation and missionary work was condemned for reasons given like mandatory conversions of the native population to Catholicism and atrocities committed against them.

That’s what they say about him anyway!

Next, the two statues representing the State of Colorado are those of Florence R. Sabin and Jack Swigert.

Florence R. Sabin was an American medical scientist.

As a pioneer for women in science, she was the first woman to become a professor at a medical college in the Department of Anatomy at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1902…

…the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1925…

…and the first woman to head a department at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in 1925, when she became head of the Department of Cellular Studies and where her research focused on the lymphatic system; blood vessels & cells; and tuberculosis.

The Rockefeller University was founded in 1901 by John D. Rockefeller, and was America’s first biomedical institute.

Florence R. Sabin was born in Central City, Colorado, in 1871, to a mining engineer father and schoolteacher mother.

Her mother died in 1878, and she and her sister went to live with their uncle in Chicago, before moving to live with their grandparents in Vermont.

In 1885, she enrolled in the Vermont Academy at Saxton River, where she was able to develop her interest in science.

She attended Smith College in Massachusetts, and graduated in 1893 with her Bachelor’s degree.

In 1896, Sabin enrolled in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, which had opened in 1893, and she graduated in 1900.

Her two major projects were on producing a 3D model of a newborn’s brain stem, which became the focus of the 1901 textbook “An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain,” and the second was on the development of the lymphatic system in the embryo.

In her retirement, she became involved in Public Health in the State of Colorado at the invitation of the Governor at the time.

Among other things, as a result of her work, the “Sabin Health Laws” were passed, modernizing public health care in Colorado by providing more beds to treat Tuberculosis, which led to a reduction in the number of cases.

Florence R. Sabin died at the age of 81 in October of 1953, and her remains were interred in the Fairmount Mausoleum at the Fairmount Cemetery in Denver.

Jack Swigert is the other Coloradan represented in the National Statuary Hall, an American astronaut and Air Force pilot, who was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives for Colorado’s 6th District, but died in 1982 from complications of cancer before taking office.

Jack Swigert, Jr, was born in Denver in 1931. His father was an ophthalmologist.

He grew up near the Colorado National Guard’s Combs (also known as Lowry) Field, and loved watching planes take-off and land, and decided that was what he wanted to be doing.

By the age of 16, he was a licensed private pilot.

Jack Swigert attended Regis Jesuit High School…

…and East High School in Denver, from which he graduated in 1949.

He received his Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Colorado in Boulder in 1953…

…a Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1965…

…and his Master of Business Administration from the University of Hartford in 1967.

Following Swigert’s graduation from the University of Colorado in Boulder, he joined the U. S. Air Force and graduated from the Pilot Training Program and Gunnery School at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada.

He was subsequently assigned as a fighter pilot in Japan and Korea during the Korean War, and survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip in 1953.

After completing his tour of active duty in the Air Force, Swigert served as a fighter pilot in Massachusetts (1957 – 1960) and Connecticut Air National Guards (1960 – 1965).

During this same time period, he was an engineering test pilot for aerospace manufacturer Pratt & Whitney, which is headquartered in East Hartford, Connecticut.

Then, in 1966, Swigert was accepted into NASA’s Astronaut Corps, and he became a specialist on the Apollo Command Module.

He was a member of Apollo 7’s astronaut support crew, the first crewed Apollo flight, from October 11 to 22 of 1968. He was the launch capsule communicator and worked on the Mission’s operational aspects.

Then, when the Apollo 13 moon mission launched on April 11th of 1968, Swigert was one of the three astronauts on-board.

This is what we are told.

The mission was the third-crewed lunar landing attempt, but it had to be aborted after an oxygen tank ruptured in the space-craft’s service module.

The three astronauts on-board, Swigert, Jim Lovell and Fred Haise, travelled around the moon and returned safely to earth on April 17th.

They received the Presidential Medal of Freedom the next day.

NASA Director of Flight Crew Operations, Deke Slayton, recommended Jack Swigert to be one of the command module pilots for the Apollo-Soyuz joint-project with the Soviet Union.

He was removed from the project, however, when it was discovered that Swigert was somehow involved with what was called the “Apollo 15 postal covers incident,” where unauthorized postal covers that had been taken into space for a West German stamp dealer by the Apollo 15 crew and autographed in exchange for payment.

Shortly thereafter, Jack Swigert went to Washington, DC, to become the Executive Director of the Committee on Science and Astronautics for the U. S. House of Representatives.

Swigert left the Committee in 1977 to enter politics.

He unsuccessfully ran for the U. S. Senate in 1978, when he was defeated by the better-known Congressman Bill Armstrong.

Swigert ran for the U. S. House of Representatives in the newly-created 6th-District of Colorado in February of 1982.

Around the same time, he was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in his right nasal passage, which he disclosed to voters, and underwent radiation treatment from which he was expected to make a full-recovery.

In September of 1982, he was diagnosed with bone marrow cancer.

He won the election in November of 1982, and died of respiratory failure on December 27th of 1982, seven-days before the beginning of his Congressional term, at the age of 51.

Roger Sherman and Jonathan Trumbull are the two representatives for the State of Connecticut in the National Statuary Hall.

Roger Sherman was an early American Statesman and lawyer from Connecticut who was one of the Founding Fathers.

Sherman was the only person to sign all four of the great state papers of the United States – the Continental Association, an agreement adopted by the First Continental Congress on October 20th of 1774 in Philadelphia…

…the Declaration of Independence, on July 4th of 1776 at the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia…

…the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, an agreement signed by the thirteen original states as its first frame of government, also during the Second Continental Congress, on November 17th of 1777…

…and the Constitution on June 21st of 1788, the Supreme Law of the United States.


Sherman was born in Newton, Massachusetts, in April of 1721, where he received his early education in grammar school and his father’s library.

He spent time learning the shoemaker’s trade when he was young.

Then after his father’s death in 1743, Roger Sherman and his family moved to New Milford, Connecticut, where he and his brother opened the town’s first store.

He rapidly became one of the town’s leading citizens, becoming involved in civil and religious affairs.

Though Sherman had no formal training in the law, he was encouraged to read for the bar exam, and admitted to the bar in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1754.

From 1755 to 1758 and 1760 to 1761, he was chosen to represent New Milford in the Connecticut House of Representatives.

Sherman was appointed as the Treasurer of Yale College, and awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree.

Sherman was elected Mayor of New Haven in 1784, he was Mayor until his death in 1793.

Sherman died in July of Typhoid fever 1793, and was first buried in the New Haven Green.

In 1821, Sherman’s remains were relocated to the Grove Street Cemetery.

Hmmm…the symbolism appears to be Egyptian in this photo of the entrance to the Grove Street Cemetery!

The other statue for Connecticut is that of Jonathan Trumbull, an American politician and statesman who served as Governor of Connecticut from October 10th of 1776 to May 13th of 1784, and was one of two governors to have served for a British Colony and an American State, the other being Nicholas Cooke of Rhode Island.

Trumbull College at Yale was named after him…

…as well as Trumbull, Connecticut…

…and Fort Trumbull, near the mouth of the Thames River on Long Island Sound in New London, Connecticut, with the present fortification said to have been built between 1839 and 1852.

Jonathan Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut in 1710.

He graduated with his Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard College in 1727.

He became a merchant with his father in 1731, and then from 1733 to 1740, he was a delegate to the Connecticut General Assembly, and Speaker of the House from 1739 to 1740.

He became the Governor of Connecticut in 1769 upon the death of Governor William Pitkin, for whom he was Deputy Governor from 1766 – 1769.

Trumbull was a friend and advisor of General George Washington during the Revolutionary War, and served as the Continental Army’s Paymaster General (Northern Department) in the spring of 1778.

In addition to continuing on as Governor of Connecticut until 1784, Trumbull was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782…

…and elected as an honorary member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati in 1784, a fraternal, hereditary society founded in 1783 to commemorate the American Revolutionary War.

He died in 1785 in Lebanon, Connecticut, and is buried in the old cemetery there.

The last state I am going to look at in this post is Delaware, represented by John M. Clayton and Caesar Rodney.

John M. Clayton was a lawyer and politician from Delaware.

A member of the Whig Party, he served in the Delaware General Assembly, and was a U. S. Senator from Delaware and U. S. Secretary of State.

John M. Clayton was born in Dagsboro, Delaware in 1796, where the Clayton Theater that was named after him is located today, the last-remaining, first-run, single-theater in the State of Delaware.

Clayton studied in Berlin, Maryland…

…and Milford, Delaware, places his parents moved to when he was a young man.

His boyhood home was what is known today as the Parson Thorne Mansion in Milford, which has on the National Register of Historic Places since 1971.

It was said to have been built between 1730 and 1735.

Clayton graduated from Yale in 1815, and studied law at the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, the first independent law school established in America for reading law…

The Litchfield Law School was founded by lawyer, educator and judge Tapping Reeve, and it was a proprietary school that was unaffiliated with any college or university.

Tapping Reeve later became Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court in 1814, and his book “Law of Baron and Femme” published in 1816 became the premiere American treatise on family law for much of the 19th-century, with revisions and republication in 1846, 1867 and 1888.

John M. Clayton started his own law practice in the state capital of Dover in 1819.

Clayton built a mansion on land he started cultivating in 1844 near New Castle, Delaware, and named it Buena Vista.

It became one of the most productive estates in this region.

It was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

Clayton first entered Delaware politics in 1824 when he was elected to the Delaware House of Representatives.

He was appointed Delaware Secretary of State from December of 1826 to October of 1828.

He was a conservative who became leader of the faction that lead to the development of the Delaware Whig Party, a party which promoted traditional conservatism in the U. S. in the middle of the 19th-century.

Clayton was first elected to the U. S. Senate in 1829, where he served until 1836.

Clayton served as Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court from January of 1837 to September of 1839, and served another term in the Senate from 1845 to 1849.

Then on March 8th of 1849, Clayton became the U. S. Secretary of State inthe administration of President Zachary Taylor, where his most notable accomplishment was the negotiation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 with the British Minister Sir Henry Bulwer-Lytton, guaranteeing the neutrality and encouragement of lines of passage across the isthmus at Panama.

Clayton’s tenure as Secretary of State was short because President Zachary Taylor died a short time into his administration.

Zachary Taylor was elected president in 1849, and he died in July of 1850, allegedly after consuming copious amounts of raw fruit and iced milk at a July 4th fundraising event at the Washington Monument, became severely ill with a digestive ailment, and died several days later.

Clayton was elected to the U. S. Senate one-more time in 1853 and served until his death in 1856.

In one of his notable speeches during this time, delivered on June 15th of 1854, he spoke against President Franklin Pierce’s veto of the Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane, which would have ceded public lands for the benefit of the “insane, blind, deaf, and dumb” with proceeds going to the states to build and maintain asylums.

The bill remained vetoed by the president, which established a precedent for federal non-participation in welfare that lasted over 70-years.

Caesar Rodney is represented by Delaware’s other statue.

He was an American Founding Father, lawyer and politician, and like Connecticut’s Roger Sherman, was a signer of the 1774 Continental Association and the 1776 Declaration of Independence, and the President of Delaware from 1778 to 1781 during the American Revolution.

Rodney was born in 1728 in St. Jones Neck in Dover Hundred, Kent County, Delaware.

Caesar Rodney was the grandson of William Rodney, who had emigrated to the American Colonies in 1681 to 1682, along with William Penn, who founded the Pennsylvania Colony.

The Rodneys were considered prosperous members of the local gentry.

Byfield, the 849-acre farm that Caesar Rodney was born on, earned sufficient income from the sale of wheat and barley to the Philadelphia and West Indies markets to provide cash and available time that allowed the family members to participate in the social and political life of Kent County.

For schooling, Rodney attended the Latin School and the College of Philadelphia (now known as the University of Philadelphia) until his father’s death in 1746.

Upon his father’s death, Rodney’s guardianship was entrusted to Delaware Supreme Court Justice Nicholas Ridgely by the Delaware Orphan’s Court.

When Caesar Rodney was 27, he was elected to Sheriff of Kent County and served in that position for three-years, and subsequently served in a series of positions including Register of Wills; Recorder of Deeds; Clerk of the Orphan’s Court; Justice of the Peace and judge in the lower courts.

Rodney was a delegate to the Continental Congress between 1774 and 1776, and a leader in the Delaware Committee of Correspondence, and was present when the Delaware Assembly voted to sever all ties with the British Parliament and King.

As mentioned previously, he was a signer of both the Continental Association and Declaration of Independence.

He became the “President of Delaware” in March of 1778 and served in that position until November of 1781 during the American Revolutionary War.

In the later years of his life, Caesar Rodney was afflicted with facial cancer, for which experienced expensive and painful medical treatments that did not work, and was the cause of his death in 1784.

I am going to end this part of the series on the National Statuary Hall, and in the next part will be looking at the statues representing the states of Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, and Idaho.

Who is Represented in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol? – Part 1 Alabama, Alaska, Arizona & Arkansas

There is a chamber called the National Statuary Hall in the U. S. Capitol building in Washington, DC, that houses sculptures of prominent Americans, two for each state.

My attention was drawn to it because I encountered to historical figures in my research who are represented in the statuary hall – Father Eusebio Kino, a Jesuit Missionary and Cattle rancher, for Arizona, and Mother Joseph Pariseau, a Catholic sister and self-taught architect, for Washington State, and these two made me go hmmm, and I wondered who else was chosen to be represented there and what could possibly be going on here.

These two people represent the State of Alabama – Helen Keller and Joseph Wheeler.

Helen Keller lost her sight and hearing after becoming ill at the age of 19-months.

Helen Keller was born in West Tuscumbia, Alabama, in 1880 at a home still standing today called “Ivy Green.”

Tuscumbia is the county seat of Colbert County.

Tuscumbia was the traditional territory of the Chickasaw people, one of the Five Civilized Tribes of the southeastern United States that were relocated by the U. S. Government to the Oklahoma Territory during the 1830s.

Until the age of 7, Helen communicated by home signs until she met her teacher and life-long companion Ann Sullivan, who taught her how to speak, read, and write.

Helen Keller graduated from Harvard’s Ratcliffe College, and went on to become an author, disability rights advocate political activist, author and lecturer.

And did you know…Helen Keller was a socialist, and described as radical?

I sure didn’t!

Joseph Wheeler was a military commander and politician from Alabama.

He was a Confederate Cavalry general during the Civil War, and a General in the U. S. Army in the Spanish-American and Philippine-American War.

He served as a Congressman for Alabama in the U. S. House of Representatives between the end of the American Civil War (1865) and the beginning of the Spanish-American War (1898).

Joseph Wheeler attended West Point starting in 1854, and was commissioned as an officer in 1859.

He joined the Confederate Army in March of 1861 in Georgia, and first assigned to Fort Barrancas in Pensacola, Florida.

Then in September of 1861, he took command of the 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment in Huntsville, Alabama, and was promoted to Colonel.

As a Civil War commander, Wheeler was involved in historical events like the following.

On April 6th – 7th of 1862, the 19th Alabama Infantry fought in the Battle of Shiloh in southwestern Tennessee.

It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, and resulted in a Union victory.

The 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment was also involved in the Siege of Corinth in Mississippi that same April and May.

After the Civil War, Wheeler got married, and became an attorney and planter in at his home, called Pond Spring, in an area called Wheeler, Alabama, today.

He was first elected in 1880 as a Democrat from Alabama to the U. S. House of Representatives, and was re-elected 7 times.

During the time he was in office, he was said to strive to heal the breach between the North and the South.

This was Wheeler’s residence when he lived in Washington, DC, at 1730 New Hampshire Avenue NW, a condominium today.

Wheeler volunteered for the Spanish-American War in 1898 at the age of 61 and was appointed as “Major General of the Volunteers” by President William McKinley.

He led the 1st Division through the Siege of Santiago, the last major operation of the Spanish-American War.

This war led to the U. S. becoming dominant in the Caribbean, and to the U. S. acquiring Spain’s Pacific possessions – the Philippines; Palau; the Marianas; the Carolines; the Marshall Islands; parts of Taiwan; parts of Sulawesi and the Moluccas in Indonesia.

The acquisition of the Philippines at the end of the Spanish-American War with the Treaty of Paris led directly to the Philippine-American War between February 4th of 1899 to July 2nd of 1902. Rather than granting the newly declared Philippine Republic the independence it sought, the United States subdued any Filipinos who resisted.

Particularly known for its brutality, at the end of the war, the Philippines became an occupied Territory of the United States and not an independent nation.

Wheeler was re-commissioned as a Brigadier General in the Army during this time, and finally retired in 1900.

Wheeler died after a long illness in 1906, and is one of the few Confederate officers to be buried in Arlington Cemetery.

Bob Bartlett and Ernest Gruening represent the State of Alaska.

Bob Bartlett was a Democratic politician, and a key fighter for Alaska Statehood.

Born in Seattle in 1904, he was raised in Washington State.

He graduated from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1925, and lived in Alaska for the rest of his life.

He was a reporter for the Fairbanks newspaper for many years, and entered the political arena when he became secretary for a year to Anthony Dimond, the Alaska Territory delegate to the U. S. House of Representatives in Washington, DC.

In January of 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt appointed Bartlett as Secretary of the Alaska Territory, a position which he served in until 1944.

Bartlett was elected to Congress in 1945 after Dimond’s retirement, and was re-elected six more times.

He introduced the Alaska Statehood Act to the House that was signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in July of 1958, with Alaska becoming the 49th State on January 3rd of 1959.

At that time, Bartlett became the senior Senator from Alaska, and served in that capacity until his death in 1968.

Ernest Gruening was also a journalist and politician.

Gruening was born in New York City in 1887 to German-immigrant parents.

Deciding it was more exciting than medicine, he became a journalist after graduating from Harvard Medical School, and worked for various newspapers in Boston and New York.

From 1920 to 1923, he was the editor of “The Nation,” a politically progressive magazine that is the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States.

Gruening switched careers from journalism to politics in 1933, when he was appointed as a delegate to the 7th International Conference of American States, an international organization for cooperation on trade.

Then, Gruening was Director of the Division of Territories and Island Possessions of the Department of the Interior between 1934 and 1939, which was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1934.

The Division of Territories and Island Possessions served as a mediator between the territories and Federal government by performing administrative activities for the territorial government and taking on colonization projects that furthered the interests of the U. S. in those areas.

In 1936, the Division was assigned responsibilities for territorial responsibilities in Alaska, including the Alaska Railroad project, the Alaska Road Commission, and jurisdiction over the Hawaiian Islands and the U. S. Virgin Islands.

During the time that Gruening was the Director of this Division, he was Administrator of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration from 1935 to 1937…

…and a member of the Alaska Highway Commission from 1938 to 1942.

Gruening was appointed Governor of the Territory of Alaska in 1939, and served in that position for 13 1/2-years.

Along with Bob Bartlett, Ernest Gruening served as one of Alaska’s inaugural state senators, from January 3rd of 1959, until January 3rd of 1969.

Gruening died in 1974.

The State of Arizona is represented by statues of Father Eusebio Kino and Sen. Barry Goldwater in the Statuary Hall.

We are told that Father Kino was a Jesuit, missionary, geographer, explorer, cartographer, and astronomer, who was born in northern Italy, and spent the last 24-years of his life in modern-day Sonora in Mexico and southern Arizona in the United States…

…in what was then part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain known as the Pimeria Alta, or “Upper Pima Land.”

From the moment he arrived in Pimeria Alta, he started to lead expeditions across northern Mexico, California and Arizona, following ancient trade routes, establishing missions and making maps of the region along the way.

We are told that Father Kino was important to the economic growth of the area, teaching the natives of the area to farm and raise cattle, sheep, and goats, and this his initial mission herd of 20 imported cattle grew to 70,000.

The Kino Heritage Society in Tucson is currently working on the process of getting him canonized as a saint.

Tributes to Father Kino include, besides various towns, streets, schools, monuments and geographic features being named after him:

A statue in the U. S. Capitol Building’s Statuary Hall Collection…

…the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza across from the Arizona State Capital building in Phoenix…

…which has a time capsule in the base placed there in 1967, and to be opened in the year 2235…

…and in 1963, Father Kino was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.

Also, interesting to note I know of at least one language, German, where the word “kino” means “movie theater.”

Barry Goldwater was born in Phoenix in what was then the Arizona Territory in 1909, the son of Baron Goldwater and Hattie Josephine “Jojo” Williams.

His paternal grandfather, Michel Goldwasser, was a Polish-Jew who emigrated to London following the Revolutions of 1848, a series of political upheavals throughout Europe that year.

The Revolutions had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, and was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, with 50 countries being affected.

His paternal grandfather changed his named to Michael Goldwater in London and married Sarah Nathan, a member of the Great Synagogue of London, a center of Ashkenazi Jewish life in the city.

The Great Synagogue of London was destroyed during the Blitz in World War II.

Barry Goldwater’s grandparents emigrated from London to America, first arriving in San Francisco, and then settling in Phoenix, where his grandfather Michael founded Goldwater’s Department Store, an upscale department store which was taken over and expanded by his sons Henry, Morris, and Baron, Barry’s father.

Barry Goldwater’s mother, “Jojo” Williams came from an established New England Family that included theologian Roger Williams of Rhode Island. Interestingly, Roger Williams is represented as one of the two statues for Rhode Island in the National Statuary Hall. More on him later.

Barry was raised in his mother’s Episcopalian faith.

Barry didn’t do well his freshman year in high school, so his parents sent him to the Staunton Military Academy in Virginia, where he excelled, and graduated from in 1928.

He subsequently enrolled in the University of Arizona, and dropped out after one year.

When his father Baron died in 1930, Barry entered the family department store business.

Then, when the United States entered World War II, Barry Goldwater was commissioned as a reserve officer in the United States Air Force, and trained as a pilot.

He served as a pilot with the Ferry Command, a newly formed unit that flew aircraft and supplies to war zones around the world.

Following World War II, Goldwater remained in the Army Air Reserve at the rank of Colonel, and founded the Arizona Air National Guard.

He was also a leading proponent of the creation of the United States Air Force Academy, which was established in Colorado Springs in 1954.

Barry Goldwater entered Phoenix politics in 1949, when he was elected to the City Council, and in 1952, running as a Republican, narrowly won a seat in the United States Senate for the first time in an upset victory against veteran Democrat and Senate Majority Leader Ernest McFarland.

In the 1964 Presidential election, Barry Goldwater unsuccessfully ran on the Republican ticket against incumbent Democratic President, Lyndon B. Johnson, who had become President upon John F. Kennedy’s assassination as his Vice-President in November of 1963.

Barry Goldwater served in the U. S. Senate from January 3rd of 1969 through January 3rd of 1987, at which time he retired, after serving as Chair of the Senate’s Intelligence and Armed Services Committees.

He died in 1998, and was perhaps best-known as being a shaper and designer of the American Conservative Movement, from the late 1950s to 1964.

The statue of Barry Goldwater as a representative of the State of Arizona in the National Statuary Hall was unveiled in 2015.

The State of Arkansas has been represented for some time by James Paul Clarke and Uriah M. Rose, though in 2019, the Arkansas State Assembly and Governor decided to replace these two men with statues of Johnny Cash and Daisy Gatson Bates at some point in time.

James Paul Clarke was a United States Senator and the 18th-Governor of Arkansas.

Clarke was born in Yazoo City, Mississippi, in 1854, and raised by his mother after his father died when he was 7.

He attended public and private schools, and graduated from the University of Virginia in 1878 with a law degree.

He practiced law in Helena, Arkansas, the location of Fort Curtis, which was said to have been built in 1862 during the American Civil War as a command post for the Union Army since it was centrally-located on the Mississippi River, and there was a civil war battle here in 1863.

Clarke served as a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1886 to 1888; a member of the Arkansas Senate from 1888 to 1892; Arkansas Attorney General from 1892 to 1894; and Governor of Arkansas from 1895 to 1897.

After leaving state office, he moved to Little Rock, and practiced law.

He was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1903, and served there until he died in 1916.

The given reason given for replacing his statue were racist beliefs he held.

Uriah Milton Rose was the other statue representating Arkansas.

Rose was considered the “most scholarly lawyer in America,” and “one of the leading legal lights of the nation.”

Rose was born on a farm in Kentucky in 1834.

His father was a doctor, and Rose was tutored up until the time his father died, at which time the children were thrown off the estate because of the debts of the father, and Rose ended up working as a field hand.

His fortune changed when he met a lawyer while he was working on the farm, Rutherford Harrison Roundtree, who subsequently hired him as a deputy county clerk, and gave him a home in Lebanon, Kentucky.

Rose entered Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, to advance his legal education, and graduated in six-months in 1853.

He married Margaret Gibbs shortly thereafter, and moved with his new wife and brother-in-law, William Gibbs, to Batesville, Arkansas, where he set up his first law practice with his brother-in-law.

In 1860, Rose was appointed Chancellor of Pulaski County, a county judge with statewide jurisdiction since it was the only one in the State at the time, a position which he held until Union Forces captured the state capital, Little Rock, on September 1st of 1863.

LIttle Rock is the county seat of Pulaski County.

He refused to swear allegience to the Federal government, as he supported the Confederacy, and subsequently moved to Washington, Arkansas, with the pro-Confederate Arkansas government following the fall of Little Rock.

Washington was an important stop on the Southwest Trail, the primary passageway for American settlers for heading to Texas.

With the end of the Confederacy at the end of the American Civil War in 1865, Rose and family moved to Little Rock, where he set up a law partnership.

He was the founding delegate from Arkansas when the American Bar Association was established in Saratoga Springs, New York, in 1878, of which he was twice president, from 1891 to 1892 and 1901 to 1902.

He never entered politics.

His statue has been in the National Statuary Hall representing Arkansas since 1917, and the given reasons for wanting to replace his statue is his lack of name recognition today, and that his time has faded.

At some point in time, the statues of James Paul Clarke and Uriah M. Rose will be replaced by statues of music icon Johnny Cash and civil rights activist Daisy Gatson Bates.

I am going to end this post here in Arkansas, and turn the National Statuary Hall into a series since I have a long ways to go yet.