Tag: Mud Flood

In this series called “Snapshots from the National Statuary Hall,”I am bringing forward unlikely pairs of historical figures represented in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol who have things in common with each other.

In this post, I am pairing Francis Preston Blair, Jr, of Missouri, a Union Major General during the Civil War, with Edmund Kirby Smith of Florida, a senior officer of the Confederate States Army.

So far in this series, I have paired Michigan’s Gerald Ford, a former President of the United States, and Mississippi’s Jefferson Davis, the former President of the Confederate States of America, and both men featured on the cover of the “Knight Templar” Magazine,; Dr. Norman Borlaug, Ph.D, often called the “Father of the Green Revolution; and Colorado’s Dr. Florence R. Sabin, M.D, a pioneer for women in science, both of whom worked for the Rockefeller Foundations; Louisiana’s controversial Socialist Governor, Huey P. Long, and Alabama’s Helen Keller, a deaf-blind woman who gained prominence as an author, lecturer, Socialist activist; Henry Clay, attorney and statesman from Kentucky, and Lewis Cass, military officer, politician and statesman from Michigan, contemporaries who were both Freemasons and unsuccessful candidates for U. S. President.; John Gorrie for Florida, a physician and inventor of mechanical refrigeration and William King for Maine, a merchant and Maine’s first governor, both Freemasons; and Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe during World War II and former President representing the State of Kansas, and Lew Wallace, Union General and former Governor of New Mexico Territory, representing the State of Indiana, both of whom were involved in the entirety of their major wars, and in the events concerning crimes int he aftermath of their wars.

First, Francis Preston Blair, Jr.

He was a U. S. Senator and Congressman for Missouri, and a Union Major General during the Civil War.

Blair was born in Lexington, Kentucky, in February of 1821.

He was the youngest son of politician and newspaper editor Francis Preston Blair, Sr, an early member of the Democrat Party and strong supporter of Andrew Jackson, helping him win Kentucky in the Presidential election of 1828…

…and his brother Montgomery was the Mayor of St. Louis, and Postmaster General under President Lincoln.

Montgomery Blair was also the attorney for Dred Scott.

The Blair House in Washington, DC, is used an official residence, used primarily as a state guest house for visiting dignitaries and other guests of the U. S. President.

Come to think of it there is a high school in Montgomery County, Maryland, where I grew up, and come to find out, it was named in Montgomery Blair’s honor.

Interesting to note the mascot for the school is called “The Blazer,” and not the “Red Devil” that it looks like.

Hmmm, in the past I wouldn’t have thought twice about this not being noteworthy, but now I look at things completely differently as to what it could possibly mean.

Back to Francis Preston Blair Jr.

He received his early education in schools in Washington, DC, then received his higher education at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut…

…the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill…

…and he graduated from Princeton University in New Jersey in 1841.

Blair studied law at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky.

Blair was admitted to the bar in Lexington, and first went into law practice in 1842 with his brother Montgomery in St. Louis, and then went to work in the law office of Thomas Hart Benton in St. Louis, between 1842 and 1845.

Blair travelled out west for a buffalo hunt in 1845, and stayed at Bent’s Fort in present-day La Junta on the Santa Fe Trail in eastern Colorado with his cousin, George Bent.

Bent’s Fort was situated in the vicinity of bends in the Arkansas River, in the same manner that Fort Snelling, which we are told was established in Minnesota in 1819, just happens to be situated directly next to the river-bends of the Mississippi River between Minneapolis and St. Paul, and yes I do think there is an energy connection between star forts and river-bends like these.

Blair joined the expedition of Brigadier General Stephen Kearney in Santa Fe after the beginning of the Mexican-American War in April of 1846, which started after the United States annexed Texas in 1845.

Kearney took a force, called the “Army of the West,” consisting of about 2,500 men to Santa Fe, New Mexico, during the Mexican-American War, that was headquartered at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, the oldest settlement in Kansas, and the second-oldest active army post west of Washington, DC.

After the Mexican-American War, broken up into both the “Department of the Pacific” and the “Department of the West,” both commands of the U. S. Army during the 19th-century.

By the end of June of 1846, Kearney’s “Army of the West” advanced on the Santa Fe Trail.

Kearney and his army moved into present-day New Mexico and seized Santa Fe between August 8th and August 14th of 1846, where he established a military government.

Kearney subsequently appointed Francis P. Blair, Jr, as Attorney-General for the New Mexico Territory, and Blair established an American Code of Law for the region, as well as becoming a judge on a newly-established circuit court.

On September 25th of 1846, Kearney set out from Santa Fe with military forces as part of a concerted military operation involving several units to conquer and take possession of California.

After putting up fierce resistance in a number of battles that took place during this time, the Californians surrendered on January 13th of 1847 to John C. Fremont, and Kearney was the military governor of California in Monterey until May of that year.

Blair returned to St. Louis in the summer of 1847.

He entered the political arena, and served in the Missouri House of Representatives from 1852 to 1856, and was an outspoken “Free Soiler,” a coalition party focused on the issue of opposing the expansion of slavery into the western states.

The Free Soil Party was active from 1848 to 1854, at which time it merged into the Republican Party.

Blair was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives as a Republican in 1856.

Though a slave-owner himself, Blair made major speeches during this time calling slavery as a national problem, proposing to solve it by gradual emancipation, and by acquiring land in Central and South America on which to settle freed slaves.

Over the next few years Blair was in-and-out of the U. S. House of Representatives for a variety of reasons and did not stay put there, including becoming a colonel in the Union Army in July of 1861 after being elected in 1860.

We are told the State of Missouri was a hotly-contested border state during the Civil War years, with a mix of pro-Union and pro-secession.

Missouri sent armies, generals and supplies to both sides, maintained two governments, and went through a bloody neighbor-against-neighbor in-state war within the larger national war.

Missouri’s position at the geographic center of the country and at the edge of the American frontier made it divisive battleground, and when the American Civil War started in 1861, the state became a strategic territory in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, with both sides vying for control of the Mississippi River, and the importance of St. Louis as economic hub.

And…apparently Francis P. Blair Jr was in the thick of it in Missouri.

So, for example, right after South Carolina seceded from the Union in December of 1860, Blair anticipated southern leaders trying to lead Missouri into the secession movement, so he personally organized and equipped a Home Guard of several thousand members from a group called the “Wide Awakes,” a paramilitary youth organization cultivated by the Republican Party during the 1860 election year.

By the middle of the 1860 election campaign, Republicans estimated there were “Wide Awake” Chapters in every northern (free) state, and that there were 500,000 members by President Lincoln’s election.

The groups held social events, promoted comic books, and introduced many young people to political participation.

The standard “Wide Awake” uniform was a full robe or cape; a black-glazed cap; and a torch that was six-feet in length, with a whale-oil container mounted to it.

The “Wide Awakes” also adopted a large eyeball as their standard bearer.

Blair also recruited members of the German gymnastic movement in St. Louis for his Missouri Home Guard.

Called “Turners,” they were members of German-American gymnastic clubs called “Turnvereins.”

They promoted German culture, physical culture, and liberal politics.

The Turner Movement in Germany was started was started by nationalist Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in 1811 when Germany was occupied by Napoleon.

The politically-liberal Turner Movement in Germany was suppressed after the Revolutions of 1848, in which many Turners took part, so many Turners left Germany for the United States, in particular the Ohio Valley Region, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Texas.

Several of these “Forty-Eighters” went on to become Union soldiers and Republican politicians.

Turners were also active in public education and labor movements.

All I can say is “What is this?”

What was really going on here?

So anyway, Blair, and Captain Nathaniel Lyon transferred the arms in the U. S. Arsenal in St. Louis to Alton, Illinois, located across the Mississippi River from St. Louis.

Then, on May 10th of 1861, Lyon, Blair’s Home Guard, and a U. S. Army Company, captured hundreds of secessionist state militia at Camp Jackson who had been positioned to take over the arsenal in an event known as the Camp Jackson Affair…or the Camp Jackson Massacre.

The Massacre took place when the captives were marched into town, and hostile secessionist crowds gathered. From a single gunshot, described as accidental, Lyon’s men fired into the crowd, killing 28 civilians and injuring dozens more.

Several days of rioting followed, which was only stopped with the imposition of martial law.

While Lyon’s actions gave the Union control of St. Louis and the rest of Missouri for the remainder of the Civil War, it deepened the ideological divisions in the state.

After this incident, open warfare between Union troops and followers of the pro-Southern Governor of Missouri, Claiborne Jackson, was about to break-out.

On May 21st, the Union General William S. Harney, Commander of the U. S. Army of the West, agreed to the Price-Harney Agreement with the Missouri State Guard Commander Sterling Price to avoid hostilities.

The Agreement left the Union in control of the arsenal and St. Louis, and left the secessionist, Price, in charge of the Missouri State Guard and most of the rest of the state.

Blair objected to the Harney-Price Agreement, and contacted Republican leaders in Washington, DC.

President Lincoln relieved Harney of command, and Nathaniel Lyon became the Commander of the Department of the West on May 30th of 1861, with an order to keep Missouri in the Union.

Lyon drove Sterling Price and Governor Jackson to the southwestern corner of the state, where Lyon was killed near Springfield, Missouri, in the “Battle of Wilson’s Creek,” the first major battle of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, and resulted in a Confederate victory.

Though the state stayed in the Union for the remainder of the war, the battle gave Confederates control of southwestern Missouri.

Blair helped organize a new pro-Union state government and John C. Fremont took over command of the U. S. Army Western Department.

Fremont’s mission was to organize, equip, and lead the Union Army down the Mississippi River, reopen commerce, and cut-off the western part of the Confederacy, and his main goal as the Commander of the Western Army was to protect Cairo, Illinois, at all costs.

The city of Cairo, Illinois, was located at the southernmost point in Illinois, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

Southern Illinois where Cairo is referred to as “Little Egypt.”

I say was because today, Cairo is empty and deserted, and considered a ghost town.

In its heyday, Cairo was an important city along the steamboat routes and railway lines. 

Blair and Fremont, however, clashed over Fremont’s military operations in Missouri, particularly how money was being spent.

Apparently, Fremont was spending money on equipment and supplies, and that Blair expected money to go to his allies in the business community of St. Louis.

Fremont was discredited in part because of Blair’s influence, and replaced as commander in November of 1861.

In July of 1862, Blair was appointed as a colonel of Missouri Volunteers; promoted to Brigadier General of Volunteers in August of 1862; and Major-General in November of 1862.

His military service during the Civil War consisted of: commanding a brigade consisting of companies from Missouri, Illinois, and Ohio; commanding divisions in Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and protecting rear armies of Sherman’s “March to the Sea.”

After the Civil War, not only was Blair financially ruined because he spent so much of his private fortune in support of the Union, he also became disgruntled with the Republican Party and left it, along with his father and brother, because the Blair family did not like the Congressional Reconstruction policy.

By this time, for the remainder of Blair’s life, his political career was pretty much over for all intents and purposes.

He died on July 8th of 1875 from head injuries he sustained after a fall at the age of 54, while serving as Missouri’s State Superintendent of Insurance, and was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis.

Next, I am going to feature Edmund Kirby Smith, who represents the State of Florida in the National Statuary Hall.

Edmund Kirby Smith was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded its Trans-Mississippi Department between 1863 and 1865.

The Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States Army was comprised of Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, western Louisiania, Arizona Territory and Indian Territory.

Edmund Kirby Smith was born in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1834, the youngest child of attorney Joseph Lee and his wife Francis.

Both of his parents were natives of Litchfield, Connecticut before moving to St. Augustine in 1821, where his father was appointed as a Superior Court Judge in the new Florida Territory, of which St. Augustine was the capital between 1822 and 1824.

Litchfield, Connecticut was the location of the Litchfield Law School, the first independent law school established in America for reading law,  founded by lawyer, educator and judge Tapping Reeve in the 1770s, and it was a proprietary school that was unaffiliated with any college or university.

I looked up meanings for the unusual name of “Tapping Reeve,” and here is what I found as some possibilities:

Tapping – To exploit or draw a supply from a resource.

Reeve – Administrator, attendant; curator; agent; director; foreman; and the list goes on.

Something to think about.

Edmund Kirby Smith entered West Point in 1841 and graduated in 1845, and by August of 1846 was serving in the 7th U. S. Infantry as a Second Lieutenant.

He served in several battles of the Mexican-American War, which took place between 1846 and 1848 after the United States annexed Texas in 1845, and had obtained the rank of captain by the end of it.

After the Mexican-American War and before the American Civil War, Smith taught mathematics at West Point between 1849 and 1852, as well as pursuing his scientific interest in botany, and was credited with collecting and describing species of plants native to Florida and Tennessee.

Then, he returned to leading troops in 1859 in the Southwest.

Smith was promoted to Major in January of 1861 when Texas seceded from the Union, and he refused to surrender his command at Camp Colorado in what is now Coleman to the Texas State Troops.

Within just a few months, Smith had resigned his commission in the United States Army to join the Confederacy.

He had been promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General in June of 1861, and given a command of a brigade in the Army of the Shenandoah, which he led in the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21st of 1861, the first major battle of the civil war, in which he was severely wounded.

Smith recovered from his injuries, and returned to duty in October of 1861 as a Major-General and division commander of the Army of Northern Virginia for awhile, the primary military force of the Confederate States in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War.

Then in February of 1862, he was sent west to command the eastern division of the Army of Mississippi, cooperating with General Braxton Bragg in what was called the “Invasion of Kentucky,” during which time he was victorious in the Battle of Richmond in Kentucky, called one of the most complete confederate victories in the war, and the first major battle in the Kentucky Campaign.

By October of 1862, Smith was promoted to Lieutenant-General, commanding the 3rd Corps, Army of Tennessee.

Then in January of 1863, Edmund Kirby Smith was transferred to command the Trans-Mississippi Department, and for the rest of the Civil War he remained west of the Mississippi River.

His Trans-Mississippi Department never had more than 30,000 men stationed over a large area and he wasn’t able to concentrate his forces enough to challenge the Union Army or Navy.

After the Union forces captured Vicksburg, Mississippi on July 4th of 1863…

…and Port Hudson in Louisiana, on July 9th of 1863…

…Edmund Kirby Smith’s forces were cut off from the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia.

As a result of being cut-off from Richmond, Smith commanded and administered a nearly independent area of the Confederacy, and the whole region became known as “Kirby Smithdom.”

Ultimately, the Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the Trans-Mississippi Department on May 26th of 1865 on board the U. S. S. Fort Jackson on Galveston Bay in Texas to the Union Major General Edward Canby, approximately eight-weeks after General Robert E. Lee’s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia.

Edmund Kirby Smith was active in the telegraph business as the President of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company following the Civil War, from 1866 to 1868…

…served as the Chancellor of the University of Nashville from 1870 and 1875…

…and taught mathematics and botany at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee…

…in whose cemetery he was buried after his death from pneumonia in 1893.

I am bringing forward unlikely pairs of historical figures who are represented in the National Statuary Hall who have things in common with each other, as mentioned at the beginning of this post.

In this pairing for things in common with each other, both men were out in what became the western United States, after Texas was annexed in 1845, and heavily involved in the events and activities of the Mexican-American War, which lasted from 1846 to 1848.

Both Blair and Kirby Smith served as General-grade officers during the Civil War, with Blair commanding Union troops, and Kirby Smith commanding Confederate troops.

And both men were closely connected with the Trans-Mississippi Department, with Blair’s home state of Missouri being part of it, and from July of 1863 to May of 1865, Kirby Smith was the commander and administrator of this pretty much independent area of the Confederacy.

Shreveport in Louisiana was the location of one of the two headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army, the other being in Marshall, Texas.

I first learned about the Trans-Mississippi Department when I was doing some research around Albert Pike, an influential 33rd-degree freemason who was a senior officer of the Confederate Army who commanded the District of Indian Territory in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, otherwise known as Oklahoma.

Around this same time period, Albert Pike was the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of Scottish Rite’s Southern Jurisdiction, a position which he held from 1859 to 1891.

As a matter of fact, there is an interesting similarity between the decoration for the Trans-Mississippi Department, with the motto of the Confederacy – “Deo Vindice” or something along the lines of “With God, our Defender” – and the decoration of the Order of the Sovereign Grand Inspectors General of the Scottish Rite, which has the Masonic Motto of the 33rd-Degree – “Ordo Ab Chao” and “Deus Meumque Jus” – inscribed on it, which translates to “Order out of Chaos” and “God and My Right.”

These sound a lot like the motto for the University of Wisconsin-Madison – “Numen Lumen” – which can be translated from the Latin as “God, Our Light,” and like “Heaven’s Light Our Guide” that was found on the flags of the various Presidencies in India, like that of the “Madras Presidency,” of the British East India Company.

And the University of Wisconsin-Madison seal looks like the standard of Blair’s “Wide Awake” movement seen earlier in this post.

At any rate, we are told that over 200,000 men were engaged in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of War, and there were all together 7 battles in Arkansas, New Mexico, Missouri and Louisiana between 1862 and 1864.

This was also the heart of the ancient Washitaw Empire, with Monroe, Louisiana being the Imperial Seat.

This was the battle flag of the “Army of the West,” another name for the Trans-Mississippi District of the Confederacy’s Army of the Mississippi.

What would stars and a crescent be doing on a Confederate Army’s battle flag?

The star and crescent symbolism has been identified with Islam, and what we are told is that this happened primarily with the emergence of the Ottoman Turks, and for one example of several national flags, are depicted on the modern Turkish flag.

I also read where the Egyptian hieroglyphs of a star and the crescent moon denote the Venus Cycle from morning star to evening star.

And why is theater, defined as a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, like a stage, the word choice for an area or place in which important military events occur or are progressing?

A theater can include the entirety of the air space, land and sea area that is or that may potentially become involved in war operations.  

As is so often the case, I am left with more questions than answers about the gaps, no…gaping holes, in our historical narrative about what was really going on here during this period of time.

The National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol building consistently provides us with tantalizing clues in the lives of the historical characters chosen to represent their respective states, almost like a “Who’s Who” of the New World Order’s historical reset activities, many of whom are obscure individuals like Francis Preston Blair, Jr, and Edmund Kirby Smith.

I have collected a variety of puzzle pieces about different places that bring a bigger picture into focus that is not immediately apparent on the surface over the course of several years of doing extensive research.

I looked at the foreign involvement in the development of Japan’s Military Empire of the late 19th-century to the mid-twentieth-century in our historical narrative, and in its being dismantled, in my last post.

In this post, I am going to be looking into the East India Companies, the theft of India & the legacy of the Mughal Empire.

Most of the research in this post came from a 23-part series called “Sacred Geometry, Ley Lines & Places in Alignment” that I did back in 2020 tracking a long-distance alignment beginning in San Francisco, in which I crossed through this part of the world twice, though I did augment my original findings with new research to illustrate what took place according to our historical narrative.

India was called the “Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire. and its largest, and most important, overseas possession.

Much of the British Empire was built around India, in order to provide routes to, or protection for, India.

India was prosperous and rich, in spices, silk, indigo, gold, cotton, and other products and resources.

Trade with, and eventual political dominance of large parts of India, was what provided Britain with large parts of its wealth in the 1700s through 1900s.

But how exactly did this happen?

I will be exploring answers to this question in this post.

The historical Mughal Empire occupied what corresponds to the modern countries in South Asia of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.

I am going to begin this post on the theft of India and the legacy of the Mughal Empire with first of the East India Companies of Europe- the British East India Company.

The British East India Company held a monopoly granted to it by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1600 between South Africa’s Cape of Good Hope and Tierra del Fuego’s Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America, until 1834 when the monopoly was lost.

It was initially formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region with the East Indies, which was the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia, seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, and ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India.

Its three Presidency Armies totalled an estimated 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the British Army at the time.

It ceased operations on June 1st of 1874 when it was dissolved.

The British East India Company ruled over parts of the Indian Subcontinent between 1757 and 1858, commencing after the 1757 Battle of Plassey, called a decisive victory over the Nawab of Bengal, and this was considered to be the start of British Imperialism in India, and a key step in the eventual British domination of vast areas there.

The British East India Company first arrived in India at Madras in 1600, making it their principal settlement, and we are told, constructed Fort St. George in 1644.

Madras has been known as Chennai since 1996.

The British India Company was said to have come here in order to have a port close to the Malaccan Straits, the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and to secure its trade lines and commercial interests in the spice trade.

It is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.

They succeeded in their securing their goals, as the British East India Company obtained the Prince of Wales Island in the Malaccan Strait.

Prince of Wales Island is known today as Penang Island, the main constituent island of the Malaysian state of Penang.

Apparently the British East India Company was able to successfully take what they named the Prince of Wales Island from the Kedah Sultanate in 1786, which became the capital of the Straits Settlements, a group of British territories in Southeast Asia established in 1826, including Melaka and Singapore.

The Kedah Sultanate was an historical Muslim dynasty located in the Malay Peninsula, said to have dated as an independent state from 1136 AD.

Its monarchy was abolished with the formation of the Malayan Union in 1909, but restored and added to the Federation of Malaya in 1963.

The Madras Presidency, or the Presidency of Fort St. George, was an administrative subdivision of British India, and established in 1652.

At its greatest extent, the Madras Presidency included most of southern India, including the whole of the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh; parts of Odisha, Kerala, and Karnataka; and the union territory of Lakshadweep, a group of islands off India’s southwestern coast, and the northern part of Ceylon, called Sri Lanka since 1972.

The Madras Presidency ended with the advent of Indian independence on August 15th of 1947.

Elihu Yale became President of the Madras Presidency in 1684.

Elihu Yale was a British merchant, trader, and a President of the British East India Company settlement at Fort St. George…

…who later became a benefactor of the Collegiate School in the Colony of Connecticut, which in 1718 was renamed Yale College in his honor.

As a noteworthy aside, the Skull and Bones Society was founded as an undergraduate senior secret student society at Yale in 1832.

The Palk Bay and Palk Strait separating the southern end of the Tamil Nadu State and northern Sri Lanka were named for Sir Robert Palk, an officer in the British East India Company who served as the President of the Madras Presidency between 1755 and 1763.

Under the Provisions of Pitt’s India Act of 1785, which brought the East India Company’s rule in India under the control of the British Government, Madras became one of the three provinces established by the British East India company, whose leader became ”Governor ” instead of “President” because the “Governor-General” in Calcutta, the monarch’s representative, became the superior office of authority.

 William Petrie was an officer in the British East India Company in Madras in the 1780s.

An amateur astronomer, he was given the credit for making the first modern astronomical observations outside of Europe in Madras in 1786.

We are told his home observatory and instruments contributed to the first modern observatory outside of Europe, the Madras Observatory, shown here, said to have been built around 1792, with the first observations on the meridian being in 1793, said to have been designed by Michael Topping, the Chief Marine Surveyor of Fort St. George in Madras.

The Madras Observatory was described as having a single room that was 40-feet, or 12-meters, long and 20-feet, or 6-meters, wide, with a 15-foot, or 5-meter, high ceiling, as well as a granite pillar weighing 10-tons, or 9-metric tonnes, in the center of the room.

Seriously, a 10-ton granite Pillar?

Well, the granite pillar still exists in the present-day, with an engraving by those said to have erected it.

Could some kind of sand-blasting technology been used on an already existing granite pillar?

At any rate, this massive granite pillar is found on the grounds of the present-day Regional Meteorological Centre in Chennai, though the original building of the Madras Observatory no longer exists.

Another observatory in South India is the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory…

…located in the Palani Hills, southwest of Vellore in Tamil Nadu State.

Founded in April of 1899, legend has it that the observatory’s 6-inch telescope was said to have been brought on foot by four men who climbed steep valleys and braved the attack of wild animals, carrying the telescope on their shoulders for almost three-months.

It is interesting to note that there are abandoned observatories dotting the landscape of the hills behind Kodaikanal.

Vedic astronomy has ancient roots in India…

…going back at the very least thousands of years.

Yet they want us to believe the British East India Company brought the science of astronomy to India?

Here are some other historical events that were said to have taken place during the time period of the Madras Presidency.

Nandidurg, an ancient hilltop fortress in Karnataka State’s Nandi Hills , was at one time believed to have been impregnable…

…but was successfully stormed by the Army of General Charles Cornwallis in 1791, the 1st Marquess of Cornwallis in the Third Anglo-Mysore War, a conflict in South India between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore, and the same General Cornwallis famous for being defeated at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, and being forced to surrender, basically ending the American Revolutionary War.

In spite of his loss and surrender to the Americans in the Revolutionary War, Cornwallis was knighted in 1786, and in the same year became the British Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in India.

The Nandi Hills later became a resort for British Raj officials during the hot season.

The Kingdom of Mysore was said to have been founded in 1399, and was a princely state from 1799 to 1950, and in direct control by the British starting in 1831.

Mysore was said to be considered among the more developed and urbanized regions of India.

There were all together four Anglo-Mysore Wars between the Kingdom of Mysore, and the British East India’s Madras Presidency and neighboring Kingdoms fighting against Mysore.

After the fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, Mysore was dismantled to the benefit of the British East India Company in the process of taking control of much of the Indian subcontinent.

The first significant rebellion against British rule erupted at Vellore Fort in 1806, known as the Vellore Mutiny, or Vellore Sepoy Mutiny.

While it only lasted one day, it was the first instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian Sepoys against the British East India Company.

The Sepoys, Indian soldiers fighting under British orders, seized the Vellore Fort, and killed or wounded 200 British soldiers, but the mutiny was subdued by the end of the day by cavalry and artillery from another nearby British unit.

This pillar at Hazrath Makkaan Junction in Vellore commemorates the 1806 Vellore Mutiny.

The Vellore Fort is known for its grand ramparts, wide moat, and robust masonry.

The fort’s ownership was said to have passed from the Karnata Empire to the Bijapur Sultans, to the Marathas, to the Carnatic Nawabs, and finally to the British…who held the fort until India gained independence in 1947.

More about what that “independence” from Great Britain actually looked like later in this post.

The Kingdom of Kandy was said to have been founded in 1469.

This map is described to be that Sri Lanka in the 1520s, known previously as Ceylon.

In 1592, Kandy became the capital city of the last remaining independent kingdom in Ceylon after the coast regions had been conquered by the Portuguese.

From that time, the Kingdom of Kandy kept the Portuguese and Dutch East India Company at bay, but succumbed finally to British colonial rule when the kingdom was absorbed into the British Empire as a protectorate via the Kandyan Convention of 1815, an agreement signed between the British and members of the King’s court which ceded the kingdom’s territory to British rule, and the last king was imprisoned.

Ceylon was a British Protectorate until its independence in 1948, and the name of the country was changed to Sri Lanka when it became a republic in 1972.

The last King of Kandy in Ceylon was Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe.

He hwas arrested by the British in 1815, and in January of 1816, he and his families were sent to the Madras Presidency on the HMS Cornwallis, the same ship on which the Treaty of Nanking, or Nanjing, between the British Empire and China would be signed after China’s defeat, after the First Opium War in 1842.

The Muthu Mandapam, or Pearl Hall, located on the banks of the Palar River in the Tamil Nadu State’s city of Vellore. is the resting place of the last King of Kandy in Ceylon, and a place where Sri Lankans today journey to in order to pay their respects to him.

The Kandyan Convention was signed in the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic.

Also known simply as the Temple of the Tooth, it houses the tooth of the Buddha, venerated as the Buddha’s only surviving relic.

It was believed that whoever holds the relic, holds the governance of the country.

The Temple of the Tooth, or Sri Dalada Maligawa, is part of the Royal Palace Complex of the former Kingdom of Kandy, located on a canal…

…extending from Kandy Lake, also known as the Kiri Muhuda, or Sea of Milk…

…an artificial lake, and said to have been built next to the Temple of the Tooth by the last King of Kandy in 1807.

After the kingdom’s downfall, the Royal Palace of Kandy became the residence for the primary British agent, and nowadays is a museum of archeology.

Next, I am going to mention the Dutch East India Company and its connection to Mughal Bengal.

On March 20, 1602, Dutch East India Company was chartered to trade with India and Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly for the Dutch spice trade. 

Also known as the VOC, or Veerenigde Oostindische Compagnie, it was chartered as a company to trade primarily with Mughal Subah, or Mughal Bengal, which includes modern Bangladesh, and the West Bengal state of Modern India.

It has often been labelled a trading or shipping company, but was in fact a proto-conglomerate, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities, such as international trade, ship-building, production and trade of East Indian spices, Indonesian coffee, Formosan (Taiwan) sugar-cane, and South African wine.

The first formally listed public company by widely issuing shares of stock and bonds to the general public in the early 1600s, it was the world’s most valuable company of all-time, with a worth of $7.9-trillion.

It is considered by many to be to have been the forerunner of modern corporations.

Chartered to trade primarily with Mughal Bengal, from where 50% of textiles and 80% of silks were imported, Mughal Bengal was described as a “Paradise of Nations,” and its inhabitants living standards were among the highest in the world at one time…

…and for comparison, a typical photo of the poverty found in Bangladesh today.

The borders of the country of Bangladesh were the major portion of the historic region of Bengal, an ancient civilization dating back at least 4,000 years.

“The Presidency of Fort William,” was first established in Calcutta in 1699.

Calcutta, or Kolkata today, is the capital largest city of what is now the Indian State of West Bengal, and the largest Bengali-speaking city after Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.

Interesting to note that Kolkata is the only city in India with a public tram service that is still in operation.

We are told that Tram Transport in India was established in the late 19th-century by the British…and that between the 1930s and 1960s, the other acknowledged electric tram services in Madras, Cawnpore, Delhi, and Bombay were discontinued.

In Dhaka, This building is what is called the Pink Palace, or Ahsan Manzil, in Dhaka, and was the official palace and seat of the Nawab of Dhaka, with construction of it said to have started in 1859, and completed in 1872.

The Pink Palace in Dhaka is described as having been constructed in the Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture style, also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, and Hindoo Style, and was said to have been utilized by British architects in India in the later 19th-century, especially in public and government buildings.

This is the Kamalapur train station in Dhaka, with its gigantic archways.

It was said to have been designed and opened in the 1960s.

The railroad is an important mode of transportation in Bangladesh.

Dhaka was one of several places given the nickname “Venice of the East.”

This is a painting of Dhaka that was dated as 1861.

We are told that there are three major canal systems in Bangladesh that drain into the three major rivers around Dhaka – the Turag; the Balu; and the Buriganga rivers.

This is what the Kallyanpur canal looks like today.

Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka was said to be an incomplete 17th-century fort complex, with work starting on it said to have begun in 1678.

The main buildings of the complex consist of the mosque…

…what is called the Tomb or Mausoleum of Bibi Pari…

…and the Diwan-i-Aam.

Below the Diwan-i-Aam in this picture, it looks like there might be a megalithic wall, but it is hard to tell for sure and I can’t find a better picture than this of what shows up there.

The Bengal Presidency emerged from trading posts established in Mughal Bengal starting in 1612, in the reign of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.

This portrait of Jahangir with the radiant halo around his head is not only typical of other portraits of Jahangir, it was typical of other Mughal Emperors as well.

The Mughals were Sufis, facts about both of which have been greatly obscured in the historical narrative.

Who are the Sufis?

Mystics, and practitioners of the inward dimension of Islam.

Sufism emphasizes personal experience with the Divine, and concentrating one’s energy on spiritual development.

Back to Bengal.

During the 18th-century, the Nawabs of Bengal were among the wealthiest rulers in the world, and governed as independent monarchs within the Mughal Empire, though they contributed the largest share of funds to the imperial treasury in Delhi.

Bengal Subah became the base for not only the British & Dutch East India Companies, but for other European trading companies as well – the French East India company; the Danish East India company; the Austrian East India Company; and the Ostend Company.

In 1757, the British East India Company overthrew the hereditary Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, in the Battle of Plassey.

The Nawab’s defeat was made possible by the defection of his Commander-in-Chief, Mir Jafar, and several others.

As a reward for his defection, Mir Jafar was installed as the first dependent Nawab of Bengal of the British East India Company, who in-turn ceded revenues to what was called the “Company.”

This marked the beginning of Company-rule in India and its expansion across India, and by the mid-19th-century, the paramount political and military power.

The Bengal Presidency, also known as the “Presidency of Fort William” stretched all the way across northern India at one time…

…where one of the earliest railways said to have been constructed in India was the Solani Aqueduct Railway in 1851, which we are told was built for…

…the purposes of transporting construction materials for the Solani River Aqueduct.

Proby Cautley, an English engineer and paleontologist, and an officer in the British East India Company, was given the historical credit not only for the building of the Solani Aqueduct…

…but also the 350-mile, or 563-kilometer Ganges Canal between 1843 and 1854,which the aqueduct crosses, said to have had the greatest discharge of any irrigation canal in the world at the time of its construction, and described as an engineering marvel.

The Bengal Presidency ultimately became the the economic, cultural, and educational hub of the British Raj, the name given to rule of the British Crown in India between 1858 and 1947, and its governor was concurrently the Viceroy of India for many years.

In 1905, Bengal Proper was partitioned, separating largely Muslim areas eastern areas from largely western Hindu areas.

In 1912, British India was reorganized and the Bengal Presidency was reunited with a single Bengali-speaking province.

This first partitioning of Bengal seems to have been a human- and social-engineering project and a practice run for the 1947 Boundary Partition of India.

The Partition of India in 1947 divided British India into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan along religious lines, displacing 10 – 12 million people and creating overwhelming refugee crises in the newly constituted dominions, as well as large-scale violence.

It involved the division of two provinces – Punjab and Bengal – based on district-wise non-Muslim or Muslim majorities, and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj.

More on this later.

The third of the three Presidencies in India was the Bombay Presidency.

We are told that Bombay was ceded by Portugal as part of the dowry for Princess Catherine of Braganza upon her marriage King Charles II in 1662, and in 1668 it was transferred to the British East India Company.

In 1674, the part of western India where we find Bombay was part of the Maratha Empire, which was established that year under the leadership of Shivaji when the Marathas ended Mughal Control of the Subcontinent.

The Mughal Emperor at that time, Aurangzeb, was also a Sufi.

The Tomb of Aurangzeb, considered the last of the strong Mughal Emperors, is a short distance from the rock-cut Ellora Cave-Temple Complex in Khuldabad.

His burial site is located on at the complex of the dargah, or shrine, of Sheikh Zainuddin, a Sufi saint of the Dahkan, also known as Deccan, of India, and the spiritual and religious teacher of Aurangzeb.

As a matter of fact, Khuldabad is popularly known as the “Valley of Saints” because several Sufi saints resided there in the 14th-century.

At any rate, the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire started in 1775.

Lasting seven years, it was considered a defeat for the British East India Company, and ended with the Treaty of Salbai in May of 1782, with terms favorable to both parties.

After the Treaty of Salbai, there were twenty years of peace between the two.

The five Maratha chiefs, however, were engaged in internal quarrels between themselves, and one of them, Baji Rao II of the Scindia, fled to the British East India Company for protection after the 1802 Battle of Poona where his army was defeated, which was a battle between rival factions of the Scindia and the Holkars within the Maratha Empire.

Baji Rao II signed the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company in which he ceded land for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreed to make no treaties with any other power.

This solved his immediate problem, but other Maratha chiefs were not happy about the situation, and this led to the start of the Second-Anglo-Maratha War in August of 1803.

British troops captured the walled town of the Pettah of Ahmednagar on August 8th, and the Ahmednagar fort on August 12th.

Arthur Wellesley was one of the British commanders of these troops.

He later became famous as the Duke of Wellington, one of the commanders who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, ending the Napoleonic wars, and he was Prime Minister of Great Britain twice.

Interesting.

Could Arthur Wellesley and Napoleon have both been Freemasons?

If so, what could this imply?

Perhaps something like they were playing both ends against the middle.

Back to India and the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

British forces continued on victorious in battle with different Maratha clans.

By October of 1803, the British had captured Asigarh Fort near Delhi.

The Maratha clans continued to lose their lands in one treaty after another, with all of them being defeated and losing territory by the end of the Second Anglo-Maratha War in December of 1805.

The Third Anglo-Maratha War from November of 1817 to April of 1819 resulted in the decimation of the Maratha armies .

British victories were swift and by the end of the war, the British East India Company had taken control, in one form or another, including annexation to the Bombay Presidency in some cases, all of the Maratha Territories.

Then there was the Punjab and the Sikhs.

The Punjab is a historical region of South Asia, in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, and was the cradle of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which was largely in modern Pakistan.

Lahore is the capital city of the Punjab Province of Pakistan.

The Walled City of Lahore, also known as the Old City, forms the historic core of Lahore, and was the capital of the Mughal Empire at one time.

Here’s a view of the Walled Imperial City of Lahore on the left showing what looks to be very similar to a star city configuration, like the example of another Imperial City, Hue in Viet Nam, on the right.

The Great Exhibition of the Works of All Nations, held in the Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1851 was also known as “The Great Shalimar,”which was a reference to the Mughal Garden complex in Lahore.

Both places, at the Lahore Mughal Gardens and on the 1851 Great Exhibition brochure, have eight-pointed stars and similar design-patterns.

Lahore Fort passed to British when they annexed the Punjab region following their victory over the Sikhs in the Battle of Gujrat in February of 1849.

The Battle of Gujrat was part of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, a military conflict between the Sikhs and the British East India Company,

The Second Anglo-Sikh War took place between 1848 and 1849.

This is what we are told.

The Sikh Empire had replaced the Mughal Empire in the Punjab when the Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore in 1799, and it was the last major region on the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British.

The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikhs and the British East India company in 1845 and 1846.

The Sikhs lost the war, and as a result ceded “Jammu and Kashmir” to the British as a Princely State as a tributary state to the British.

The Second Anglo-Sikh War resulted in the dissolution of the Sikh Empire into Princely States and into the British Province of Punjab, and eventually a Lieutenant-Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown.

We are told the Indus Valley Civilization flourished in the basins of the Indus River between 3300 and 1300 BC, which originates on the Tibetan Plateau near Mount Kailash, and ultimately flows along the entire length of Pakistan to the Arabian Sea.

The ancient civilization that flourished here was also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa considered the type, or model, site of the civilization.

Harappa was on the Ravi River, southwest of Lahore.

There is said to be a legacy railroad station in the modern village of Harappa, dating from the British Raj…

…on the Lahore-Multan Railway, construction of which was said to have begun in 1855.

The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards Mohenjo-Daro, was said to be the culmination of work beginning in 1861, with the founding of the Archeological Survey of India during the British Raj.

Mohenjo-Daro was one of the largest cities of the ancient Harappan civilization of the Indus River Valley, and is a UNESCO World Heritage site, said to have been built starting in 2500 BC and one of the world’s earliest major cities.

Here’s the thing about the cities of the Harappan Civilization.

They were known for their urban-planning, baked-brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water-supply systems, clusters of large, non-residential buildings, and metallurgy.

I even read where they even had street-lights, and extremely accurate systems of weights and measures.

Between 3300 and 1300 BC?

A major uprising took place in northern India between 1857 and 1859 against the rule of the British East India Company and was ultimately unsuccessful.

The last Mughal Emperor in India, Bahadur Shah Zafar, also devout Sufi, was deposed by the British East India Company in 1858, and exiled to Rangoon in Burma.

Through the Government of India Act of 1858, the British Crown assumed direct control of the British East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new British Raj.

The Criminal Tribes Act was first passed by the British Colonial Government in 1871.

It criminalized entire communities by designating them as habitual criminals, and restrictions on their movements imposed, including men having to report to the police once per week.

By 1874, the British East India was officially dissolved as a result of the 1873 East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed by Parliament, after its liquidation had been set in motion by the 1858 Government of India Act at which time the Company’s governmental responsibilities were formally transferred to the British Crown.

Interesting to note that this 10 ounces of silver commemorating the East India Company that was minted in 2021 on the little British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic Ocean of the island of Saint Helena has ley-lines showing on it.

Older maps like those of the Catalan Atlas show ley-lines, but they started to go away with the maps and globes of Gerardus Mercator in the mid-to-late 1500s.

In 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India.

King-Emperor and Queen-Empress were the titles used by the British monarchs in India between 1876 and 1948.

As one example that I know of, the Criminal Tribes Act was used to take-down the ruling tribe of what is Udaipur State in Rajasthan in northern India.

The city of Udaipur, also known as the “City of the Lakes,” also had the nickname of “Venice of the East.”

The Bhil Minas, one of the oldest communities in India and inhabitants of the ancient Indus River Valley civilization, are today among the most economically deprived peoples of India.

As a matter of fact, the ruins of Balathal in the Udaipur District were from what was connected the Ahar-Banas Culture of the Harappans of Indus River Valley, one of at least 90 Ahar Culture sites in the basins of the Ahar and Banas rivers…

…and where the skeletal remains of a 2,700-year-old yogi were found, sitting in a state of what is called “samadhi,” a meditative consciousness in which human consciousness becomes one with cosmic consciousness.

The Bhil Minas tribe was the ruling tribe before the Kachhawaha clan of Rajputs, otherwise known as the Mewar Kingdom, forced them to hide out in the Aravalli Hills surrounding Udaipur, and they were named a criminal tribe by the British government in 1924 to keep them from regaining power over the Rajputs.

They were subsequently given protection as a Scheduled Tribe after the upliftment in 1949 of the Criminal Tribe Act, which had been enacted on October 12th of 1871.

A Scheduled Tribe is recognized by the Indian Constitution, have political representation, and yet they are legally totally or partially excluded from various types of services important for leading a healthy life, and altogether, the Scheduled Tribes of India make-up almost 10% of the population, and are considered India’s poorest people.

Delhi is an ancient city and the seat of the Mughal Empire.

New Delhi was said to have been built by the British between 1911 and 1931, after the laying of the foundation stone by…

…King-Emperor George V of India, during the Delhi Durbar of 1911, an Indian imperial-style mass-assembly organized by the British at Coronation Park to mark his accession as Emperor of India.

The Gateway of India in Mumbai, the former Bombay, was said to have been erected starting in 1913 to commemorate the landing in December 2011 of King-Emperor George V and Queen-Empress Mary at the Apollo Bunder Pier.

Amritsar in India’s Punjab State is only 51-miles, or 31-kilometers, from Lahore.

Amritsar is home to the Harmandir Sahib, or the “Abode of God,” otherwise known as the Golden Temple…

…where it sits on an artificial island in the middle of a perfectly square, definitely manmade-looking, water configuration.

For Sikhs, it is the holiest Gurdwara, a place of assembly and worship, and most important pilgrimage site, with construction initiated in 1581 by Guru Ram Das, the fourth of the ten gurus of Sikhism, and founder of the Holy City of Amritsar in Sikh tradition.

The Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, an historic garden and memorial of national importance located in the vicinity of the Golden Temple complex, was the location of the famous massacre in Amritsar in 1919…

…when a British commander ordered troops of the British Indian Army to fire their rifles into a crowd of unarmed civilians during a festival time, killing at least 400 and injuring over 1,000.

Some historians considered the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India.

As previously mentionedt , the Partition of India in 1947 divided British India into the Hindu-majority Union of India and the Muslim-majority Dominion of Pakistan; displaced 10 – 12 million people in forced mass migrations to the newly-constituted dominions; and created overwhelming refugee crises, as well as large-scale violence, thereby establishing the conditions for suspicion and hostility between these two countries that has existed into the present-day.

This movement of people started right after India’s official Independence Day from Great Britain on August 15th of 1947.

So much for the non-violent independence movement Mahatma Gandhi had led for 25-years prior, and Gandhi himself was assassinated on January 30th of 1948.

What was the fate of India’s Princely States that did not initially get absorbed into the new Union of India in the 1947 Partition?

One of those Princely States was Hyderabad on the Deccan Plateau.

This is a view of the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad showing masonry banks on the Musi River.

The Salar Jung Museum is described as having the largest collection of antiques belonging to a single person, said to have been sourced from Nawab Mir Yusuf Ali Khan Salar Jung III, former prime minister of the 7th Nizam, the title of the ruler of what was then the princely state of Hyderabad.

The Palace owned by the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Falaknuma Palace, was said to have been built in 1893, and converted into a 5-star hotel in 2010.

As well it houses a large collection of the Nizam of Hyderabad’s treasures, including furniture, paintings, statues, books and manuscripts.

The official residence of the Nizams of Hyderabad was the Chowmahalla Palace, said to have been built starting in 1750.

The Golconda Fort in Hyderabad is described as a 12th-century citadel with four forts, eighty-seven bastions and numerous buildings.

Golconda flourished as a trade center of large diamonds, known as Golconda Diamonds.

It has produced some of the world’s most famous diamonds, including the Koh-i-Noor, one of the largest cut diamonds in the world. This is a glass replica of it…

…because the actual Koh-i-Noor is literally a jewel in the British Crown.

After India gained independence in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan, the world’s richest man of his time, declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union.

The Hyderabad State Congress began to agitate against him, with the support of the Indian National Congress and Communist Party of India, and in 1948, the Indian Army invaded Hyderabad, and he ended up surrendering to the Indian Union, signing a instrument of Accession which made him a Princely Governor of Hyderabad until October 31st of 1956.

Then on November 1st of 1956, Hyderabad was split into three parts, and merged into neighboring states. Eventually, the Telengana State, of which Hyderabad is the capital, was formed on June 2nd of 2014.

As always, there’s so much more but this gives you the idea.

While I can’t say with certainty that all of this is what actually happened because we have been lied to about everything, I can say with certainty that it is what the historical narrative tells us happened, minus a lot of detail.

The history we have been given filled with details, so many details that it will make your head spin.

It’s almost as if the Controllers are trying to convince us of the validity of their reset narrative by how detailed it is.

The issue is not the number of details.

The issue is that the physical evidence provided by the incredible infrastructure of the ancient advanced Moorish civilization, not only of India but all over the world, tells us a completely different story from what the Controllers have told us to believe about about them bringing in everything in existence.

But I will say that the official narrative does clearly show how the theft of India & the legacy of the Mughal Empire was accomplished, and how its people have been extremely regressed from what they once were.

Lastly, there are two points of information related to the British East India Company and the present-day that I would like bring up.

The first is the flag of the British East India Company on the top left, and its resemblance to the flag of the United States on the bottom right.

The second is that like the British East India Company, the nickname for the CIA is also “the Company.”

Coincidences…or not?

Points to ponder.

Over the course of several years of doing extensive research, I have collected a variety of puzzle pieces about different places that bring a bigger picture into focus that is not immediately apparent on the surface.

This includes, but is not limited to, extensive research of cities and places in linear or circular alignment with each other across long-distances; places that viewers have suggested that I look into; and research into seeing the events of our modern history since 1945 with new eyes.

I have found puzzle pieces about places like Japan that specifically relate to not only the foreign involvement in the development of Japan’s Military Empire of the late 19th-century to the mid-twentieth-century in our historical narrative, and in its being dismantled, I have found this same foreign involvement taking place in other countries as well, in a way that events seem to have been orchestrated and manipulated for desired outcomes and setting the stage for future events.

I will bring in other countries that experienced similar foreign involvement, but my main focus will be on the example of Japan.

Commodore Matthew C. Perry led four ships into Tokyo Bay’s Harbor on July 8th of 1853 in an effort to re-establish regular trade and discourse between Japan and the western world for the first time in 200-years.

Commodore Perry was ordered by President Millard Fillmore to Tokyo Bay with the mission of forcing the opening of Japanese ports to American trade by any means necessary.

Millard Fillmore had been the Vice-President in the administration of President Zachary Taylor, the 12th President of the United States whose term started in March of 1849.

A hero from the Mexican-American War, General Zachary Taylor died only a short-time after that, in July of 1850, allegedly after consuming copious amounts of raw fruit and iced milk at a July 4th fundraising event at the Washington Monument.

President Taylor became severely ill, and died several days later, and Millard Fillmore became the 13th President of the United States, serving as President from July 10th of 1850 to March 3rd of 1853.

Sounds like there might perhaps be more to the story than that, though after exhuming his remains in 1991, a coroner found traces of arsenic but ruled there was not enough to conclusively support poisoning as his cause of death, and he was re-interred.

Regardless, still seems rather suspicious, even after all these years have passed.

At any rate, reasons given for the interest of the United States in establishing a relationship with Japan included, but were not limited to: 1) The opening of China’s ports to regular trade and the annexation of California, which had created an American port on the Pacific Ocean for increased trade between North America and Asia; and 2) the replacement of the sailing ships of these American traders with steamships, necessitated the securing of coal supply stations, which Japan was believed to have vast deposits of.

With regards to the opening of Chinese ports to the United States just referenced, this took place under Caleb Cushing appointed by President John Tyler, the 10th-President of the United States, as Ambassador to China in 1843, a position which he held until March 4th of 1845.

The Cushing Mission to China arriving in Macau in February of 1844 consisted of four American Warships, which were loaded with gifts, and devices like telescopes and revolvers, in the hopes of impressing the Royal Chinese Court.

When the Chinese were not inclined to receive Cushing as an envoy, Cushing threatened with the U. S. Warships in his entourage, to go directly to the Chinese Emperor.

This tactic resulted in the Chinese Emperor negotiating with Cushing, and the Treaty of Wanghia, also known as the Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between the United States and the Chinese Empire in 1844.

Within six years of the signing of the Treaty of Wanghia, China was enmeshed in the Taiping Rebellion, a civil war between 1850 and 1864.

This was a civil war between the established Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, an unrecognized oppositional state in China supporting the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty.

Though, we are told, the Qing Dynasty ultimately defeated the opposing forces with the eventual help of British and French forces, the Taiping Rebellion left the economic heartland of China in the central and lower Yangzi River basins in ruins, and millions of people lost their lives as a result of it, as well as that in western eyes, China was marked as poor and backwards.

The “Daoguang Depression” took place in China between 1820 and 1850, a prolonged economic decline that coincided with the two most traumatic events of the 19th-century in China, the First Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion, and was a reason for the beginning of Chinese immigration to the United States in the 1840s, from which Chinese immigrants supplied labor for America’s growing industry, in the form of workers for mines, factories, textile mills, and the railroad.

The First Opium War was fought between Qing Dynasty of China and Britain between 1839 and 1842, a military engagement that started when the Chinese seized opium stocks at Canton in order to stop the opium trade, which was banned.

The British government insisted upon free trade and equality among nations and backed the merchants’ demands.

From 1757 to 1842, the Canton System served as a means for China to control trade with the west by focusing all trade in the southern port of Canton.

To counter this, the British East India Company began to grow opium in Bengal, in present-day Bangladesh, and allowed private British merchants to sell opium to Chinese smugglers for illegal sale in China.

As a result of these events in history, opium dens, establishments where opium was sold and smoked, became prevalent in many parts of the world throughout the 19th-century.

Some of the world’s wealthiest families today earned a fortune engaging in the opium business, like the Forbes family, a wealthy American family of Scottish descent long prominent in Boston. whose original fortune came largely from trading opium and tea between North America and China in the 19th-century.

The Treaty of Nanjing – AKA Nanking – ended the First Opium War on August 29th of 1842, the first of what was called unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers, in which China paid the British an indemnity, ceded the Territory of Hong Kong to Great Britain; and agreed to establish a “fair and reasonable tariff.”

Back to Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan.

Commodore Perry stopped in the Bonin Islands in 1853, also known as the Ogasawara Islands, on his way to Tokyo Bay to open it up for trade with the west.

They are comprised of over 30 tropical and subtropical islands located south of Tokyo.

There, Commodore Perry laid claim to the largest island, as a United States colony, calling it the U. S. Colony of Peel Island after former British Home Secretary and Prime Mininster Sir Robert Peel

Perry appointed a governor for the colony, a colonist on the island since the early 1830s named Nathaniel Savory, whom he purchased land from on Peel Island, for a steamship coaling location in 1853.

Once Commodore Perry and his ships arrived in Tokyo Bay, Perry was allowed to land and deliver a letter with United States demands to the Tokugawa Shogun, Ieyoshi, but only after Perry threatened to burn Tokyo to the ground.

The Shogun Ieyoshi died a short time after Perry’s departure in July of 1853, leaving effective administration in the hands of the Council of Elders, though nominally to his sickly son, Iesada, who was the Tokugawa Shogun from 1853 to 1858.

The Tokugawa Shogunate is called the last feudal Japanese Military Government…

… ruling from 1600 to 1868 from Edo Castle in Tokyo.

Here is a photo of one of the polygonal megalithic walls found on the grounds of Edo Castle…

…compared with this exquisite example of polygonal masonry at the Coricancha in Cusco, Peru.

Polygonal masonry is defined as a technique where the visible surfaces of the stone are dressed with straight edges or joints, giving the stone the appearance of a polygon, with minimal clearance between stones, and no mortar.

Perry returned again with eight naval vessels in February of 1854, and on March 31st of 1854, the Japanese Emperor Komei signed the “Japan and United States Treaty of Peace and Amity” at the Convention of Kanagawa under threat of force if the Japanese government…

…did not open the ports of Shimoda, located at the southern tip of the Izu Peninsula, and central to Japan’s political crisis around its inability to maintain its national seclusion policy during this time in its history…

…and Hakodate to American vessels, a port city located on the Tsugaru Strait of the Sea of Japan between the Japanese Islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.

The star fort of Goryokaku is located at Hakodate on Hokkaido, and was said to have been built between 1855 and 1866, by the Tokugawa Shogunate to protect the Tsugaru Strait from possible invasion by the Russian fleet.

Goryokaku was the site of the last battle of the Boshin War tha took place from December of 1868 until the end of June of 1869 between the Tokugawa Shogunate and Imperial forces seeking to seize power, and marked the official end of the Tokugawa Shogunate as the rulers of Japan.

Imperial rule had been restored to Japan starting in 1868 in the form of the Emperor Meiji in a time-period known in Japanese history as the Meiji Restoration, and brought in a centralized form of government in order to strengthen their army to defend against foreign influence as we are told.

Edo Castle, the star fort residence of the Tokugawa Shoguns, became the Imperial Residence in 1871.

It was during the Meiji era that Japan westernized and rapidly industrialized, leading to its rise as a military power by 1895.

Thomas Glover, a Scottish merchant, supplied machinery, equipment, ships, arms, and weapons to the Samurai of Choshu, Satsuma, and Tosu clans, who toppled the ruling Tokugawa Shogunate with the Fall of Edo on May 3rd of 1868.

Thomas Glover had arrived in Nagasaki in 1859 as an agent for what is today known as Jardine Matheson, a British multinational trading conglomerate that was founded in 1832 and based in Hong Kong, with the majority of its business interests in Asia.

The firm of Jardine, Matheson & Company emerged in 1832 from an evolving process of partnership changes of foreign companies that had first been established in 1782 as Cox & Reid, by John Cox and John Reid.

John Reid was an agent of the Trieste Company, part of the Austrian East India Company, the catchall term used for a series of Austrian Trading Companies based in Ostend and Trieste, that also included the “Imperial Asiatic Trading Company of Trieste and Antwerp,” the origins of which started in 1775 in our historical narrative for the Habsburg Monarchy government of the Empress Maria-Theresa for Austria to trade with British East India Company-ruled India from the Adriatic port of Trieste after a proposal to do so presented by Dutch-born British merchant William Bolts was accepted, and Bolts sailed forth with a 10-year charter allowing him to trade under Imperial colors between Austria’s Adriatic Ports and Persia, India, China, and Africa.

Two University of Edinburgh Medical School graduates, William Jardine and James Matheson, set-up headquarters of the firm that had evolved from Cox & Reid in Hong Kong after it had been ceded by China to Great Britain in the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing.

Jardine, Matheson & Company grew rapidly, smuggling illegal opium from British-controlled India into China, and the company has been called the “most successful opium smuggling company in the world.

Along with the trade in smuggled opium, as well as tea and cotton, the firm diversified into insurance, shipping and railways.

By the mid-19th-century, Jardine, Matheson & Company had become the largest of the foreign trading conglomerates, with offices in all the major Chinese cities, and in Japan in places like Nagasaki, where Thomas Glover had established the Glover Trading Company in 1861.

Glover was credited with building the Glover House overlooking Nagasaki Ironworks in 1863 as a base for his business operations in Japan.

Glover played a major role in Japan’s rapidly emerging industrialization.

Among other things, he was involved in establishing businesses that would become part of Mitsubishi’s early growth and diversification, which included the development of the first coal mine on Takashima Island.

Takashima Island was the location of the Hokkei Pit, the first coal mine in Japan to be mechanized by steam engines, and which operated between 1869 and 1876, and of which there are a few visible remains you can visit on the island.

Mitsubishi bought the coal mine on Takashima Island in 1881, which was the largest coal mine in Japan…

…and the mine was in operation until November of 1986.

When I was looking for information on the Takashima Coal Mine, I came across the article about the investment of British capital into the development of the Takashima Coal Mine, which played a crucial role in the rapid industrialization of Japan.

Mitsubishi was founded in 1870 under the name “Tsukumo Shokai” as a shipping company by Japanese industrialist and financier Iwasaki Yataro, only two years after the Meiji Restoration.

The company’s name was changed to Mitsubishi Shokai in 1873, with Mitsubishi coming from “mitsu” or three, from the number of oak leaves on the crest, or “mon” in Japan of the Yomauchi Clan that ruled over Yataro’s birthplace of the Tosa Peninsula, which is similar to the mon of the Tokugawa clan, called the “Triple Hollyhock…”

…and the “bishi” in the company name refers to the rhombuses seen in the company’s logo, known as the “three diamonds.”

Mitsubishi quickly diversified into fields related to shipping.

Things like entering into the coal-mining business in order to gain the coal needed to fuel ships; acquired a ship-building yard and an iron mill in Nagasaki to supply iron for its ships; and started a marine insurance company to insure ships.

In 1884, Yataro, the founder of Mitsubishi, leased the Nagasaki shipyard and iron foundry from the Imperial Meiji government and entered ship-building on a large-scale, and by 1887, had purchased these facilities outright.

In 1891, Mitsubishi acquired Hashima Island in the Nagasaki Prefecture, just south of Takashima Island, and started coal-mining operations there as well.

Hashima Island was nicknamed “Battleship Island.”

Mitsubishi established undersea coal mines on Hashima Island, which operated during the rapid industrialization of Japan, leading to Japan’s rise as a military power, and the time period during which Japan adopted western ideas and production methods.

Between its opening in 1890 and abandonment in 1974 when the coal reserves were depleted, Mitsubishi developed a community in order to turn Hashima Island into a coal-producing powerhouse.

This included thousands of forced laborers in the early-20th-century primarily from Korea.

More on the issue of forced labor to work the coal mines in a moment.

At the peak of its coal-mining production in 1959, there were over 5,200 people living on 16-acres, or 6.3-hectares, making it the most densely-populated place on the Earth at the time.

The First Sino-Japanese War took place between July 25th of 1894 and April 17th of 1895, between China’s Qing Dynasty and Japan’s Meiji Empire over influence in Korea, ending when the Qing government sued for peace after months of unbroken successes by the military superiority of Japan.

As a result, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan, and Korea proclaimed its independence from China, and was lost as one of China’s Tributary states, while Taiwan became a dependency of Japan in 1895 as a result of the First Sino-Japanese War, and Japan’s first colony until the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II in September of 1945.

Then, Japan was part of an eight-nation alliance that invaded China in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion that took place between 1899 and 1901, with the aim of relieving foreign legations in Beijing that were beseiged by the Boxer militia, who were determined to remove foreign imperialism from China.

The Boxer Protocol ending the Boxer Rebellion was signed between the Qing Empire and the Eight-Nation Alliance that provided military forces to defeat the Boxer Rebellion on September 7th of 1901, and was regarded as one of the unequal treaties.

Clauses of the Boxer Protocol included the payment of 450 million taels of fine silver as an indemnity paid over 39-years to the eight nations involved in the alliance. This equates to 18,000 tonnes of silver worth USD $333-million.

Clauses also included things like the prohibition of the importation of arms and ammunition, as well as materials for the manufacture thereof, for two years, or longer if the Powers saw fit, and the destruction of Taku Forts near Tianjin, most of which had been dismantled by the eight-nation alliance during the Boxer Rebellion.

Between 1904 and 1905, the Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Russian Empire and the Japanese Empire over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire.

Japan saw Russia as a rival, fearing Russian encroachment would interfere with Japanese plans to establish a sphere of influence in both places.

The name of Manchuria is said to have come into use in Europe the 1800s.

Prior to that time, the vast region depicted on this map in purple was called Chinese Tartary, and the regions in yellow were considered independent Tartary.

After negotiations between Japan and Russia broke-down in 1904, the Imperial Japanese Navy started hostilities by a night-time surprise attack on the Russian Eastern Fleet in the Russian-held port of Port Arthur on the coast of Manchuria in China on February 9th of 1904.

Japanese forces landed in Chongjin in what is now North Korea at the start of the Russo-Japanese War, and established a supply base here because of its proximity to the front-lines in Manchuria.

After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese remained here and declared the city an open trading port in 1908 for the transport of Korean resources to Japan and as a stopping point for resources from China.

The La Perouse Strait divides the southern part of Sakhalin Island from the northern part of Hokkaido, connecting the Sea of Japan with the Sea of Okhotsk.

One of the naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War took place here, the Battle of Korsakov, in 1904, with the Japanese preventing a Russian cruiser from rejoining the Russian Fleet in Vladivostok.

The Pacific Ring of Fire passes through the Kuril Islands, which are in the vicinity. This island chain has around 100 volcanoes, with 40 being active.

All of the islands are under Russian jurisdiction, however, Japan claims the two southernmost large islands.

The Strait of Tartary divides Sakhalin Island from southeast Russia, and connects the Sea of Japan with the Sea of Okhotsk.

The 51st parallel north passes right through here, a circle of latitude that is 51-degrees north of the equatorial plane. The capital cities of London, England, and Astana, Kazakhstan, are at the same latitude as the Strait of Tartary.

An interesting aside is the 51-degree pyramid, which is the angle of each of the sides of the Great Pyramid, and whose proportions relate both to the human form and the geomancy of the earth.

The Korea Strait between Japan and Korea, of which the Tsushima Strait is the Eastern Channel, connects of the Sea of Japan with the East China Sea.

This is where the decisive naval battle took place during the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, where Japan destroyed Russia’s naval fleet.

After Japan won the Battle of Tsushima, the Russo-Japanese War was concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth on September 5th of 1905, which was mediated by President Theodore Roosevelt.

With Japan’s victory in this war, the balance of power in both Asia and Europe was shifted, resulting in Japan’s emergence as a great power, and Russia’s decline in prestige and influence in Europe.

After Japan emerged as the victor of the Russo-Japanese War, imperial Japan formally annexed Korea into the Empire of Japan in 1910, and Korea was under Japanese rule between 1910 and 1945.

It is estimated that during the Japanese occupation of Korea, before and during World War II, there were as many as 7.8 million Koreans were conscripted as forced labor or soldiers during Japan’s imperial expansion.

During World War I, Japan declared war on Germany in 1914 as an ally of Great Britain, and quickly seized the German colonies in the Pacific of the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall islands.

On September 5th of 1914, the Japanese conducted the world’s first successful naval-launched air raids from the seaplane carrier Wakamiya, and on the next day, the first air-sea battle in world history took place when an aircraft launched from the Wakamiya attacked several Austro-Hungarian and German targets on sea and land.

In the years between World War I and II, the Japanese developed and launched the world’s first purpose-designed aircraft carrier, the Hosho, and then subsequently developed a fleet of aircraft carriers.

In China, the Chinese Civil War was fought off-and-on between the Nationalist Republic of China and the Chinese Communist Party from 1927 to 1949.

Japan already controlled the area along the South Manchuria Railroad, and its Army further invaded Manchuria in northeast China in 1931, after what is called the false-flag Mukden incident, in which Japan claimed to have territory attacked by the Chinese and giving justification for its invasion of Manchuria.

Subsequently, in 1932, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo in China, which lasted until 1945 when Imperial Japan surrendered at the end of World War II.

The Last Qing Emperor of China, Puyi, was installed by the Japanese as the Head-of-State of Manchukuo in 1932, and he became its emperor in 1934, a position he held until the end of World War II.

Puyi was only a figurehead, with the real authority in the hands of Japanese military authorities.

Puyi’s life story was very sad, as is told in the 1987 movie “The Last Emperor” directed by Bernardo Bertolucci.

By 1937, Japan had annexed territory north of Beijing, and after the Marco Polo Bridge incident, a battle between the Imperial Japanese Army and China’s National Revolutionary Army, and regarded as the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese began a full-scale invasion of China.

This led to Japanese conquests on the eastern coast of China and the occupation of Shanghai and Nanjing.

The Chinese suffered greatly in both military and civilian casualties, with an estimated 300,000 killed during the Nanjing Massacre, the mass murder of Chinese civilians, in the first six weeks of Japanese occupation, including mass rape, looting and arson.

It was considered one of the worst atrocities of World War II.

The Chinese Civil War between the Chinese Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party that had started in August of 1927 was put on-hold between 1937 and 1945, when the two factions united in the face of the Japanese invasion of China and establishment of its puppet-state Manchukuo.

Generally referred to as the Chinese Communist Revolution, the Communists gained control of mainland China in 1949, forcing the leadership of the Nationalist Republic of China to retreat to the island of Taiwan.

In September of 1940, Japan became allies with Germany and Italy in what was called the “Tripartite Pact,” also known to history as the Axis, and in April of 1941, Imperial Japan and the Soviet Union signed a neutrality pact.

Japan refused to withdraw from China and Indochina, and an economic embargo against Japan by the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands started in July of 1941, particularly gasoline and things like scrap metal and steel.

Hideki Tojo was the Prime Minister of Japan between 1941 and 1944, during most of the Pacific War.

Tojo supported a “preventive war” against the United States, an armed conflict initiated in the belief that, while not imminent, war was inevitable, and that to delay would involve greater risk.

He oversaw Japan’s decision to go to war and its conquest of much of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands.

Tojo was arrested for war crimes in September of 1945, after Japan’s unconditional surrender.

He tried to commit suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot wound at the time of his arrest, but he survived, was subsequently imprisoned, tried and executed by the end of 1948 for his crimes.

Isoroku Yamamoto was a Fleet Admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy, and Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II, the main sea-going component of the Imperial Navy.

Yamamoto oversaw the attack on Pearl Harbor; Battles of the Coral and Java Seas; and the Battle of Midway.

He was killed in April of 1943, apparently as the result of a targeted attack on his plane, as directed by American military leadership.

After the surprise attack by the Japanese on the U. S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7th of 1941, the United States, United Kingdom, and other Allies declared war on Japan.

Initially, the Japanese encountered successes in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, capturing Hong Kong, Malaya, Thailand, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, and other Pacific Islands.

They engaged in major offensives in Burma and the Imperial Navy attacked Australia.

The tide turned in the Allies favor with the Battle of Midway in the middle of 1942, when the U. S. Navy defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy, in which considerable damage was inflicted on the Japanese fleet.

While Japan did have some successes in land battles after that, from 1943 onwards, the Japanese military forces suffered major casualties and had many retreats.

Throughout the course of Japan’s military activity between 1937 and 1945, the Japanese were known for mistreatment of POWs and civilians through forced labor and brutality.

Kamikaze attacks began in October of 1944 when the war was looking bleak for Japan, part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of pilots flying suicide attacks against Allied naval vessels on the closing stages of the War in the Pacific.

These pilots would attempt to crash their aircraft, loaded with explosives into Allied ships, with an estimated 19% success rate.

Numbers included 3,800-such Japanese pilots killed, and 7,000 Allied personnel killed, as a result of these suicide attacks.

Japan was unwilling to surrender, and the tradition of dying instead of defeat, capture, and shame was deeply entrenched in its military culture.

There were three Big Three Wartime Conferences held between Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union during World War II.

The first was held in Tehran in November of 1943, and in which Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin committed to open a second front against Nazi Germany, two years after the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran in August of 1941.

The second was held in Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula in February of 1945, in which Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin met to discuss the post-war reorganization of Germany and Europe.

The third Big Three wartime conference was held in Potsdam, Germany between between July 17th and August 2nd in 1945.

They gathered to decide how to administer Germany after its unconditional surrender nine-weeks earlier on May 8th of 1945.

Franklin Roosevelt’s death occurred on April 12th of 1945, and his Vice-President Harry S. Truman succeed him and represented the U. S. as President at the Potsdam Conference…

…and on July 28th, the new Prime Minister Clement Atlee replaced Winston Churchill as the representative for Great Britain at the Potsdam Conference.

A number of changes had occurred since the Yalta Conference that greatly affected Big Three relations in Potsdam.

By the time of the Potsdam Conference, the Soviet Union occupied central and eastern Europe – with the Red Army effectively controlling Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania – claiming this region was a legitimate sphere of Soviet influence as well as a defensive measure against future attacks.

Outcomes of the Potsdam Conference included, but was not limited to: the division of Germany and Austria into four occupation zones, with their capitals of Berlin and Vienna divided into four zones as well; the prevention of Nazi activity and preparation for the reconstruction of Germany into a democratic state; the decision to put Nazi war criminals on trial; war reparations to Allied countries; and the dismantling of Germany’s war industry.

During the same time period as the Potsdam Conference, we are told the United States successfully tested the first atomic bomb on July 16th at Trinity Site near Alamogordo, New Mexico.

The Potsdam Declaration was issued on July 26th, an ultimatum calling for the surrender of all Japanese forces or Japan would face prompt and utter destruction.

This is what we are told in the historical narrative.

By August 5th of 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, destroying the city and killing over 70,000 people…

…and the second atomic bomb was dropped on the ship-building center of Nagasaki on August 9th, several days later, killing around the same number of people as Hiroshima.

I am not in position to say one way or another whether or not what we are told was what actually happened because I simply don’t know.

What I do know is that we have been lied to…A LOT…and that it is important to question everything we have ever been told about anything.

Then, Japan formally surrendered on August 15th of 1945, with the formal treaty signed on board the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2nd of 1945, and was deprived of any military capability.

The Potsdam Declaration was intended by the Big Three to be the legal basis for administering Japan after the war, and after Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Japan General Douglas MacArthur landed there in September, it served as the legal basis of the occupation’s reforms.

MacArthur established U. S. Military bases in Japan to oversee the post-war development of the country in a period of Japanese history known as the “Occupation.”

While the Emperor Hirohito was allowed to remain on the imperial throne, the Japanese constitution was completely overhauled, and the Emperor’s powers became strictly limited by law, and a parliamentary democracy was installed as the new form of government.

When the 1947 Constitution was adopted, the “State of Japan” was established, and the “Empire of Japan” was dismantled and its overseas territories lost.

Also, after the August 15th surrender of Japan in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided at the 38th-parallel into two zones of occupation, with the Soviets administering the northern half, and Americans the southern half.

In 1948, as a result of Cold War tensions, the occupation zones became two sovereign states – socialist North Korea and capitalist South Korea.

The governments of the two new Korean states both claimed to be the only legitimate Korean government, and neither accepted the border as permanent.

This state-of-affairs led directly to the Korean War in 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25th following clashes along the border and insurrections in the South.

The Korean War was one of the most destructive conflicts of modern times, with around 3,000,000 deaths due to the war, and proportionally, a larger civilian death toll than either World War II or the Viet Nam War; caused the destruction of nearly all of Korea’s major cities; and there were thousands of massacres on both sides.

The same pattern of dividing a country into two different political systems and economic systems happened in Vietnam as a result of the 1954 Geneva Conference in Switzerland, to settle unresolved issues from the Korean War and the First Indochina War in Vietnam, and attended by representatives from the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the People’s Republic of China, as well as from Korea and Vietnam.

The Geneva Accords established North and South Vietnam with the 17th parallel as the dividing line, and the French agreed to remove their troops from North Vietnam.

The agreement also stipulated that elections were to be held within two years to unify Vietnam under a single democratic government.

These elections never happened.

The non-Communist puppet government set up by the French in South Viet Nam refused to sign.

The United States also refused to sign on, with the belief that national elections would result in an overwhelming victory for the communist Ho Chi Minh who had so decisively defeated the French colonialists.

Within a year, the United States helped establish a new, anti-Communist government in South Viet Nam, and began giving it financial and military assistance.

The first Gulf of Tonkin incident took place on August 2nd of 1964 between ships of North Vietnam and the United States, and was an international confrontation after which the United States engaged more directly in the Vietnam War.

While there was a second Gulf of Tonkin incident alleged to have happened on August 4th of 1964, this second occurrence has long been said not to have taken place.

And there are the people who believe the first Gulf of Tonkin incident never happened either.

Whether or not the Gulf of Tonkin incidents actually happened, they were used as an excuse for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed by Congress on August 7th of 1964, giving President Lyndon B. Johnson authority to help any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be in jeopardy of Communist aggression, and was considered the legal justification for the beginning of open warfare with North Vietnam and the deployment of American troops to Southeast Asia, of which, with the institution of the draft, there were over 500,000 troops sent by 1966.

President Gerald Ford had announced the end of the Vietnam War for the United States almost eleven-years later in a speech he gave at Tulane University on April 23rd of 1975, after Congress voted against his request for a $722 million aid package for South Vietnam, though money was given for evacuation.

The Fall of Saigon took place on April 30th of 1975, with entry of North Vietnamese forces into the city, and right after the helicopters of Operation Frequent Wind evacuated Americans, at-risk South Vietnamese and third-country nationals from the capital of South Vietnam.

North and South Vietnam were subsequently reunified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam all the way through to the present day.

It certainly looks like Japan and other countries have been manipulated throughout our modern history by foreign interests, with events orchestrated and manipulated by unseen influencers for desired outcomes and the destruction of the original civilization and setting the stage for future events to bring us to the world we live in today.

Was Imperial Japan of the 1868 Meiji Restoration what is defined as “Controlled Opposition?”

Controlled Opposition is a strategy in which an individual, organization, or movement is covertly controlled or influenced by a 3rd-party and the controlled entity’s true purpose is something other than its publicly stated purpose.

The controlled entity serves a role of mass deception, surveillance or political/social manipulation. The controlled party is portrayed as being in opposition to the interests of the controlling party.

Who was involved in the creation of the new civilization and narrative?

Top candidates for this New World Order reset activity include Catholic orders like the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries, the Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church and the Royal Houses of Europe…

…and their secret activities involved in this were carried out with the involvement of the highest echelons of secret societies including the Freemasons, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias, and the Skull and Bones Society.

The definition of Zionism we are most familiar with is of an international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel.

But what if think Zionism was the vehicle by which the world’s Controllers, known by names such as the Illuminati, Cabal, Globalist elite, and Bilderbergers planned and executed the corporate structure for their global take-over of the world’s finances, resources and people.

They are a small number of related, elitist family bloodlines, hidden in different nationalities and religions, with elaborately-constructed plans for world domination.

We are living in a strange time of in-between right now, but I personally believe the world’s elitist controllers will not get away with all that they have done, and that their days are numbered.

In the course of doing research over the last couple of years based on viewers’ suggestions, I encountered some interesting places either with “Hel-” as a part of the name like the small archipelago off the coast of Germany known as both Heligoland and Helgoland, or actually named Hel, like Poland’s town of Hel, located on the Hel Peninsula separating the Bay of Puck from the Baltic Sea, and among other things both of the places were battle locations from the outset of and during World Wars I and II.

Based on my findings from this research, my curiousity was piqued about places named Hel on Earth and I decided to dive deeper into this subject.

My starting point for this post is Hel, the Norse goddess of the Underworld.

Hel was the daughter of the trickster god Loki and the giantess Angrboda.

Her brother Fenrir was a giant wolf, and her brother Midgardsormr, also known as Jormungand, a giant serpent.

Depicted with half-human and half-skeletal features, Hel is often referred to as the Goddess of Death…

…and the Ruler of the Dead.

Yet the goddess Hel was also considered by some in the positive light of being a “soul transformer,” helping us in our transition between life and death.

Hel’s name was the root of the English word “hell,” a place regarded as a spiritual realm of evil and suffering and perpetual fire where the wicked are punished after death.

What we are told about the goddess Hel is that she ruled over the underworld realm of the dead called Helheim, one of the nine worlds in Norse Cosmology, where we are told those who die a dishonorable death go to a land of ice without fire.

A “dishonorable” death was considered any death in which the person did not die in battle, including death from old age and illness.

We are told that “Valhalla,” said to translate from Old Norse as the “Hall of the Slain,” was a majestic hall in Asgard, a location associated with the gods and presided over by Odin.

Interesting that an immense tree named “Yggdrasil” serves as the connection between the nine worlds in Norse Cosmology.

The sacred and holy Yggdrasil, the World Tree, was said to be located at the very center of the Universe, with three roots extending far away into varying places.

One translation of the term “Askr Yggdrasil” refers to the World Tree, with “askr” meaning Ash Tree in Old Norse.

It is important to note that other translations have negative assocations.

One is that Yggdrasil means “gallows,” after “Odin’s Horse,” from which the Norse God Odin hung himself from the tree as a sacrifice.

Others have translated “Yggdrasil” from the Old Norse word “Yggr,” meaning “terror.” So then Yggdrasil becomes the “Tree of Terror” as opposed to the “Tree of Life.”

All of this information tucked away in our memory banks as myth needs to be taken into consideration when determining the true nature of this realm and the Universe, and all the ways truth has been inverted to emphasize death over life, and to demonize and cloak the actual nature of where we live and our place in the Universe.

One more thing before I move on from the goddess Hel and Norse Mythology and Cosmology.

A primary source of all of this information is said to come from the “Prose Edda,” also known as “Snorri’s Edda,” said to be an Old Norse textbook written in Iceland sometime around 1220 AD in the early 12th- century by the Icelandic scholar and historian Snorri Sturluson, and considered the fullest and most detailed source of knowledge about Norse mythology and body of myths of the northern Germanic people.

So here we have the fullest and most detailed source of knowledge of Norse mythology including a goddess named Hel who was the” Goddess of Death” and “Ruler of the Dead” from whom we get the name of hell for the place of fire and eternal suffering that the wicked go to when they die first appearing in the early 1200s.

We are told that seven manuscripts and or fragments of the “Prose Edda” survive today – six from the medieval period during the 1300s, and one is a copy of the Manuscript from the early 1600s called the “Codex Trajectinus,” housed at the University of Utrecht in The Netherlands.

We are also told that Snorri Sturluson’s works provided information on persons and events in northern Europe during times when such information was scarce and hard to find.

This information factored into establishing a Norwegian national identity during the Norwegian Romantic Nationalism period in the mid-19th-Century, a movement between 1847 and 1867 in art, literature, and popular culture.

Romantic Nationalism was the form of nationalism in which the state claims its political legitimacy as a consequence of the unity of those it governs, including such factors as language, race, ethnicity, culture, religion, and customs.

This was in opposition to dynastic or imperial rule.

More to come shortly on the background in our historical narrative of what was taking place in the same time period as the emergence of Romantic Nationalism around the mid- 19th-century.

Modern Italian, considered the closest of the Romance languages to Vulgar Latin, or the spoken form of Latin from the Late Roman Republic onwards in our historical narrative, was said to have developed in Tuscany in Central Italy, and was first formalized in the early 14th-century through the work of Florentine poet, writer and philosopher Dante Alighieri, considered the “Father of the Italian Language.”

The exact year of Dante’s birth was unknown, and much about his early life and education is not known.

Dante Alighieri’s best-known work was the “Divine Comedy,” also considered the pre-eminent work in Italian literature and one of the greatest works of world literature.

The “Divine Comedy” was a narrative poem believed to have been composed by Dante between 1308 and 1321, completed shortly before his death in September of 1321.

The poem has three parts – Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso – to which Dante journeys with a different guide for each, and the subject of the poem was the state of the soul after death, with Divine Justice being meted out as either due punishment or reward.

So within 100-years of the publication of Snorri Sturluson’s “Prose Edda” in Iceland bringing us concepts of a goddess named Hel meting out a mythological form of Divine Justice as punishment (Helheim) or reward (Valhalla), we have Dante Aligheri bringing us the same information albeit in the form we have come to know today as what happens to us after we die based on the state of our soul, and the modern Italian language as well.

With regards to the question in the title of this post “Where is Hel on Earth,” I am going to start with research I have done in the past which was based on viewers’ suggestions that led me to some places with “Hel” in the name.

One place that embodies this same dual nature of the word “Hel” in our world is a small archipelago of two islands in the North Sea that is known both as Heligoland and Helgoland – meaning either “Holy Land” or “Hell Land.”

These small two islands are located in what is called the Heligoland, or German, Bight in the southeastern corner of the North Sea, and has been part of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein since 1890.

The larger of the two islands has a permanent population of somewhere around 1,000 people.

The smaller of the islands is called Dune, which is not permanently inhabited, but is the location of Heligoland’s airport.

Heligoland was historically part of Denmark.

Great Britain had attacked Copenhagen in August of 1807 in what was called the “Siege of Copenhagen” during the Napoleonic Wars, using the pretext of the fear that Napoleon was going to attempt to attack the Danish-Norwegian Fleet.

Britain then proceeded to seize the Danish-Norwegian Fleet in September of 1807, assuring the use of the sea lanes in the North Sea and Baltic Sea for the British merchant fleet.

The “fleet robbery” drew Denmark-Norway into the war on the side of Napoleon.

On September 11th of 1807, Heligoland surrendered to the British Navy’s Admiral Thomas McNamara Russell, it became a center of intrigue and resistance against Napoleon.

Then, Heligoland was ceded by Denmark to Great Britain as part of the terms of the 1814, Treaty of Kiel between the United Kingdom and Sweden on the anti-French-side, and Norway and Denmark on the French-side.

The reason given for the Treaty of Kiel was to end the hostilities between the parties in the on-going Napoleonic Wars, which didn’t officially end until November of the following year, but the Treaty also officially ended the ruling Oldenburg Monarchy of Denmark-Norway when Norway was transferred to the King of Sweden.

Interesting to note the word “Hyperboreus” in this map relating to the Treaty of Kiel.

 The memory of Hyperborea has come down to us as a lost ancient land considered to have been in the general vicinity of Greenland. 

It was a fabulous world of eternal spring located in the far north, beyond the home of the north wind.  Its people were giants, with blessed and long lives untouched by war, hard work, old age and disease.

It is called a myth, but was it mythical or did it actually exist?

We are told that the main reason the British retained the small Heligoland Archipelago was to inhibit any future French naval aggression against the Scandanavian or German states, though nothing was really done to fortify it during this time.

What it did become in 1826 was a seaside spa and popular tourist destination for Europe’s upper class, and attracted artists and writers like August Heinrich Hoffman, a German poet best-known for writing “Das Lied der Deutschen” in 1841, the third verse of which became the national anthem of Germany in 1922.

It is interesting to note that August Heinrich Hoffman was also a member of the Young Germany movement, a group of German writers which existed from 1830 to 1850, a youth revolutionary progressive ideology that included socialism which was sweeping Italy, Poland, France, Ireland, and the United States during this time as well.

Giuseppe Mazzini was the Italian politician, journalist, and activist, who founded the political movement for Italian youth (under age 40) in 1831, the forerunner of these other political movements for youth.

Mazzini also became the leader of the Bavarian Order of the Illuminati in 1834.

The Order’s founder, Adam Weishaupt, died in 1830 in Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, under the protection of Duke Ernest II, the brother of Prince Albert and cousin of Queen Victoria, who was also a cousin of Prince Albert.

The House of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld became the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826, which became known to us as the House of Windsor in July 17th of 1917.

The name of the ruling Royal House of Great Britain changed from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor exactly 200 years after the premier of Handel’s “Water Music” took place for King George I on a barge on the Thames on July 17th of 1717.

King George I became the first British Monarch of the German House of Hanover on August 1st of 1714, the German composer Handel had become a British citizen in 1727.

Queen Victoria was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover.

I do find the find the performance of “Water Music” for King George I on July 17th of 1717 and the changing of the name of the ruling house of Great Britain to Windsor from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha exactly 200-years later as a significant finding because there is no doubt in my mind that we are living on an occulted timeline with numerology being part of how it was occulted.

Numerology is the study of mystical relationships between numbers, letters and patterns, and can be use with both for good and evil intentions.

Back to Heligoland/Helgoland.

Heligoland became a refuge for the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 that were responsible for taking down the old ruling houses of Europe.

The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 had the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, and was the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europe’s history, with 50 countries being affected.

The goal was to remove the original ruling families, and ultimately replace them with a new form of government, which was ultimately controllable.

Great Britain ceded these two small islands in the southeastern part of the North Sea to the German Empire in the signing on June 1st of 1890 of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, also known as the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890.

The accord between the two countries, in addition to the Heligoland Archipelago, gave Germany control of the Caprivi Strip, a ribbon of land in the southeastern corner of Namibia, surrounded by Botswana to the South; and Angola and Zambia to the North…

…and gave access to the Zambezi River to German south-west Africa, and giving Germany control of the heartland of German East Africa.

In return for Heligoland in the North Sea and the Caprivi Strip in Africa, Germany recognized British Authority in Zanzibar, an island archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Tanzania in southern East Africa, which was a key link in British control of East Africa.

The Germans turned the islands into a major naval base, and the civilian population was evacuated during World War I.

The first naval battle of World War I, the Battle of Heligoland Bight, was fought on August 28th of 1914 between British ships and German ships.

By the end of the day, the Germans had lost three light cruisers and a torpedo boat, with three more light cruisers and torpedo boats each damaged, and 712 men killed in battle; and the British only had 35 killed, and four ships damaged – one light cruiser and three destroyers.

The battle was regarded as a great victory in Britain.

A “bight” is defined as a bay that is broad, open and shallow, or as a concave bend or curvature in a coastline, river or other geographical feature like a cliff.

Like maybe it was once land above-water once-upon-a-time?

More on this possibility shortly.

In between World Wars I and II, physicist Werner Heisenberg first came up with the equation underlying his picture of quantum mechanics while on Heligoland in the 1920s.

The Germans were also said to have fortified Heligoland, remember also known as Helgoland…

…as a sea fortress, with fortifications above-ground…

…and extensive bunker tunnels below ground, as there are 6-miles, or 10-kilometers, of tunnels, that go down five-stories, and are parallel to, and above, each other.

The second Battle of Heligoland Bight took place on December 18th of 1939, and was the first named air battle of World War II, with the Royal Air Force bombing German Navy ships, but this time the victory at the end of the day was called for the Germans, and the biggest loss for the RAF Bomber Command up to that point in World War II, with regards to which Great Britain had declared war on Germany on September 3rd of 1939, right after Germany had invaded Poland, on September 1st.

It is very interesting to note that the very first battle of the German invasion of Poland was the Battle of Hel, which took place from September 1st to October 2nd of 1939 between the invading German forces and the defending Polish forces on Poland’s Hel Peninsula, taking place primarily around the Hel Fortified Area, said to be a system of Polish fortifications constructed between World War I and World War II in the 1930s near Poland’s border with Germany.

More on the Hel Peninsula in a moment.

Between 1945 and 1952, Heligoland/Helgoland was used as a bombing range.

On April 18th of 1947, the Royal Navy detonated 6,700 metric tonnes, or almost 7,400 tons, of explosives in an attempt to destroy the island completely and remove it as a fleet base for the Germans, resulting in one of the biggest, non-nuclear explosions in history, shaking the main island down to its base and creating what is called the “Mittelland.”

On March 1st of 1952, Heligoland was returned to German control, and its former inhabitants were allowed to return after the German authorities cleared a significant quantity of undetonated ammunition and rebuilt the houses.

Today, it is once-again a holiday resort like it was back in the 19th-century, and enjoys a tax-exempt status.

What in the holy hell is really going on here??!!

One more thing before I move on. The viewer who pointed me in the direction of this place brought to my attention that the name of the southern point of Helgoland, which was “Sathurn” as seen in the 1900 map.

With regards to the subject of Heligoland/Helgoland, another viewer commented that Heligoland was indeed a sacred and holy place, and is the only place in the world that a certain type of blood red silex, or flint, can be found.

Also that Heligoland is a remnant of Doggerland, believed by some to be part of Atlantis, and that it once connected Great Britain to Continental Europe.

Perhaps now the remaining remnants of which are beneath the North Sea and part of the Heligoland Bight?

We are told that Doggerland was said to have been submerged beneath the southern North Sea 8,000 years ago after the Storegga landslide, which took place off the coast of Norway between Bergen and Trondheim, and generated a tsunami strong- enough, and high-enough, to take out what was called the “True Heart of Europe.”

But could this event have taken place much more recently than thousands of years ago by a deliberately-caused cataclysm?

Another viewer left a comment with lyrics from a song by Massive Attack in their 2010 Album, “Heligoland.”

These lyrics were from the song “Saturday Come Slow”:

In the limestone caves
In the south west lands
What towns in the kingdom
Beneath us understand?

Is Humanity under Massive Attack by dark forces antithetical to organic life and goodness intent on taking over the Earth and everything on it? 

I definitely think so.

Next I am going to take a look at Poland’s Hel Peninsula.

The Hel Peninsula is a 22-mile, or 35-kilometer, -long sandbar peninsula in the northern part of Poland separating the Bay of Puck from the Baltic Sea.

The Bay of Puck is described as a shallow western branch of the Bay of Gdansk with an average depth of 7-feet, or 2-meters, to 20-feet, or 6-meters.

It is only available for the use of small fishing boats and yachts.

Perhaps yet another place where land is submerged?

There is an abandoned and derelict “torpedo test facility” in the Bay of Puck that the Germans used for their torpedo tests.

Known locally as “Torpedownia…”

…the Germans fired their “test torpedoes” at Jastarnia and Jurata on the Polish Hel Peninsula between 1942 and 1945.

The Polish Hel Peninsula is a popular tourist destination in the present-day, with a road and railroad, and one-busline, until recently designated by the number “666,” running along the peninsula from the mainland to to the town of Hel at the furthest point.

Since June 24th of 2023, a little over a week ago from the time I am doing the research for this post, the number of the busline has been changed to “669” after public outcry.

So here we have a great example of numerology and negative and positive meanings.

The number sequence of “666” is most strongly associated with its negative occult meaning used to signify the devil, the antichrist, and evil in general.

What is less well known is that the number sequence “666” has positive meanings when you see it pop-up somewhere in your life, like the one listed here among others: Reflect – It’s time to wake-up to your higher spiritual truth.

But since we are talking about places actually named “Hel,” one more thing before I move on from here.

The Hel Peninsula and Bay of Puck are part of Poland’s Puck County.

What intrigues about the name of this place is that a “Puck” was a creature in European folklore that presented as a domestic and nature sprite, demon, or fairy.

Pucks started showing up in Shakespeare and other literature of the Early Modern Era in Europe starting in the 1500s in our historical narrative.

They were spirits that were both helpful and mischievous at the same time. For example, they would assist with chores in a household, and if something displeased them, they would undo the work they had done.

Interestingly, they still show up as characters in literature or other media to this day, like in the 2109 Amazon series “Carnival Row.”

I don’t know. Nothing would surprise me, so this just might be another connection to the subject matter of this post.

These are some other places named Hel or Hell on Earth.

There is a Hell in the Nord-Trondelag county of Norway.

Hell is located the short-distance of 16-miles, or 25-kilometers, due east of Trondheim, Norway’s third-largest city.

Hell is situated on a railway junction where the longest railroad line in Norway, the Nordland Line, running between Trondheim and Bodo for a distance of 453-miles, or 729-kilometers, branches off from the Merakerbanen between Trondheim and Strolien, Sweden.

Otherwise, at a superficial glance, there is not much in Hell, Norway, the town where Hell freezes over, with the town’s name being the main tourist attraction.

But on closer examination, I found a number of interesting things, starting with the.road-racing circuit in Hell, the Lankebanen, which is used for a variety of motorsports.

The finding of the road-racing track, also called a “road-racing circuit,” led me to take a closer look at what else is in the vicinity of Hell, Norway, because I have consistently found race-tracks in close proximity to, and in geometric relationship with, airports all over the world, and one of the components I have looked at in compiling evidence for all of the infrastructure of the Earth functioning as part of a circuit board designed by the original advanced world wide civilization as a free-energy-generating grid system.

Trondheim Airport is located 1.7-miles, or 1.72-kilometers from the Hell Railroad Station, with two elliptical tracks nearby a short-distance in linear alignment to the airport, one to the northeast, and one to the southeast.

The Airport is located 3.4-miles, or 5.4-kilometers, from the Lankebanen road-racing circuit, which is slightly to the southwest of the airport.

Just to the east of the Lankebanen are two more racing circuits – one is Hell Motorsports and the other is the Lanke Travbane for horse-racing.

To put this into context, I have found the same things in cities all over the Earth, finding the exact same configuration across countries and continents.

The mouth of the snaky, S-shaped Stjordalselva River is located between Hell and Stjordalshausen.

Along with finding the same s-shaped river bends all over the world…

…I am also finding that railroads and roads typically run along these s-shaped river-bends, like the Meraker Line Railway and European Route E14 in this part of the world…

…a subject which I explored in-depth in North America not long ago, finding the co-location of railroads, rivers, canals, waterfalls, historic highways, and powerplants all across the continent in all directions.

Waterfalls on the Stjordalselva River include the Nustadfossen; Turifossen; and Dalamofossen situated around the train destination of Meraker.

Waterfalls on tributaries of the Stjordalselva River include the Storfossen and the Sonfossen.

Interesting to note there are powerplants all throughout this region…

…including the Julfoss Power Station in Hell itself.

I first encountered Trondheim doing research on a major long-distance alignment of cities and places going eastwards across Europe from Cape Farewell at the southern tip of Greenland which can be found in ” Bonanza! Correlation of Mines & Minerals to the Earth’s Grid System – Pt 2 Cape Farewell to the Maldives.”

A couple of points I wish to bring forward from this research are as follows.

The first thing is that Hell was directly on this alignment as it is a short-distance due east of Trondheim, though I was not aware of that information until I did the research for this post.

Another thing is that during World War II, Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany from the day that the Germans invaded neutral Norway on April 9th of 1940 on the pretext that Norway needed protection from British and French interference, and like Denmark and the Channel Islands, the Nazis occupied Norway for 5-years, until the end of the war in Europe, in May of 1945.

The last thing I want to mention is that Trondheim was originally known as Nidaros.

Trondheim is the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros, and the Nidaros Cathedral is the national sanctuary of Norway and is the traditional location of the consecration of new kings of Norway, and is considered the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world.

It was said to have been built in the years between 1070 and 1300.

For similarity of appearance, here is a comparison of the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim in the top pictures, and the Victoria Terminus Railway Station in Mumbai, which used to be Bombay, India, pictured in the bottom photos, and said to have been built by the British in India between 1878 and 1888.

When I started doing the research for Hell in Norway, I came across the Hell in Michigan, another place where Hell freezes over.

The Hell in Michigan is an unincorporated community on Lake Patterson Road, located 15-miles, or 24-kilometers, northwest of Ann Arbor, and 3-miles, or 4.8-kilometers, southwest of Pinckney.

Ann Arbor is the location of the University of Michigan, which was first established in 1817 as the “Catholepistemiad,” said to translate roughly to the “School of Universal Knowledge,” under an Act of the Michigan Territory.

The name changed to the University of Michigan by another Act of the Michigan Territory in 1821.

For comparison of similarity of appearance of college architecture around the world, along with the University of Michigan on the top left, here is Korea University in Seoul on the bottom left, which was established in 1905; the University of Sydney in Australia, established in 1850; and the Trinity College of Cambridge University in England, said to have been founded in 1546 by King Henry VIII.

These are a few of many examples of the same style of architecture found all over the world for colleges and universities.

What makes more sense.

There was a universal building template used for building colleges and universities all over the world over the course of centuries.

Or…

This architecture was built by one and the same worldwide civilization.

So, just a short-distance from the world-renowned research university in Ann Arbor, the little community of Hell definitely has its own vibe going on.

You can stop at “Screams Ice Cream from Hell” for a treat if you go to the visit there.

You can even get married in Hell, if you dare, at Hell’s “Chapel of Love.”

So, what else is here besides hell-themed tourist attractions?

Well, there’s the Pinckney State Recreation Area, an 11,000-acre, or 4,452-hectare park consisting of a chain of lakes, rolling hills, and numerous outdoor recreational opportunities.

The landscape is described as a “terminal moraine area formed during the last glaciation period.”

First of all, moraine is defined as “a mass of rocks and sediments carried down and deposited by a glacier,” and terminal moraine is defined as “a moraine deposited at the point of furthest advance of a glacier or ice sheet.”

But I don’t buy what they are selling us with the glaciation and ice age explanation for places like this.

It’s hard to find a good picture looking on-line, but this view of a place on one of the hiking trails there looks like it might have something rock-solid just underneath the surface of the water.

This is where field research is so important, because when you go to a place in person and know what to look for, it can yield a treasure trove of information just waiting to be found.

Sir Charles Lyell was a Scottish geologist who was said to have demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining Earth’s history.

In his books, “The Principles of Geology,” published in three volumes between 1830 and 1833, he presented the idea that the Earth was shaped by the same natural processes that are still operating today at similar intensities, and a s such a proponent of “Uniformitarianism,” a gradualistic view of natural laws and processes occuring at the same rate now as they have always done.

This theory was in contrast to “catastrophism,” or theory that Earth has been shaped by sudden, short-lived violent events of a worldwide nature.

At any rate, as a result of Lyell’s work, the glacial theory gained acceptance between 1839 and 1846, and we are told during that time, scientists started to recognize the existence of ice ages.

The concept of “glacial erratic” has come to be the explanation for large masses of rock that have been moved by glacier ice and lodged in glacier valleys or scattered over hills.

Examples include the rectangular Madison Boulder in New Hampshire, which is considered to be one of the largest glacial erratics in the world, at 83-feet, or 25-meters, long, and 23-feet, or 7-meters, high, and upwards of 5,000 tons, with one part of it said to be buried to a depth of up to 12-feet, or 4-meters.

It is interesting to note the number of glacial erratics that end up either perfectly balanced by themselves…

…or as a large block of stone balanced on top of smaller stones.

The same idea is called a dolmen in other parts of the world, and is considered the most common megalithic structure in Europe, believed to be a tomb or burial space.

Next, a few more places that I found that have a “Hel.”

First, there are two places in Pakistan named Hel, one in the Northwest Frontier, and the other in Kashmir.

Since it is hard to find specific information about these “Hels,” I will look at the places where they are found.

First, the North West Frontier in Pakistan, known as Waziristan.

I first encountered Waziristan several years ago tracking cities and places in alignment starting at San Francisco in California.

North and South Waziristan comprise a mountainous region of Pakistan on the country’s border with Afghanistan, and are districts of the Khyber-Pakhtunkwha Province, formerly known as the Northwest Frontier Province.

Historically, the tribal people of this region were considered very tough fighters, having defeated Alexander the Great’s efforts to conquer them, and more recently in history, British efforts to take them over were not as successful as the British would have liked in the Waziristan Campaign of 1936 to 1939 as well, earning the area the nickname of “Hell’s Door-Knocker.”

The Khyber-Pakhtunkwha Province is the location of the Khyber Pass, a mountain pass in the northwest of Pakistan, and an integral part of the ancient Silk Road. A translation is “On the Khyber side of the Land of the Pashtuns.”

This is the Bab-e-Khyber, a gate that stands at the entrance to the Khyber Pass…

…said to have been constructed in 1965.

The turreted and crenellated appearance of the Bab-e-Khyber Gate brought to mind the style of architecture seen on this old Merovingian textile from France on the left, and the Cajun flag of Louisiana on the right.

The Jamrud Fort is adjacent to the Bab-e-Khyber. We are told that the foundation of the fort was laid out by the Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa on the 18th of December in 1836, and that the fort was completed in 54-days, after Jamrud was lost to the Afghan Durrani Empire and conquered by the Sikh Empire.

This is a screenshot of the Jamrud Fort on Google Earth.

The Jamrud Electrical Grid Station is located very close to Jamrud Fort, and there is at least one other structure with the arrow pointing towards it, and possibly more, that looks like it could be connected to this grid system.

The Pashtun tribal peoples are the primary inhabitants of a region including North and South Waziristan, the Khyber-Pakhtunkwha and Balochistan Provinces of Pakistan, and the Pashtun are also found in Afghanistan, in a region regarded as Pashtunistan, split between two countries since the Durand Line border between the two countries was formed in 1893 after the second Anglo-Afghan War.

The namesake of the line, Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, was a British Diplomat and Civil Servant of the British Raj.

We are told that together with the Afghan Emir, Abdur Rahman Khan, it was established to “fix the limit of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade.

Well, that certainly sounds good…but what was really going on here?

The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtunistan and Balochistan regions, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns and Baloch, who live on both sides of the border.

But, really, why divide a people in this fashion?

The Pashtun are a tribal nation of millions of Afghani and Pakistani Muslims who also have a strong oral tradition that they are descended from a Tribe of Israel, and they refer to themselves as Bani Israel. 

Here is an example of a Pashtun textile piece showing the sacred geometric shape of a star tetrahedron in the center, also known as the Star of David…

…and Pashtun lockets with what is best known as the Star of David engraved on them.

But the Star of David is a 2-D representation of the sacred geometric shape of the Human Lightbody, known as the Merkaba.

The Earth’s controllers really did not want to us to know who and what we are, and where we come from, and among other things, hijacked the template of the Children of Israel for themselves.

The other place in Pakistan with a place named Hel is in Azad Kashmir, also known as Azad Jammu and Kashmir, a region administered as a self-governing entity, and the western portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been disputed between Pakistan and India since 1947.

Azad Kashmir is separated from the Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir by what is called the Line of Control (LoC).

Azad Kashmir has a Parliamentary form of government modelled after that of Great Britain, with a President as its Constitutional Head-of-State, while the Pakistani Prime Minister is its Chief Executive.

And are those three pyramids represented in the bottom third of the government seal?

Hmmm, I wonder.

The capital city of Azad Kashmir is Muzaffarabad, which happens to be located right in-between one of those ubiquitous s-shaped river bends that I mentioned previously.

Major earthquakes occur in Azad Kashmir from time-to-time as it is in a region where the Indian tectonic plate and the Eurasian tectonic plate meet.

One in early October of 2005 near Muzaffarabad devastated the region’s infrastructure and economy, which is still recovering, and killing 100,000 people and displacing 3-million.

The last two locations I am going to look at where the place-name of Hel comes up are both in Belgium, one in the Brabant Province, and the other in the Antwerp Province.

As was the case in Pakistan, I am having difficulty finding specific information about these two “Hels,” so I wil focus on their respective provinces instead.

Brabant was a province of Belgium from 1830 to 1995.

In 1995, it was split into the French-speaking “Walloon Brabant” and the Dutch-speaking “Flemish Brabant.”

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created in 1815 as a result of the Congress of Vienna, and different sections of Brabant were shared between modern-day Belgium and The Netherlands.

Brabant was named after the Duchy of Brabant which was part of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist after Napoleon defeated Austrian and Imperial forces in the Battle of Austerliz on December 2nd of 1805, and the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved on August 6th of 1806.

Prior to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the imperial throne of the Holy Roman Empire was occupied by the House of Habsburg.

Also called the House of Austria, the House of Habsburg was one of the most distinguished and influential royal houses of Europe.

The Habsburg male line died out in 1740 with the death of Emperor Charles VI, and as a result of the War of Austrian Succession that took place between 1740 and 1748, the Empress Maria-Theresa had to concede Habsburg lands in Austria, Spain, and Italy to other powers as part of the terms of the 1748 Treaty of Aix-La-Chappelle, which also confirmed the right of succession of the German House of Hanover to the British throne.

The Congress of Vienna was said to be one of the most important international conferences in European history.

It was a meeting of ambassadors of European states held in Vienna in Austria between 1814 and 1815 in order to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon.

The stated goal was to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and in this way remain at peace, and not simply to restore old boundaries.

As a result of the Congress of Vienna, France lost all of its recent conquests, while Prussia, Austria, and Russia made major territorial gains.

Most of the discussions took place in informal, face-to-face sessions among the ambassadors of Austria, Britain, France, Russia, and sometimes Prussia, with limited or no participation by other delegates.

As such, the so-called Congress of Vienna never met in plenary session, which means a session in which all members of all parties are able to attend.

After the Belgian Revolution of 1830, the southern Netherlands of Central and South Brabant became part of Belgium, and Brabant became the central province of Belgium with Brussels as its capital.

The Revolutions of 1830 took place in France, Belgium, Italy, Brazil, Poland & Switzerland, which was the same year that Bavarian Order of the Illuminati founder Adam Weishaupt died in Gotha, in November.

These 1830 revolutions led to the establishment of Constitutional Monarchies, and the substitution of the concept of popular sovereignty for hereditary right.  In France, King Louis-Philippe I of the Habsburg House of Bourbon’s cadet branch of the House of Orleans, was the last King of France, until he was removed as Head-of -State in February of 1848, and marked the foundation of the French Second Republic, and subsequently sparked the Revolutions of 1848.

The 1830 revolutions in Europe also led to Leopold, the son of Duke Francis of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, becoming Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians, in 1831.

He had strong ties to Great Britain as he had moved there and married Princess Charlotte of Wales in 1816, second-in-line to the British throne after her father the Prince-Regent, who became King George IV.

She is recorded as having died after delivering a stillborn child a year after they were married, leaving King George IV without any legitimate grandchildren.

King George III’s son, the Prince-Regent George’s brother, Prince Edward, ended-up proposing to Leopold’s older sister Victoria, of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who were the parents of the future Queen Victoria.

King Leopold I was said to play an important role in the creation of Belgium’s first railroad in 1835 and subsequent industrialization.

We are told that Belgium was the second country in Europe to open a railway and produce locomotives, after a private rail-line opened between Stockton and Darlington in north-east England on September 27th of 1825.

The very old-looking Skerne Bridge was said to have been built in 1825 for the Stockton and Darlington Railroad, and carried the first train on opening day.

It is considered to be the oldest railway bridge in continuous use in the world.

The first stretch of the Belgian Railway network was said to have been completed between northern Brussels and Mechelen in 1835, and was the first steam passenger railway in continental Europe.

By 1836, the line to Antwerp had been completed, and by 1843, four main-lines had been added to the Belgian rail network.

There are 6,893-miles, or 11,903-kilometers, of railroad track in Belgium, which has the greatest mileage of rail per square mile in the world.

So I will end this tour of where there are locations mentioned of a ‘Hel,’ with either one “l” or two, on Earth in the Antwerp Province of Belgium and the city of Antwerp, its capital.

Antwerp Province is the northernmost province of Belgium, and borders on the North Brabant Province of the Netherlands.

Originally named the “Central Brabant Province,” after the Congress of Vienna, it was re-named “Antwerp” in 1830 after the city of Antwerp.

The Province has a transportation network of infrastructure of roads, railroads, canals and rivers, as well as the Port of Antwerp, the economic heart of the province.

The Port of Antwerp is the second-largest port in Europe, after Rotterdam in The Netherlands, and where chemical factories, like those of Bayer and BASF, and Monsanto, which was acquired by Bayer Pharmaceutics and Life Sciences Company in after gaining United States and EU regulatory approvals on June 7th of 2018 for, you guessed it – $66-billion in cash – and Monsanto’s name is no longer used…

…and the Port of Antwerp comprises the second largest Petrochemical industry cluster in the world, after Houston, Texas.

This is the Antwerp Central Rail Station, said to have been built between 1895 and 1905 to replace the original wooden station from 1836.

It was severely damaged by V-2 rockets during World War II.

During World War II, on September 4th of 1944, the British Armored 11th-Division captured the port city of Antwerp intact except for the bridges across the Albert Canal.

Apparently, the retreating Germans blew up these bridges on their way out of town.

Then on October 12th of 1944, Hitler and the German High Command exclusively focused their V-weapon missile attacks on the cities of Antwerp and London, and for a period of 175-days-and-nights, German missile-launching crews fired more than 4,000 V-1s and more than 1,000 V-2s at Greater Antwerp, and Antwerp had become known as the “City of Sudden Death.”

I am sure there is much more to find, as there always is, but I am going to end this post here.

The geographical location of “Heligoland/Helgoland” where I started this journey brought in the Napoleonic Wars; the role of the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 with the goal of removing the original Royal Houses of Europe; the role of Prgressive youth movements; the origins and interconnections to all of this of the Bavarian Order of the Illuminati and to the House of Saxe Saxe-Coburg and Gotha AKA Windsor.

The geographic locations of two more “Hels” in Belgium brought in more of the story about what happened after the defeat of Napoleon; how one obscure German ducal line managed to replace the original Royal Houses of Europe, and how both of these places were hammered during Europe’s World Wars of the 20th-century, along with Poland’s Hel Peninsula.

The Nazi Germans occupied Norway for almost the entirety of World War II, and the Hell there would have been centrally located and on important transportation routes.

Hell in Michigan doesn’t seem to have quite those connections, but this hell-based tourist attraction it is located quite close to a world-renowned research University and a large recreational area that I have a lot questions about what’s actually there.

Then the wars and conflicts that have taken place after dividing Pakistan and Afghanistan, the connections of the Lost Tribes of Israel found there, and the creation of conflict by dividing the Kashmir region between Pakistan and India, where places named “Hel” are found as well.

In seeking answers to the question “Where is Hel on Earth,” there certainly seem to be correlations between places with “Hel” in the name, and the hellish events of our modern history.

There’s some kind of functional connection on the Earth’s original grid system between gorges, waterfalls, rapids, railroads, dams & reservoirs, bridges, canals, star forts, highways…and likely places where there were once giant trees.

The Controllers have also done a lot to destroy the evidence or hide it as much as they can, but the evidence is still there to find if you know where to look and how to interpret it.

The purpose of this blog post is to provide you with compelling evidence to support this assertion.

A couple of years ago, in December of 2021 to be exact, when I came across my baby book in a box at my mom’s Assisted Living apartment in Florida, I found out that my first outing at one-week-old was to Great Falls Park in Maryland.

This was an unexpected confirmation for me of a feeling I have had for awhile that I was connected to the information that I am sharing in my work from the very beginning of my life because my whole life I have been collecting pieces to the puzzle long before I was consciously aware of it.

So the Great Falls of the Potomac is the place where I am going to start my journey to provide you with compelling evidence for the connection between gorges, waterfalls, rapids, railroads, bridges, canals and star forts on the Earth’s original grid system.

I grew up in Gaithersburg and Rockville in Montgomery County Maryland, outside of Washington, D.C.

In 1974, right after the birth of my youngest brother, when I was ten, we moved to a larger home in Rockville from Gaithersburg.  I always tell people we moved as close to the affluent suburb of Potomac, Maryland, as my parents could afford. 

This house in Rockville was a short, under 20-mile, or 32-kilometer drive to the Maryland-side of Great Falls Park.

Living so close to the park growing up, I visited there more than a few times.

Access to go see the Great Falls themselves, at least when I was young, was cut off after the effects of Hurricane Agnes in 1972 destroyed the bridge going out to where you could view them from the Maryland-side.

My most vivid memories of Great Falls are of the C & O Canal that runs through the park, complete with canal locks, tavern/museum, and a variety of recreational opportunities to choose from, including hiking trails and canoeing or kayaking on the canal.

And the only time I ever skipped school was Senior Skip Day when I was in high school, and I went with some classmates to Great Falls Park, and I am pretty sure that was the only time I hiked the “Billy Goat Trail” there.

The Billy Goat Trail includes a section along the Mather Gorge, part of the C & O Canal National Historic Park, and named after the National Park Service’s first director, Stephen Mather.

A gorge or canyon are both defined as a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering or erosive activity of a river over geologic time scales.

This is an aerial image of Mather Gorge on the left and  how it looks closer to earth. 

So the spin is that this is completely natural, but the edges of the gorge look to be on the straight-and-angled-side!

The Carderock Recreation Area is part of the C & O Canal National Historic Park.

Carderock itself is a popular rock-climbing location.

Interesting to note that the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center is located in Carderock, Maryland, not far from Carderock rock, and concentrates on engineering, testing, and modelling ship and ship systems for the Navy.

Funny, I don’t remember there being a gold mine here.

Close to Rockwood Manor, too!

I have recently come into awareness of the giant trees that once existed all over the Earth and their likely relationship to the Earth Grid and mine site through the “Deeper Conversations with Chad” YouTube Channel.  Chad recently had a conversation with me, and we talked about giant trees among other shared findings coming from different perspectives. 

Now I’m wondering if this could this have once been the location of a giant tree?

Now to start bringing in other infrastructure.

Here is a Google Earth Screenshot along the Potomac River between Great Falls Park in Potomac, Maryland, showing all the infrastructure that is found along here in-between there and the Potomac River Reservoir north going through Harper’s Ferry, including the C & O Canal, the B & O Railroad, bridges, aqueducts, reservoirs, forts and batteries.

Harper’s Ferry was an infamous location during the American Civil War, and so was the Battle of Antietam in Sharpsburg, Maryland, one of its bloodiest battles.

Again, since I grew up near here, I have been to a number of these places multiple times, particularly Harper’s Ferry and Antietam.

Here’s what our historical narrative tells us.

In 1827, the State of Maryland chartered the Baltimore and Ohio (B & O) Railroad, the first common carrier, and the oldest, railroad in the United States.

The first section of the B & O Railroad was said to have opened in 1830, and it was said to have reached the Ohio River in 1852, the first eastern seaboard railroad to do so.

We are told there was an intense rivalry between the B & O Railroad, and the Chesapeake & Ohio (C & O) Canal, with each project choosing the same day to break ground – on July 4th, 1828.

Both projects were said to be vying for the narrow right-of-way where the Potomac River cuts through a mountain ridge not far from Point of Rocks, Maryland, which ended up in court.

Even though after four-years the case was said to have been ruled in favor of the canal, we are told the C & O had to allow the B & O to go through there, so this is a place where the canal and the railroad run side-by-side, and that within a few years the canal was made obsolete because the railroad was so much more efficient.

And this incredible engineering feat of canals and railroads running side-by-side is found in countless other places, with examples like this one in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania…

…and this one of the Ship Canal on Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula.

I am going to take a look at the places between Great Falls Park in Maryland and the Potomac River Reservoir in West Virginia section by section on Google Earth.

This first section in Montgomery County was totally in my stomping grounds growing up.

The first two pins down at the bottom of the screen show the relationship and distance at the locations between the Potomac River, Great Falls and the C & O canal, and where the B & O Railroad today makes its way through Montgomery county.

Now I want to bring your attention to what was at the top left of the previous screenshot at the pins of “Monocacy Aqueduct” and “Railroad tracks.”

The Monocacy Aqueduct was said to have been built by three different contractors between 1829 and 1833.

It is the longest aqueduct on the C & O Canal, crossing over the Monocacy River before it meets the Potomac River.

This solid, stone-masonry structure has a waterway of 19-feet, or 5.8-meters at the bottom, and 20-feet, or 6.1-meters at the top.

It was used as part of the canal system for canal boat transportation, and said to have been utilized by the Union Army during the Civil War to transport war materials and troops between Maryland, Virginia, and places west.

The story goes that the Confederate Army had plans to blow up the aqueduct but were unsuccessful in doing so for a variety of reasons, from being talked out of it by the keeper of Lock 27, to not being able to drill enough holes to insert the amount of dynamite necessary to blow it up.

Another is that the Battle of Monocacy took place not far from here in Frederick County in July of 1864, and came about because Union troops were there to protect a railroad bridge at Monocacy Junction, Maryland, where it crossed the Monocacy River, as Confederate troops marched towards Washington.

On the top left is a photo of the Monocacy Railroad Junction circa 1873, and on the bottom right is a photo of the confluence of the Des Moines and Raccoon Rivers in Des Moines, Iowa, one of countless examples of so-called river confluences that look exactly like the Monocacy Junction, and were actually canals.

A junction is defined as a “an act of joining or adjoining things,” implying intentionality as opposed to something that just happens randomly.

An electrical junction is defined as a point or area where multiple conductors or semi-conductors make physical contact.

The next point of information here that is noteworthy is that there is another railroad junction near the Monocacy Aqueduct itself, where there is another rail-line branches off from the main B & O rail-line that runs closer to the Potomac River and C & O Canal here.

Also here the C & O Canal is hard to distinguish from the Potomac River through here.

The short Dickerson spur-line runs ends at the facilities for the Dickerson Plant and Covanta Montgomery.

The Dickerson Plant refers to the Dickerson Generating Station, an 853-megawatt electric-generating plant owned by NRG Energy.

It has a history of toxic metal releases into the Potomac River, like arsenic and mercury.

It is located next to the C & O National Historical Park, with C& O Canal Lock 27 being nearby.

Canal Locks are used to raise and lower boats between stretches of water of different levels.

The C & O Canal has 74 locks altogether along its 184.5-mile, or 297-kilometer, length.

Covanta Montgomery is the Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility, which is a 56-megawatt incineration plant that burns municipal garbage and waste and turns it into energy.

It is served by the CSX railroad line, which brings trash from Montgomery County Central Transfer and Recycling facility in Derwood, Maryland.

In the next section, from the Monocacy Aqueduct to the train station at Point of Rocks, Maryland, the railroad tracks start to run closer to the the C & O Canal and the Potomac River, and then run side-by-side.

Starting at Noland’s Ferry , the railroad, C & O Canal, and the Potomac River start to run together right next to each other for a long-distance.

Noland’s Ferry started running in the middle of the 1700s, carrying travellers between Loudon County, Virginia, and Frederick County, Maryland.

It was said to have been used for crossing the Potomac River in both the Revolutionary War and Civil War.

This is a stone structure at the entrance to Noland’s Ferry Park…

…and Culvert 71 is located in the park at mile marker 44.04 just before you get to the historical location of Noland’s Ferry at mile marker 44.6.

Both appear to be very old….

Next we come to Point-of-Rocks, Maryland.

So, let’s take a closer look at Point of Rocks.

We are told Point of Rocks was the western terminus of the B & O Railroad from 1828 to 1832, while the B & O and C & O awaited the court decision on the hotly-contested right-of-way through here mentioned previously.

The train station here was said to have been built in Gothic Revival-style in 1873 by the B & O Railroad at the junction of the B & O Main-line running to Baltimore and the Metropolitan Branch running to Washington, DC, which had opened for passenger service in 1873.

The parking area for the C & O Canal National Historic Park is just south of the U. S. Highway 15 Truss Bridge at Point of Rocks next to the Potomac River.

The two-lane, eight-span Camelback Truss Bridge at this location connects Maryland and Virginia, and was said to have been built in 1937.

U. S. Highway 15 is a United States Numbered Highway that serves New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina, and is one of the original numbered highways that was approved in 1926.

It is 792-miles, or 1,274-kilometers, in length.

More on the U. S. Numbered Highway system later in this post.

There are two locks on the C & O Canal near Point of Rocks.

Lock 28 is pictured here…

…and Lock 29 and the Lander Lockhouse are pictured here…

On the railroad’s way to Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia, its tracks run through a tunnel at Maryland Heights

Where the tunnel comes out on the other side, among other things, there is an advertisement for passengers for “Mennen’s Borated Talcum Toilet Powder” high up on the face of Maryland Heights said to date from early 1900s.

The Maryland Heights trail connects to the Appalachian Trail, and I remember being at this location of the tunnel as part of a group hike on the Appalachian Trail through this area when I was a teenager.

C & O Canal Lock 33 is part of the Maryland Heights Trail.

Before crossing over the Railroad bridge here over the Potomac River where the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers meet, there’s a few places I want to take a look at on this side of the Potomac River here first on Maryland Heights – a 30-pounder battery; a 100-pounder battery; and the Naval Battery Overlook.

On the Stone Fort Loop Trail of the Maryland Heights Trail, the 30-pounder battery was said to have been the first earthen battery built by the federals in the fall of 1862, at the end of a towering plateau that perfectly commanded the summits of Bolivar and Loudoun Heights facing south.

Higher up on Maryland Heights, we come to the 100-pounder battery on the Stone Fort Loop section of the trail.

We are told this battery was recommended by a Union general in the spring of 1863 that could fire a 100-point Parrott rifle 360-degrees in all directions from its lofty location.

The Stone Fort was said to have been built by the Union Army on top of Maryland Heights during the winter of 1862 and 1863 to ward off Confederate attack along the crest.

The Naval Battery was said to have been the first Union Fortification on Maryland Heights, and quickly built in May of 1862 to protect Harper’s Ferry from Confederate attack during General Stonewall Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign in the spring of 1862, and where there was a battle with Jackson’s troops in September of 1862.

The Union forces were said to have been forced to retreat and abandon the Naval Battery until they came back to Maryland Heights to build the better fortications we just saw higher up.

There’s a set of railroad bridges crossing the Potomac River at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah for two different lines.

One continues along the Potomac River and the other is a line that runs next to the Shenandoah River.

What is known as “John Brown’s Fort” sits at the confluence of the two rivers.

It was said to have been built in 1848 as a guard and fire engine house for the Federal Armory at Harper’s Ferry.

Master Mason John Brown was best known for the Harper’s Ferry raid on October 16th of 1859.

His plan was to raid the Federal Armory and instigate a major slave rebellion in the South, and he had no rations or escape route.

In 36-hours, troops under the command of then Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee had arrested him and his cohorts, who had withdrawn to the engine house after they had been surrounded by local citizens and militia.

While his plan was doomed from the start, John Brown’s Raid did serve to deepen the divide between the North and South in the years leading up to the Civil War.

John Brown was hung on December 2nd of 1859, less than two months after the onset of the Harper’s Ferry Raid.

Interestingly, we are told that many of the bricks of “John Brown’s Fort” were taken and sold as souvenirs…

…and that “John Brown’s Fort” was said to have been moved four times.

To Chicago, for an attraction at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition; back to Harpers Ferry on the Murphy Farm in 1895; Storers College in Harpers Ferry in 1909; and back to its present, and close to its original location, by the National Park Service in 1968.

What I find interesting about finding “John Brown’s Fort” at this location is that I typically find either still-existing or historic star forts at the point of river confluences like here in Harper’s Ferry.

Examples include Fort Pitt and Fort Duquesne at the “Forks of the Ohio” in Pittsburgh…

…and the historic first Camp, and later Fort, Defiance at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers in Cairo, Illinois.

Before I follow the C & O Canal and B & O Railroad along the Potomac River, I just want to take a quick look at some places on the Shenandoah River-side.

Going from left-to-right along the Shenandoah River in this Google Earth Screenshot, Virginius Island; the Staircase Rapids; Shenandoah Falls, and the original site of the Shenandoah River Bridge.

We are told Virginius Island was a thriving industrial location in the first-half of the 19th-century, after Virginius Island was created by the Patowmack Company when it was constructing the Shenandoah Canal between 1806 and 1807.

Besides the railroad that ran across Virginius Island, other industries that were said to have been here including a wide-range of mills and factories. and that at its peak in 1850, there were 180 people living here in 20 houses.

Here are some of the stone ruins found today on Virginius Island.

Compare the photo on the left taken at Virginius Island in Harpers Ferry identified as “pulp factory ruins;” and on the right, ancient waterwheels found in Faiyum, Egypt.

Next, the “Staircase Rapids.”

What are called the “Staircase Rapids” run along the Shenandoah River a distance through this stretch of the river, consisting of the “Upper Staircase” and the “Lower Staircase,” towards a section of the river classified as “Shenandoah Falls.”

I’m sure I went over these rapids on a group whitewater rafting trip when I was a teenager. I was part of a very active youth group at my church where we went on all of these fun outings together.

Reflecting back on it, these were experiences I would not have otherwise had, and I am grateful that I was able to do them.

Did rapids have a function on the Earth’s grid system too?

More on this thought shortly after I finish looking at what is found around this location, and revisit the subject of rapids on the grid system and look at some other places with a similar set-up as Harpers Ferry with respect to infrastructure at these locations.

There are ruins the ruins of two historic bridges at the confluence of the two rivers – original Shenandoah River Bridge abutments and abutments for the former Bollman Bridge, another railroad bridge that was next to the two existing railroad bridges crossing the Potomac River.

The original Shenandoah River Bridge was said to have first been a wagon-road bridge and later a vehicle bridge that was completely destroyed by one of the 1936 flood, the worst of six known floods starting in 1748.

The 1936 flood crested at 36.5-feet, or 11-meters.

Along with the Shenandoah River Bridge and many businesses in the Lower Town of Harpers Ferry…

…the Bollman Railroad Bridge was completely wiped away in the same flood.

Both ruined bridges were also said to have suffered damage during the Civil War, but rebuilt for use until they were completely wiped out by the floodwaters in 1936.

Now heading up the Potomac River from the confluence of the two, the Potomac has rapids through here, as well as a Hydroelectric Power Plant.

It was said to have been built in 1888, and operated from 1899 to 1991, and was originally part of a wood pulp mill, and after a fire in 1925, operated only as a power house.

Following the Potomac River from the old power plant ruins, we soon come to Lock 34; Dam 3 ruins; and Fort Duncan.

The railroad tracks follow the Potomac River up until the river bend at the Dam 3 Ruins, and then veer off across the countryside.

The C & O Canal Lock 34 is at mile 61.5 of the canal’s towpath, just north of Harpers Ferry.

The next place we come to on the Potomac River after Lock 34 are the ruins of Dam 3, an inlet lock, Lock 35, and Lock 36 around mile 62 of the canal towpath.

Dam 3 was said to have been built in 1799 to serve the Armory at Harpers Ferry.

The dam was said to be ineffective; rebuilt once in 1820; and then in 1832, used by the C & O Canal for its purposes.

The Inlet Lock, Lock 35 and Lock 36 are in close proximity to the ruins of Dam 3.

The historical location of Fort Duncan is less than a half-mile north from the location of the Dam 3 ruins and the lock infrastructure, up a steep hill.

It was said to have been constructed by the Union Army in October of 1862 shortly after the Battle of Antietam and the Union surrender of Harper’s Ferry to the Confederate Army under the command of General Stonewall Jackson.

Its stated purpose was to guard the area around Harpers Ferry, the railroad and the canal.

The only action seen there was reported to have been a small demonstration following the Confederate General Jubal Early’s raid on Washington in 1864.

Leaving the historic location of Fort Duncan, we are heading north to the battlefield of Antietam in Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek.

I remember visiting Antietam with my family when I was young, and then went there in 2004 when visiting a friend who lives in the area, and got an up-close and personal with the Burnside Bridge because I photographed it and later painted it.

More on the Burnside Bridge in a moment.

We are told that Antietam was the deadliest one-day battle in American Military History, on September 17th of 1862, with 22,727 dead, wounded, or missing.

The battle was fought between the Confederate troops of General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia and the Union troops of General George McClellan’s Army of the Potomac.

We are told Lee’s Army advanced into Maryland on September 3rd, after their victory on August 30th at the Second Battle of Bull Run in Northern Virginia.

McClellan’s troops were there to intercept them and by September 17th had the Confederate troops in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek.

After a long bloody day of fighting and death, the Union Army succeeded in turning back the Confederate invasion of Maryland, and was considered a major turning point in the war in the Union’s favor.

The Battle of Burnside Bridge took place in the afternoon that day to capture the bridge, which was dominated by a wooded bluff on the west bank and strewn with “boulders from an old quarry,” impeding the crossing of the bridge by combatants because this provided good cover.

The attempts of the Union Army troops under the command of Major-General Ambrose Burnside failed to secure the bridge and resulted in a considerable loss of life.

Compare the appearance of the Burnside Bridge on the left with that of the Sligachan Bridge on the Isle of Skye off Scotland’s northwest coast on the right.

The last section of the Potomac River and C & O Canal I am going to look at is a cluster of Hydroelectric and reservoir infrastructure to the northwest of Sharpsburg and the Antietam battlefield.

There is a series of S-shaped river bends through here that I see all over the Earth and long-believed also have a functional purpose on the Earth’s grid system…

…and you see the same S-Shaped river bends on the Mississippi River where the Battle of Vicksburg in Mississippi was said to have been fought in the Civil War that you have on the Potomac River where the Battle of Antietam was fought.

Coincidental or intentional?

The infrastructure found along the Potomac River and C & O Canal here includes the Power Plant & Dam 4 and the Potomac River Reservoir.

The Power Plant and Dam 4 is an historic hydroelectric power generation station on the Potomac River, and part of the Potomac River Reservoir.

The Power Plant is a limestone building on a high stone foundation built into the hillside. that is five-bays long and a gable-roof said to have been built in 1909.

Dam 4 was said to have originally been built starting in 1832 and completed in 1835 for the C & O Canal, and that it starting supplying hydroelectric power in 1913.

Today it is owned by the National Park Service and leased to the Potomac Edison Electric Company for electric power generation in Washington County, Maryland.

Another example of a place with the same infrastructure found at Harper’s Ferry is”The Soo,” the nickname given to the Sault Stes. Marie of Michigan and Ontario.

The Soo Locks, the largest waterway traffic system on Earth, are called the “Linchpin of the Great Lakes,” allowing ships to travel between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes. Lake Superior meets Lake Huron with a 21-foot drop in elevation.

In the two Sault Ste. Maries and in-between them, we find the same infrastructure that is found in and around Harper’s Ferry.

Canals and Locks…

…rapids called the St. Mary’s Falls, two hydroelectric powerhouses, and the Soo Locks all right next to each other…

…bridges, one for cars and one for the railroad…

…other railroad infrastructure…

…two historic forts, Old Fort Brady and New Fort Brady, now the campus of Lake Superior State University…

…and things like a historic pulp mill, all examples of infrastructure that is found at Harpers Ferry.

The same infrastructure that is found around Harpers Ferry and The Soo is also found in the Niagara Falls region between New York and Ontario along the Niagara River between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie…

…including historic Fort Niagara in Youngstown, New York, and Fort George in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario, and Fort Erie in Ontario is located across the Niagara River from Buffalo, New York, where the river meets Lake Erie.

I recently received photos from viewer JW of Inglis Falls on the Niagara Escarpment.

This is what he said in the email:

“I’m in Owen Sound Ontario. Up on Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. I’m on the Niagara Escarpment. I came to a place called Inglis Falls. I took some trails through the forest so I could get to the bottom of the falls rather than the top where the public access leads. I definitely see the evidence of ancient brickwork. It seems to be totally inaccessible. It’s at the bottom of the Cliff face but I can’t cross that River to get there because it is too dangerous.”

Is this first-hand evidence that the Niagara Escarpment was man-made?

It is interesting to note what we are told about the origin of the Niagara Escarpment.

It is the most prominent of several escarpments in the bedrock running from eastern Wisconsin north through Northern Michigan, curving around southern Ontario through the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island and other islands in northern Lake Huron, before extending eastwards across the Niagara region between Ontario and New York, and formed over millions of years ago through weather and stream erosion through rocks of different hardnesses.

That’s what they tell us, anyway!!

Also with regards to the co-location of railroad lines and hydroelectric projects, I have encountered numerous examples in past research, like the Davis Island Lock and Dam in Avalon Pennsylvania on the top left; the Wells Dam in Chelan, Washington o the top right; the John Day Dam and Umatilla Reservoir on the Columbia River between Washington and Oregon; and the historic site of Celilo which was submerged by rising waters from The Dalles dam in 1957, and prior to that was the economic and cultural hub of Native Americans in the region, and said to be the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in North America.

On to more examples of these connections.

Next, I am going to take a look around the Tallulah Gorge and Tallulah Falls in North Georgia close to where it meets the South Carolina State Line.

A State Park since 1993, the major attractions of the park are the 1,000-foot, or 300-meter, deep Tallulah Gorge; the Tallulah River which runs along the flood of the gorge; and six major waterfalls known as the Tallulah Falls which cause the river to drop 500-feet, or 152-meters, over one-mile, or 1.6-kilometers.

This is what we are told.

In 1854, The General Assembly of the State of Georgia first enacted legislation for the construction of a railroad linking the towns of Athens and Clayton in North Georgia, and the railroad opened in sections starting in 1870, with construction of the railroad having been delayed with the outbreak of the Civil War between 1861 and 1865.

When the railroad arrived at Tallulah Falls in 1882, tourism to the area intensified, bringing thousands of people a weeks to the area.

At one time, there were seventeen restaurants and boarding houses here catering to wealthy tourists.

Places like the Tallulah Lodge, said to be the grandest lodge at Tallulah Falls with over 100-rooms and built in the 1890s, and located one-mile, or 1.6-kilometers, south of the depot on the rim of the gorge.

The Tallulah Lodge burned down in 1916.

There was an historical fire in Tallulah Falls in 1921 that wiped out almost the entire town.

The Cliff House boasted 50-rooms and was located on the edge of the gorge across the tracks from the train depot, and was said to have been built in 1882.

When it finally burned down in 1937, all the grand hotels and boarding houses were gone.

We are told that starting in 1909, the Georgia Railway and Power Company, had scouted the Tallulah River and Gorge with its drop in elevation as the ideal place to construct a dam and hydroelectric plant in order to provide electrical power to Atlanta, and that it ended up being one of six being constructed along a 26-mile, or 42-kilometer, stretch of the Tallulah and Tugaloo Rivers with a 1,200-foot, or 366-meter, drop in elevation, between 1913 and 1927.

The construction of the dam Tallulah Falls was said to have started in 1910 with the purchase of land at the rim of the Tallulah Gorge, and completed in 1914 after the company won a legal battle to halt its activities in the Tallulah Gorge.

Here is a postcard with the Tallulah Falls Bridge on U. S. Highway 23/State Road 15 crossing right in front of the dam and the Lake Tallulah Reservoir.

The bridge was said to have been built between 1938 and 1939.

The Tallulah Falls Hydroelectric power plant is 685-feet, or 185-meters, lower than the dam.

Water from the Lake Tallulah Reservoir is directed to the power plant by a 6,666-foot, or 2,032-meter, long diversion tunnel that is 11-feet, or 3.4-meters-wide, and 14-feet, or 4.3-meters, high.

The power station located on the floor of the Tallulah Gorge below the power plant is best accessed for its workers by an incline railway.

I am starting to get curious about the U. S. Highway system, and its relationship to the Earth’s original energy grid system.

As I mentioned previously, the Tallulah Falls Bridge on U. S. Highway 23 crosses right in front of the Lake Tallulah Reservoir and Dam.

U. S. Highway 23 is a major North – South U. S. Highway between Jacksonville, Florida, and Mackinaw City, Michigan.

Mackinaw City is not far from the location of the Tahquamenon Falls State Park, where there are a series of waterfalls on the Tahquamenon River before it empties into Lake Superior in the northeastern part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and the Tahquamenon Falls are even closer to “The Soo” region mentioned previously.

Was there an historical rail presence at Tahquamenon Falls?

I searched and what came up was the “Tahquamenon Falls Riverboat Tours & Toonerville Trolley.”

It is a 6 1/2-hour wilderness tour that starts at Soo Junction that includes a narrow-gauge train ride and riverboat cruise to the Falls.

This information about U. S. Highway 23 going from Florida to Michigan connected with at least two major waterfall systems and corresponding historic rail systems led me to look into the United States Numbered Highway System, or the Federal Highway System and am wondering if this was likely a part of the energy grid systemof the original civilization.

It was actually called an integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid across the contiguous United States that was first approved in 1926.

The map was said to be the first proposed U. S. Highway Network map, drawn up by the National Highway Association in 1913.

The red roads were delineating “Main” National Highways; the blue roads “Trunk” National Highways; and the yellow roads were “Link” National Highways to connect all the “Mains” and “Trunks.”

The Nation’s first Federal Highways would not be adopted until 1926, when the American Association of State Highway officials approved the first plans for the numbered highway system, with this section showing Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi.

I have blue arrows point to major cities that are the central point of at least five highways – Dallas, Texas; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Little Rock, Arkansas; Memphis, Tennessee; Nashville, Tennessee; and Birmingham, Alabama.

Looking just like Petersburg, south of Richmond, Virginia, as the Central point of multiple rail-lines emanating from it in all directions.

Petersburg, Richmond, and points all around here were hot spots during the Civil War.

I searched for “star circuit” and the “star-mesh transform” came up.

I don’t know if this is a match for what this was, but I am curious if these large cities as center-points in this configuration of at least five highways or rail-lines have a correlation to a type of circuitry on the Earth’s grid system.

Before I leave the State of Michigan, I am aware from past research of the Upper Montreal Falls on the Keweenaw Peninsula’s Montreal River.

These particular falls are located not far from Lac La Belle, which at one time was a railroad depot on the Keweenaw Central Rail Line, as shown in the map on the right.

On my way out to the last place that I am going to take a look at northern California, I am going to visit past research suggested by JG that I did in “Interesting Comments & Suggestions I have Received from Viewers – Volume 4.”

Several years ago, JG connected with me about correlations she had found between railroads and waterfalls in Iowa.

She sent google maps showing the locations of railroads and state parks with waterfalls, and racetracks, as well as another set of maps with more key things like the locations of powerplants, mines and sports stadiums.

I am going to focus in this post on the correlations between railroads and waterfalls that she sent me as a grouping.

Much of the part of Iowa being looked at here is where Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois meet, and is in part of what is called the “Driftless Area.”

This part of North America is called the “Driftless Area” because it was said to have been by-passed by the last glacier on the continent and lacks glacial drift.

I looked for correlations between the state parks with waterfalls and railroads starting here at the upper section of the previous Google Earth screenshot.

In the top middle, is Black Falls and Dunning’s Spring Park.

Black Falls is near Kendallville, Iowa.

For all of the following waterfalls, I am going to point out with red arrows what looks like an old wall, or old masonry, to me.

There are three waterfalls at Dunning’s Spring just southeast of Black Falls, near Decorah, Iowa…

…one of which is located near the Decorah Ice Cave, a limestone and dolomite cave that has ice on the inside even during the summer…

…as well as the falls at Siewer’s Springs near Decorah, described as “technically a spillway, but a gorgeous staircase formation….”

…and the Malanaphy Spring Falls, northwest of Decorah.

I looked for rail-related infrastructure near Decorah, which now only has Railroad Street and Railroad Avenue, with the Mediacom Communications facility sandwiched between the two…

…and what was the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Combination Depot in Decorah is now commercial space, and all the railroad tracks through here were removed in 1971.

From where Black Falls and Dunning’s Spring are at the top of the Google Earth screenshot, next I am going to go southeast of there to “Pike’s Peak State Park.

Pike’s Peak State Park in McGregor, Iowa, is situated on a 500-foot, or 150-meter, bluff overlooking the confluence of the Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers.

It is a recreational area that is considered one of Iowa’s premier nature destinations…

…where one of the places you can hike to is called Bridal Veil Falls.

Bridal Veil Falls is described as “a small natural waterfall that flows gracefully out of a horizontal limestone outcropping.”

Pike’s Peak State Park and McGregor, Iowa, are right next to Marquette, Iowa, on the Mississippi River, right across from Prairie de Chien, Wisconsin.

Marquette is connected to Prairie du Chien via the Marquette-Joliet Bridge, taking U. S. Route 18 from Iowa to Wisconsin.

It is a cable-supported tiered-arch bridge, with the ends of the arch supported by two abutments in the middle of the river.

U. S. Route 18 is one of the original U. S. Highways of 1926.

Its western terminus is in Orin, Wyoming, and its eastern terminus is in downtown Milwaukee.

Back in Iowa, Marquette earlier in history was known as North McGregor, and served as a railroad terminus, becoming a major railroad hub for the region in its hey-day.

Passenger service ended in 1960, and the Marquette Depot Museum and Information Service in Marquette celebrates the town’s railroad history with exhibits of historic railroad artifacts…

…though the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad, a subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway, still runs freight on the rail-lines through here.

Next, I am going to go due west from Marquette and McGregor over to Mason City, which is connected by the same Canadian Pacific Rail-line to Marquette.

Mason City is located on the Winnebago River, and the name of the original settlementthat was established here in 1853 was “Shibboleth.”

It was also known as Mason Grove and Masonville, until, we are told, Mason City was adopted in 1855, in honor of a founder’s son, Mason Long.

Interesting to note that the original name for the settlement, Shibboleth, is also a Freemasonic password.

The “Iowa Traction Railroad Company,” headquartered in Emery, west of Mason City, operates a short-line rail-line, that is around 10-miles, or 17-kilometers, -long freight railroad between Mason City and Clear Lake, Iowa, that interchanges in Mason City with the Canadian Pacific Railway and Union Pacific Railway.

It is electrified, which means that an electrification system supplies electric power to the railway, as opposed to an on-board power source or local fuel supply…

…and at one time was part of the electric trolley and interurban system of the region, with the charter for the trolley system expiring in August of 1936, and replaced by passenger bus service the following January.

I did find a waterfall in Mason City, though it is on private property and not in a state park.

Called the “Willow Creek Waterfall,” it can be viewed from the State Street Bridge between 1st Street NE and S. Carolina Avenue in Mason City.

The Illinois Central Railroad ran through Iowa between Sioux City and Dubuque, one of four railroads authorized by Congress via the “Act of 1856…”

…connecting that part of Iowa by rail to Chicago sometime around 1870.

Like Mason City, at one time Dubuque had an electric streetcar system, and which was retired in 1932.

Dubuque still has an operating incline railway.

The Fenelon Place Cable Car is found in Dubuque’s Cathedral Historic District, and is described as the world’s steepest, shortest scenic railway, said to have been built in 1882 for the private-use of J. K. Graves, a local banker and State Senator.

The Dubuque Railroad Bridge is currently operated by the Canadian National Railway, who purchased the Illinois Central Railroad in 1999.

It is a single-track railroad bridge that crosses the Mississippi River between Dubuque Iowa, and East Dubuque, Illinois, that has a swing-span.

The original swing bridge was said to have been built in 1868, and that it was rebuilt in 1898.

Now on to the West Coast, to the last place that I am going to take a look at in northern California, and actually my starting point in this journey of discovery that has taken me in all directions investigating railroads and waterfalls and related infrastructure.

A friend of mine sent me pictures and video of where she was staying in Dunsmuir that got my mind going in this direction and the information she sent was the “A-ha” that pulled all these things together for me in a new way.

My friend was staying at the Railroad Park Resort in Dunsmuir, at the foot of one of her favorite places, Castle Crags in Siskiyou County near Mount Shasta.

The lodging accommodations consist of 23-renovated cabooses, four cabins, 24 tent campsites…

…and the restaurant is built inside authentic vintage railroad cars.

Dunsmuir is a popular tourist destination and important railroad town located on the Upper Sacramento River.

Interstate 5 runs along the Sacramento River Canyon along with the railroad and Upper Sacramento River.

There was an historic roundhouse and turntable here, said to have been built by the Central Pacific Railroad in the 1880s, along with a depot, railyards and machine shops.

By the 1950s, so after only 70-years of existence in the historical narrative, the roundhouse and some of the other rail-related infrastructure was for all intents and purposes torn down.

The trip going north from Dunsmuir through the Sacremento River Canyon goes past several waterfalls, and the first one being the Hedge Creek Falls.

The Hedge Creek Falls are a short-walk from I-5 and Dunsmuir Avenue…and the only waterfalls open to the public.

The Mossbrae Falls are next, and not open to the public for the given reasons of 1) They are on Union Pacific Railroad-owned property; and 2) public safety concerns due to the active rail-line that runs alongside the falls.

The Mossbrae Falls are just south of the former Shasta Springs Resort, a popular summer resort in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries, and the springs on the property were the original source of the water and beverages that became known as the Shasta brand of soft-drinks.

The Shasta Springs Resort was sold in the 1950s to the St. Germain Foundation, the current owners of the property and is still in use as use as a major facility by the organization.

The Siskiyou Dam and Lake Siskiyou Reservoir come next on the way into the city of Mount Shasta.

The Siskiyou Dam, known as the “Box Canyon” Dam, was said to have been completed in 1965 for flood control and a power station installed the same year for hydroelectric power, and that it opened in 1970.

The Lake Siskiyou Reservoir is formed by the Box Canyon Dam, and is 2-miles or 3-kilometers, from Mt. Shasta.

When I see photos of places like this one showing a perfect mirrored reflection of Mount Shasta, I can’t help but wonder if this is an intentional alignment of heaven and earth, and an example of “As above, So below.”

From what I am seeing, the Master Moorish Masons, the builders of the original civilization, were doing exactly that with everything they created.

Along with the same kind of infrastructure found at the Tallulah Gorge back in Georgia, Dunsmuir also had a fire problem, with big fires there in both 1903 and 1924.

Bridges in Siskiyou County include:

The Pioneer Bridge and Stone Memorial, said to have been erected in 1931 on Old Highway 99 as a tribute to the stage drivers along this pass in the 1800s.

Until largely replaced by I-5, U. S. Highway 99 was a main North-South United States Numbered Highway on the west coast from 1926 until 1964, running from Calexico, California, on the border with Mexico, to Blaine, Washington, on the Canadian border, and nicknamed among other things “The Main Street of California.”

Another historic bridge on Old Highway 99 that is now part of State Road 263 in Siskiyou County is the Dry Gulch Bridge.

I found years of both 1929 and 1930 for the completion of the concrete deck-arch bridge as a realignment and improvement of Old Highway 99 between Yreka to the River Klamath in the Shasta River Canyon.

In conclusion, I have provided examples of identical infrastructure and engineering from all across the country.

Railroads and waterfalls in particular are connected to hydroelectric power in gorges and canyons with dams and reservoirs, and the result of sophisticated, impossible-seeming, engineering feats that are totally integrated across vast distances.

How is this even possible according to the history we are taught?

And then, more often than not, this infrastructure was dismantled, abandoned, or destroyed by fire, with an unknown rail history in most places today.

All the railroad junctions I encountered brought to mind “Petticoat Junction” the television sitcom that aired between 1963 and 1970, and I looked it up to see if there might have been disclosure about railroads in the show, where they were telling us something without telling us they were telling us!

Sure enough, the action in the show centers around life at the Shady Rest Hotel, of which many of these original Old World buildings, known to us as Victorian, were converted into…

…and a spur rail line that only connects Hooterville to Pixley because it was cut off from the rest of the railroad 20 years before because a trestle was demolished, and many show plots involved a railroad executive’s attempts to cease operation and scrap the railroad that runs along it.

Sadly telling us the fate of so much railroad infrastructure which has otherwise been hidden from our awareness.

I have a project in mind to fully investigate the lost rail and canal infrastructure of where I live in north-central Arizona, particularly the Verde Valley, but I am really just getting started with it.

I now know where to focus my attention and how to piece it together because of the research in this post

I spent this Memorial Day last week looking at places along the Verde River between Cottonwood and Clarkdale, from where the Verde Canyon Railroad runs a 20-mile, or 32-kilometer, -long trip to Perkinsville as a tourist attraction.

I am bringing this up here and now because I saw an abandoned rail-line and trestle in Clarkdale that branches off from the rail-line used by the Verde Canyon Railroad.

This is the Train Depot and trains used by the tourist attraction.

Facing in the opposite direction, there are some ratty-looking old train cars on an abandoned rail-line in front of the Verde Canyon Railroad Depot in Clarkdale, surrounded by utility poles.

Here’s a view of the train trestle below the train depot in the direction of the where the abandoned train line below the main depot would have gone.

I first spotted the train trestle when I was driving on the other side of this location down towards the “Verde River Access Point TAPCO,” an historic power plant that operated from 1917 to 1958 – apparently in a river bend – in a place called “Sycamore Canyon,” yet another tree reference in a place loaded with tree references.

Not only are there a lot of tree names around here, there was historic copper, gold, and silver mining-related activity in the region in Clarkdale and its neighbor Jerome…

…and there’s even a sign going into Clarkdale displaying two large trees along with the name.

Hmmm!

And the overall appearance of the Verde, meaning “Green,” Valley region definitely does not live up to its name, though there are trees here.

Memories from Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood popped into my head and the infrastructure of the “Land of Make Believe,” which I would watch on occasion with my younger brothers since I was from the Captain Kangaroo generation of children’s programming.

I now think there were hidden meanings, beyond a clever way to tell a story to young children, behind the sentient Trolley and the infrastructure of the Neighborhood of Make-Believe in this long-running children’s show.

The mention of the Niagara Escarpment as bedrock, a term in geology used to refer to solid rock in the earth’s crust that lies underneath loose material…

…brought to mind the Flintstones and their hometown of Bedrock. The original animated TV show ran for 166 episodes between 1960 and 1966, and was network televisions first animated series.

The graphic of the Flintstones’ Bedrock on the top left brought to mind Cappodocia in Turkey, on the bottom left, and on the bottom right, Holy Land USA,  said to be a theme park inspired by passages from the Bible that first opened in 1955, and was closed in 1985.

Just sayin’.

With all the railroads, electric companies and water works, the popular Parker Brothers Game “Monopoly” came to mind, a game about buying and selling properties; developing them; collecting rent; and driving opponents into bankruptcy.

The game is named after the economic concept of a monopoly, in which a single entity dominates a market.

That certainly sounds familiar!

Two more things I would like to leave you with in closing.

One is this bridge with what appears to be a solar alignment and a lot of interesting effects going on as well in the photo.

The other is this spoof from the children’s Electric Company program from the 1970s on “2001: A Space Odyssey” for contemplation about whether or not this was just a fun and creative way to teach kids past-tense verb conjugation…or disclosure about a great civilization that once existed in our past.

I would like to bring your attention to the subject of Incline Railways known as funiculars in this video.

This type of incline railway works like an obliquely-angled elevator, in which cables attached to a pulley-system raise- and-lower the cars along the grade.

Two cars are paired at opposite-ends and act as each other’s counterweight. As such, there is not a need for traction between the wheels and rails, and thereby allowing them to scale steep slopes, unlike traditional rail-cars.

Thing is, there used to be a lot more of them than there are now, and incline-railways were a worldwide thing.

We are told that the first railway in America was an incline-railway built in Lewiston, New York between 1762 and 1764.

It was called Montresor’s Tramway, and said to have been designed and built by British engineers at the close of the French and Indian War (1756 – 1763) to haul goods up the steep slope at the Niagara River near the Niagara Falls escarpment at Lewiston, New York.

No longer in existence, we are told it was located where the Earl W. Brydges Artpark State Park, otherwise known as the “Artpark,” is today.

Lewiston is described as the first European settlement in western New York, established in 1720.

Lewiston lies half-way between Fort Niagara in Youngstown, New York, and Fort George in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario, and Niagara Falls, a group of three falls that straddle the international border between the United States and Canada.

Further south, Fort Erie in Ontario is located across the Niagara River from Buffalo, New York, where the river meets Lake Erie.

It is interesting to note that there is an incline railway that is still operational today at Niagara Falls in Ontario, approximately 5-miles, or 8-kilometers, south of Lewiston on the Niagara River.

The Falls Incline Railway is located next to Horseshoe Falls and links “Table Rock Center” and “Journey Behind the Falls” on the Niagara Parkway with the “Fallsview Tourist Area.”

We are told it was built for the Niagara Parks Commission by the Swiss Company Von Roll, and began operating in October of 1966.

The other historic Incline Railways of the Niagara Falls region between the United States and Canada included:

The Prospect Park Incline Railway at Prospect Park in New York, said to have been built in 1845, and completely removed in 1908 after an accident killed someone.

It was then replaced by an elevator that operated between 1910 and 1960 until it closed, and replaced by the current Prospect Point Observation Tower in 1961.

Then in 1869, the Leander Colt Incline Railway was said to have been built on the Canadian-side of the Falls, near the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, but damaged and abandoned 20-years later in 1889.

Another Whirlpool Rapids Incline was said to have been built in 1876 near the Leander Colt Incline, but damaged by fire in 1934 and replaced by the “Great Gorge Trip” of the Niagara Belt-Line, a train route around Niagara Falls…

…which later became the “White Water Walk” where you can take a leisurely stroll where the Niagara Belt-Line once was.

Lastly, we are told the Clifton Incline was built in 1894 to serve the Canadian-side of the “Maid of the Mist” boat.

It closed in 1976 and reopened in 1977 as the “Maid of the Mist” Incline, and closed again in 1990.

Almost 30-years-later, in 2019, it was re-opened as the Hornblower Niagara Funicular, and operates today for Hornblower Niagara Cruises.

There were two historic incline railways that operated on the Niagara Escarpment in Hamilton, Ontario.

One was the Mount Hamilton Railway, also known as the Wentworth Street Incline, which started operation in 1895 and ended in 1936.

The other historic incline railway in Hamilton was the Hamilton and Barton, also known as the James Street Incline, first opened in 1892 and operated until 1932, when it was shut down for the given reason of financial losses.

As an interesting aside, compare the Niagara Escarpment on the left in appearance with the Endless Wall at New River Gorge State Park in West Virginia on the right.

Another Incline Railway still in operation today in Canada is the Old Quebec Funicular, located next to the Chateau Frontenac in Quebec City.

It first opened in 1879. In the well-over 100-years it has been operating it has been closed and renovated twice.

The first-time was when it was severely damaged by a fire in 1945, after which time it was rebuilt and reopened in 1946.

The second-time was when a cable snapped in 1996, killing a passenger, and the funicular wasn’t reopened until 1998 as an inclined elevator, since the cars are independent of each other.

In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, there are two remaining incline railways, out of what was originally seventeen on Mount Washington, named the Monongahela and Duquesne Inclines.

The Monongahela Incline on Mount Washington was said to have been designed by Prussian-born engineer John Endres of Cincinnati, Ohio, and started operating in 1870.

It is the oldest continuously operating funicular in the United States.

Interesting to note that 1870, the same year the Monongahela Incline became operational in Pittsburgh, was also the same year John D. Rockefeller and Henry Flagler, founded the Standard Oil Company.

The Standard Oil Company was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, marketing company…and monopoly, which exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity.

Were they making existing rail transportation infrastructure operational until they had the modes of transportation invented to replace them – specifically the introduction of gasoline-powered road transportation? 

Let’s see more of what the historical narrative has to say about these incline railways!

The Duquesne Incline was said to have been designed by Hungarian-American civil engineer Samuel Diescher.

Completed in 1877, the Duquesne Incline rises 800-feet, or 244-meters, at a 30-degree angle up Mt. Washington.

It was closed in need of repairs in 1962, but reopened the next year after local residents raised funds to restore it, and it has been completely refurbished since then and is one of Pittsburgh’s most popular tourist attractions.

Oh yeah, before we leave Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the Forks of the Ohio River for Cincinnati, Ohio, on the Ohio River, it is also interesting to note that the petroleum industry in the United States began in earnest in 1859 when Edwin Drake found oil on a piece of leased-land near Titusville, Pennsylvania, in what is now called Oil Creek State Park.

For this reason, Titusville is called the Birthplace of the Oil Industry, and for a number of years this part of Pennsylvania was the leading oil-producing region in the world.

Cincinnati had five historic incline railways.

Mount Auburn was Cincinnati’s first incline railway, which started operating in 1872.

In 1889, there was a terrible accident where a malfunction caused the car to careen down the track with 7 people in it, causing death and destruction along the way.

It was remodelled, opening again in 1890, and only operated for another 8-years. Control of it passed into the consolidated system, and it was demolished and abandoned.

Public stairs, known as the Main Street steps, replaced the Mount Auburn Incline.

In 1875, the Price Hill Incline was the next to open in Cincinnati.

It was the steepest, and shortest, of the five, and carried passengers and freight.

It was privately-owned by the Price family, and carried passengers to the Price Hill House at the top, a restaurant and entertainment venue.

The incline stopped operating in 1942.

This is where the Price Hill Incline was located.

Cincinnati’s third incline to open was the one on Mount Adams, the longest-running of the five, operating from 1876 until 1948.

The incline of 945-feet, or 288-meters, took 2 minutes and 20-seconds to go from the bottom to the top.

For almost twenty-years, from 1876 to 1895, the Highland House at the top of the incline was a destination for food and entertainment.

This was the former location of the Mount Adams Incline.

Opening the same year as the Mount Adams Incline, the Bellevue Incline, also known as the Elm Street Incline and the Clifton Inclined Plane, started operating in 1876.

It was 1,000-feet, or 305-meters ,- long and the highest in elevation of the five inclines.

The Bellevue Incline ran between the Jackson Brewery and McMicken Hall, the University of Cincinnati’s first college.

The Bellevue House opened the same year as the incline, and served Moerlein beer, and had entertainment like music and bowling.

Bellevue House unfortunately burned down in 1901 and the Incline closed 25-years later.

The fifth and last incline railway was said to have been constructed in Cincinnati in 1892.

It had no entertainment house at the top to draw passengers.

It closed in 1923, the second of the five to close-down.

Moving west across the country to look at some of the historic incline railways there, in Duluth, Minnesota, the Highland Park Tramway Line served Duluth Heights via an Incline-Railway from 1892 to 1939, which was the last piece of the electric streetcar system to be dismantled, as the rest started going away in the early 1930s.

In Iowa, the Fenelon Place Cable Car is found in Dubuque’s Cathedral Historic District, and is described as the world’s steepest, shortest scenic railway, said to have been built in 1882 for the private-use of J. K. Graves, a local banker and State Senator.

It is still in operation today.

There was an historic Incline Railway at the Royal Gorge in Canon City, Colorado.

George Cole of the Royal Gorge Bridge and Amusement Company was given credit for the design and supervision construction first of the Royal Gorge Bridge, at the time World’s Highest Suspension Bridge, composed of 2,100 strands of wire that are anchored in granite walls and suspended from four towers rising 75-feet, or 23-meters, above the roadway.

It was said to have been constructed between June and November of 1929 (which would have been the year the Great Depression began).

The bridge is contained within the Royal Gorge Bridge and Park, a theme park on the edge of the gorge around both ends of the bridge, which itself was said to have been built as a park attraction and not for actual use for road transportation.

George Cole was then credited with the construction of the world’s steepest incline railway in 1931 to transport passengers from the canyon rim to its floor and back.

A wildfire in 2013 damaged the Incline Railway as well as most of the park’s buildings and aerial tram.

The park was rebuilt and reopened in 2015, but the Incline Railway was among the attractions not restored as it was destroyed beyond repair.

Like the historic railroad that once-traversed the Niagara Gorge in New York and Ontario, there is a rail-line running through the Royal Gorge in Colorado, only this one is still in operation today, year-road, between Canon City and Parkdale, Colorado.

In California, I found several historic incline railways, one of which is still in operation and others are not.

Angels Flight on Bunker Hill in Los Angeles, which first operated from 1901 until 1969, is still in operation today.

We are told that it was moved a half-block south from its original location when it reopened as a tourist attraction in 1996, and has run almost continuously since then, with a few exceptions, like closing for nine-years following a fatal accident.

Angels Flight has a decidedly Moorish-looking appearance….

Court Flight also on Bunker Hill opened in 1905 and ascended 200-feet, or 61-meters, at a grade of 43-degrees. It functioned for only 39-years, closing in 1943 we are told because of low-profitability during World War II.

The Los Angeles and Mount Washington Incline Railway in Los Angeles opened in 1909.

Passengers could ride the incline railway to the top for 5-cents, and they could visit Mount Washington Hotel at the top, a grand hotel.

Alas, less than only 10-years after it opened, city inspectors determined that the railway was unsafe due to a worn cable and subsequently shut it down in 1918.

The Grand Hotel at the top of Mount Washington became the International Headquarters for Paramahansa Yogananda’s Self-Realization Fellowship in 1920.

The Santa Catalina Incline Railway on the privately-owned by that time Santa Catalina Island climbed above the Avalon Amphitheater starting in 1905 as a tourist attraction, until its closure after a fire in that devastated Avalon in 1918.

Moving on to incline railways, AKA funiculars, around the world, here are more examples.

In the United Kingdom, there is history of at least 40 of them that I can find a reference to. Though quite a few of these funiculars are still in operation today, quite a few are not.

There is the water-powered Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway in North Devon, which is the highest and steepest water-powered funicular in the world, at 862-feet, or 263-meters, -long, said to have been built between 1887 and its opening in 1890.

The Clifton Rocks Railway in Bristol, England, was an underground funicular railway that first opened in March of 1893 and closed in October of 1934, and funded by George Newnes, a publisher and proprietor of the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway.

Like what we saw in Niagara Falls region with the historic funiculars at the Niagara Gorge near the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge between New York and Ontario, and in Colorado with the Royal Gorge Bridge and Incline Railway, the Clifton Rocks Railway upper station was near the Clifton Suspension bridge, and it linked to Hotwells and Bristol Harbor at the bottom of another gorge, the Avon Gorge.

The existence of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was credited to the famous prolific British civil and mechanical engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, called “one of the 19th-century engineering giants.”

The Aberystwyth Cliff Railway in Aberystwyth, Wales, is the longest electric funicular in the British Isles, at 778-feet, or 237-meters-long, and the second-longest after the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway.

It first opened in August of 1896, and is still in operation today.

Kings Hall was at the top of the Aberystwyth Cliff Funicular and was a favored entertainment venue there for concerts and dances.

It had a great dance floor, and said to have been built in the Art Deco Architecture style in 1934 (which would have been between World War I and World War II).

Major band concerts were also held there, like Led Zeppelin in January of 1973 during their Strange Affinity British Tour in 1972 and 1973.

The King’s Hall was demolished in 1989, for the given reason of apparent structural weaknesses and disrepair…

…and it was replaced where it stood on the corner of Marine Terrace and Terrace Road by the King’s Hall residential flats and commercial units.

In Australia, the Cloudland Funicular ran from the Main Road straight up to the Cloudland Dance Hall in the Bowen Hills suburb of Brisbane.

The funicular was demolished in 1967.

The Cloudland Dance Hall, also known as Luna Park, was a huge thing during the 40’s when the US troops were stationed there.

Like Kings Hall in Aberystwyth, Wales, the Cloudland had a great dance floor.

Also like Kings Hall in Wales, it was demolished in the 1980s, and the Cloudland Apartments occupy the former location of this iconic landmark.

In New Zealand, the Wellington Cable Car funicular is still operational today, and first started operating in 1902.

It connects the shopping district of Lambton Quay with the suburb of Kelburn.

The line consists of a single track with a passing loop in the middle for the two cars.

The Tunel Funicular in Istanbul, Turkey, first opened in 1875, and is the second-oldest fully-underground urban railway in the world after the London Underground, which opened in 1863.

The Tunel also has a single-track with a passing loop for the two cars.

It connects the quarters of Karakoy, the modern name for the old part of the city originally known as Galata and Beyoglu, originally known as Pera.

The Tunel’s existence was credited to French engineer Eugene-Henri Gavand, who in 1867 visited Istanbul, which was then Constantinople, as a tourist, and came up with the idea of designing a funicular to help all the people who were struggling to get up-and-down the steep Yuksek Kaldirim Avenue.

It was said to have been constructed between July of 1871 and December of 1874, and officially opened in January of 1875.

I can’t find anything about Eugene-Henri Gavand except for this book attributed to him about the Tunel.

The Buda Castle Hill Funicular in Budapest, Hungary, first opened in March of 1870, the same year as the Monogahela Incline in Pittsburgh and the founding of Standard Oil, and around the same time that the construction of the Tunel in Constantinople that we are told was starting in 1871.

Part of the destruction of the Buda Castle complex during World War II, it reopened in June of 1986.

The funicular links Adam Clark Square and the Szchenyi Chain Bridge at street-level to the Buda Castle above, the palace complex of the Hungarian Kings.

The Szchenyi Chain Bridge was said to have been designed by English engineer William Tierney Clark, and built by Scottish engineer Adam Clark starting in 1840 and opening in 1849, and that it was the first permanent bridge to cross the Danube River in Hungary.

At the time of its construction, it was considered one of the modern world’s engineering wonders.

As I mentioned previously, these incline railways known as funiculars were a worldwide thing.

Other historic and present-day locations include:

Jacob’s Ladder on the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.

A two-car inclined railway to carry cargo between Jamestown and the Fort was said to have been constructed in 1829 .

The power supply for the incline railway was a team of three-donkeys that rotated around a capstan connected to the cars by iron chain and pulleys.

Then in 1871, termite damage to the wooden ties of the railway led to the Royal Engineers to removing the cars, rails and associated machinery of the inclined railway.

Today, what became known as Jacob’s Ladder is a staircase leading from Jamestown, the capital city of St. Helena, up to Ladder Hill Fort and the suburb of Half Tree Hollow.

In Valparaiso, Chile, the oldest of the incline railways known as the Ascensor Concepcion, is still in operation today.

It first opened in 1883 to transport passengers from Elias Alley on the Plan de Concepcion, or the flat part of the city where public and commercial buildings are found, to the Gervasoni Promenade on Concepcion Hill.

The total railway length is 226-feet, or 60-meters, and it climbs 154-feet, or 47-meters, above sea-level at a 46-degree angle.

In Hong Kong, the Peak Tram started operating in May of 1888, and was said to be the first funicular in Asia.

Now owned and operated by Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels (HSH), it runs from Garden Road Admiralty to Victoria Peak, covering a distance of .87-miles, or 1.4-kilometers.

It is a single-track-line with a passing loop, and two curves, one at the bottom and one at the top.

There are many more examples to choose from, but here’s a couple more to leave you with before I end this post.

In India, there is an incline railway known as the “winch train” to get up to the Murugan Temple in Palani in southern India’s Tamil Nadu State.

It was said to have been first commissioned in 1966 originally to help get the elderly, sick and handicapped people to the temple at the top of the hill.

And lastly, the Penang Hill Railway that climbs Penang Hill outside of George Town in Malaysia’s Penang State.

It is a single-track railway with a passing loop that passes through a tunnel that is the steepest in the world.

The construction of the Penang Hill Railway was said to have started in 1909 and officially opened on January 1st of 1924.

The given reason for it having initially been constructed was for the British colonial community to enjoy the cooler air of Penang Hill.

As you can see from the examples provided in this video, there used to be a lot more of these inclined railways than there are now, and they were all over the world, including one on Saint Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa.

Of the Incline Railways no longer in existence, they were typically either deemed no longer profitable, unsafe, or destroyed by fire.

The same is true for historic trolley parks, most of which are long gone due primarily to fire, though a few amusement parks remain in their original locations, but without the trolley, like Camden Park in Huntingdon, West Virginia.

Of this type of incline railway still in operation today, they either operate as part of the tourist industry, or are still operating as part of the public transportation system.

It certainly appears as if those behind the reset of history didn’t want to keep any of the highly-advanced rail infrastructure found around the world that was problematic in our historical narrative unless they could profit from it or it made practical sense from a public transport sense to keep it in place.

Something to think about when trying to piece together what has taken place here without our knowledge or consent.

I am giving an overview of history since 1945 in this series, with an eye towards uncovering the patterns that give insight into the world we live in today, and in this part will be focusing on events that took place between 1993 and 1995.

So far, patterns uncovered since 1945 show events and people being manipulated for particular outcomes, and deceiving us about what was really going on to gain our consent…

…seeing hereditary rulers being taken down and replaced with new governments, with examples of like communist, socialist and autocratic-theocratic, leading to genocide and repression of millions of people…

…since the 1980s, multiple events seeding our collective Human consciousness with the notion we could meet a violent and horrible death, anywhere and anytime…

…and at the same experienced the rise of the personal computer, internet, and world-wide web.

Starting in the 1990s, at the same time we saw the fall of the centralized communist systems of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, we saw the rise of war and violence between different ethnic groups in the former republics of the countries, resulting in the genocide of the people…

…and the destruction of infrastructure in this civil and political warfare…

…the First Gulf War in Kuwait…

…violent weather…

…violent earthquakes…

…and airplane, and other transportation disasters as they have been occurring quite frequently from what I have been finding in the historical record in both the 1990s so far, and also in the decade of the 1980s that I looked at in the last part of the series.

I will now pick up the 1990s in 1993, where I left off.

The European Economic Community eliminated trade barriers and created a European Single Market on January 1st of 1993.

It was comprised of the 27 member states of the European Union, and the four non-member states of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.

It referred to the European Union as one territory without any internal borders or regulatory obstacles to the free movement of goods and services, with the stated goal of guaranteeing the free movement of goods, services, capital and people, also known as the “four freedoms.”

EuroNews was launched in Lyons, France, on the same day, a multilingual television news network aimed to cover news from a Pan-European perspective.

This neon-green cube has been the new EuroNews Headquarters since 2015.

I don’t know, what do you think?

It was constructed at the confluence of Lyons’ Rhone and Saone Rivers…

…which is described as being transformed into a dynamic business and commercial hub from what was a run-down and neglected area.

It almost looks as if the old masonry building is being imprisoned in the new architecture!

I can think of another city at the confluence of two rivers that was once a busy commercial hub back in the day.

This city is Cairo, the southernmost point in Illinois, which is situated at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

Cairo is largely-abandoned today, and is considered a ghost town.

In its heyday, Cairo was an important city along the steamboat routes and railway lines. 

Fort Defiance, described as a Civil War-era fort, was located right at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

On January 3rd, Russian President Boris Yeltsin and U. S. President George H. W. Bush signed the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, also known as START II, banning the use of Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs) on Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs).

Funny thing is, the treaty never really went into effect.

While it was ratified by the U. S. Senate in 1996, the Russians ratified it in 2000, and instead withdrew from the treaty in 2002.

The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) came into effect instead in June of 2003 through February of 2011.

It reduced the number of strategic warheads count for each country to 1,700 from 2,200.

The fifth-largest robbery in U. S. History took place on January 5th, which was the theft of $7.4 million stolen from the Brink’s Armored Car depot, in Rochester, New York.

I looked at two big robberies in the last part of this series, the still-unsolved, largest art theft in U. S. history on March 18th of 1990, at which time twelve paintings and a Chinese Shang Dynasty vase, all together worth $100 to $300 million, were stolen from Boston’s Isabella Stewart Gardner Art Museum…

…and the City Bonds Robbery in the City of London, which took place on May 2nd of 1990, the largest robbery in world history where a courier was robbed of 301 bearer-bonds, worth 292-million pounds, and 299 of the bonds were ultimately recovered.

The City Bonds Robbery was believed to be a sophisticated global operation which involved the New York Mafia, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and Colombian drug barons.

In the Brinks Robbery, an Irish Priest in New York and an ex-guerilla fighter from Northern Ireland were eventually convicted of the robbery, for the stated reason of helping the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

On the same day as the Brinks’ Robbery, on January 5th, the MV Braer, a Liberian-registered oil tanker, ran aground at Garths Ness in northern Scotland’s Shetland Islands when it was enroute from Bergen, Norway to Quebec, Canada, loaded with 85,000-metric tonnes, or 94,000-tons of crude oil, causing oil to leak into the sea.

The reason given for the oil tanker’s grounding was that it had lost power after seawater contaminated the ship’s heavy fuel two-days earlier, when a pipeline on deck broke loose.

While there was an immediate environmental response, and work was being done to contain and clean-up the spill, it spread northward up the west side of the Shetland Islands.

So there was lots going on here related to the January 5th spill…

…when along came what became known as the Braer Storm, named after the MV Braer, on January 8th, which was the most intense extra-tropical cyclone ever recorded over the North Atlantic, the lowest low ever…

…and was the fastest-deepening, mid-latitude depression in history, with central pressure dropping 78 mbs in a 24-hour period, which resulted in what is called “Explosive Cyclogenesis,” or the explosive genesis of a cyclone, and took place just west of the Shetland Islands.

It caused severe blizzards across most of Scotland, and the final break-up of the MV Braer oil tanker.

Was it just a coincidence that the major environmental disaster of the MV Braer spilling its oil into the sea and the most intense extra-tropical cyclone ever recorded formed within days of each other in the vicinity of the Shetland Islands? Or not.

Something to think about.

The Polish Ferry Jan Heweliusz sank, as a result of hurricane-force winds, off the coast of Rugen in the Baltic Sea on January 14th, the most deadly peace-time maritime disaster involving a Polish ship, killing at least 54 of the passengers and crew.

Bill Clinton was sworn in as the 42nd-president on January 20th.

The first World Trade Center Bombing took place on February 26th.

A truck bomb was blown-up below the North Tower of the complex, in the parking garage.

The truck contained a 1,336-lb (606 kg) urea nitrate-hydrogen, gas-enhanced device, which was said to have been intended to send the North Tower crashing into the South Tower.

This is what the U. S. State Department website says about it:

“On February 26th, a bomb exploded in the parking garage of the World Trade Center in New York City. This event was the first indication for the Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) that terrorism was evolving from a regional phenomenon outside of the United States to a transnational phenomenon.“

From what the State Department had it say about it, it sounds like the first World Trade Center bombing in February of 1993 marked the beginning of acts of terrorism in the United States, and took place just a little after a month after Bill Clinton took office.

The investigation into the bombing led to ties with Al-Qaeda, and in March of 1994, four men were convicted of carrying out the bombing, which killed six people and injured over 1,000.

Two days after that, on February 28th, the Waco Siege began in Texas.

The Waco Siege involved the law enforcement siege of the Mount Carmel Center compound of the Branch Davidians, located 13-miles, or 21-kilometers, northeast of Waco.

The information that is found in the historical record is that due to suspected stockpiling of illegal weapons, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) had obtained a search warrant for the compound, and arrest warrants for the group’s leader, David Koresh, and several others in the group.

When the ATF attempted to serve the warrants, a gunfight ensued, and four officers were killed along with six Branch Davidians.

With the failure of the ATF to implement the search warrant, the FBI initiated a siege of the compound.

After 51-days, the FBI resorted to a tear gas attack to force the Branch Davidians out.

What came next was a fire that engulfed the Mount Carmel Center, that was ultimately officially blamed on the Branch Davidians themselves …

…that resulted in the deaths of 81 Branch Davidians, including women and children.

On March 5th, Macedonian Palair Flight 301 on a flight to Zurich crashed shortly after take-off from Skopje, killing 83 of 97 on-board.

At the time, it was the deadliest plane crash in the history of the country.

The cause of the crash was attributed to atmospheric icing and pilot error.

On March 11th, Janet Reno was confirmed by the Senate and sworn in as first female U. S. Attorney General the next day.

The Bombay bombings occurred on March 12th, killing 257 and injuring an estimated 1,400 more.

The Bombay bombings were a series of at least 12 bombings that took place in one day.

The bomb attacks started at 1:30 pm that day, when a powerful car bomb exploded in the basement of the Bombay Stock Exchange building.

The car bomb severely damaged the 28-story stock exchange building and other nearby buildings.

Following the bombing of the stock exchange, car and scooter bombs exploded throughout the city, and suitcase bombs were exploded at three hotels, like the Hotel Sea Rock.

The estimated number of deaths and injuries from the Bombay bombing spree were at least 257 fatalities, and 1,400 injuries.

The Great Blizzard of 1993 took place between March 13th and March 15th, bringing record snowfall all the way from Cuba to Quebec.

Also dubbed “The Storm of the Century,” it formed over the Gulf of Mexico on March 12th, and was notable for its massive size, intensity, and wide-reaching effects.

Heavy snow was reported in places like Alabama, the Florida Panhandle, and Georgia, and the storm also brought hurricane force wind-gusts and record-low barometric pressures.

The 32-year-old actor Brandon Lee’s death took place on March 31st, the son of martial artist and actor, Bruce Lee.

Brandon’s cause-of-death is cited as being shot in the abdomen by a gun with defective blank ammunition at the Wilmington movie studios on the set of “The Crow” in March of 1993.

Brandon Lee landed what was to be his breakthrough acting role in “The Crow” as the lead character, Eric Draven, a murdered musician who was resurrected by a crow, and went on to avenge the deaths of himself and his fiancee.

Brandon Lee had finished most of his scenes before his death, so the film was finished through script re-writes, a stunt-double, and digital effects, and the film was dedicated to Brandon Lee…and his fiance, Eliza Hutton.

Sounds incredibly similar to the death of the Australian actor Heath Ledger in 2008, who was said to have received inspiration for the make-up for his role as the Joker in “The Dark Knight” from Brandon Lee in “The Crow…”

…and who, at the age of 28, also died before the filming of the movie was complete, in his case from “acute-combined drug-intoxication” after he had finished filming his role a few months prior…

…and while he was in the middle of filming his last role in “The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.”

Back to 1993.

In April & May of 1993, the Four-Corners area of the American Southwest was hit with an outbreak with the newly-recognized pulmonary Hantavirus syndrome.

This region is largely-occupied by the tribal lands including the Hopi, Navajo, Ute, and Zuni.

This was the first-known outbreak of Hantavirus in the United States, and said to be carried by deer-mice, and was said to have been spread through contact with “aerosolized” deer-mice droppings…

… in enclosed spaces in and around those who contracted the Hantavirus.

The Great Flood of 1993 occurred in the United States between April and October, when the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers flooded large parts of the American Midwest.

One of the most costly and devastating floods ever to occur in the United States, the cost in damages was said to be $15-billion, and the flooded area totalled around 30,000-square-miles, or 78,000-kilometers-squared.

Repetitive and persistent storms bombarded the Upper Midwest with considerable rainfall, with many areas across the north-central plains having rainfall 400 to 750% above-normal.

The Srebrenica Massacre took place in Bosnia on April 12th, at which time the Bosnian Serb Army launched an artillery attack on Srebrenica, and Bosnian Muslim enclave that believed it was under UN protection, and had numerous Bosnian muslim refugees from surrounding settlements coming there.

The artillery attack left 56 dead and 73 seriously wounded, including 14 children who were killed when an artillery shell hit a school playgorund.

Even though the UN declared Srebrenica, and several other Bosnian cities, as Safe Areas on April 16th, it was considered to be one of the most controversial decisions of the UN, and the resolutions were unclear about how these areas were to be protected in a war zone.

It led to a diplomatic crisis, and another massacre took place in Srebrenica in July of 1995, one of the worst atrocities in Europe since World War II, when more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were killed by the Bosnian Serb Army.

On April 24th of 1993, the IRA detonated a powerful truck-bomb, loaded with fertilizer, on Bishopsgate, a major thoroughfare in the City of London, London’s financial district.

This is a view of the nearby Wormwood Street after the bomb detonated, for which there was a telephoned warning about an hour beforehand.

It took place on a Saturday, resulting in one-death, 44 injuries, and severely damaged St. Ethelburga’s, the smallest and one of the oldest churches in London…

…which has since been restored…

…and wrecked the Liverpool Street Station…

…and the NatWest Tower.

As a result of the bombing, combined with the bombing of the Baltic Exchange in the City of London the year prior, a “ring of steel” was implemented to protect the city.

Most of the Zambian National Football team died in a plane-crash in Gabon on April 27th, enroute to Dakar, Senegal, for the FIFA World Cup Qualifier against Senegal.

They were in a transport carrier of the Zambian Air Force, and the official investigation concluded that the pilot had shut down the wrong engine after an engine fire, causing the plane to lose all power when leaving the airport in Libreville, Gabon, and the plane crashed in the ocean.

On May 4th, The United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNISOM) II assumed Somalian duties after the dissolution of the US-led United Task Force (UNITAF).

UNISOM II was tasked with establishing a secure enough environment to carry out humanitarian operations by any means necessary.

The Nambjiya Mine disaster in Zamora, Ecuador took place on May 9th.

It involved a landslide that took place in a remote mining settlement in southeastern Ecuador, near Peru.

The Nambjiya Mining settlement, known as the “World’s Most Dangerous Gold Town,” is situated in a valley 2,600-meters, or 8,530-feet, above sea-level, with most of the houses built right on the tunnel entrances to the mines.

On this day, a large part of the mountain, above the mines and part of the town, collapsed, with estimates of the death toll ranging between 85 and 400, and is considered to be one of the worst mining disasters ever, even though mining was said to have continued in the settlement in the unaffected areas after the landslide.

The location of the landslide itself is an official graveyard.

The next day, on May 10th, a fire at the Kader Toy Factory fire took place in Bangkok, Thailand, killing 188 people and injuring 469. It is considered the worst industrial fire in history, with most of the victims being young women from rural Thailand. The toys, stuffed toys and plastic toys intended for export, were manufactured primarily for Disney and Mattel.

The fire exits drawn in the building plans were in fact not constructed, and the existing external doors were locked.

The fire started in the part of the building where fabrics, materials, and plastics were stored, providing fuel for the fire.

It is interesting to note that when I was investigating fire disasters back in the 1980s, locked doors were a common occurrence, with examples like the Cinema Statuto Fire in February of 1983, in Turin, Italy, that killed 64 people, and was the largest disaster in Turin since World War II, with the fire was said to have started from flames spread by an old curtain, and that the burning of the theater seats created hydrogen cyanide fumes, of which inhalation was the primary cause of death of the victims.

All but one of the theater’s emergency exits was said to have been closed and locked…

…and the Alcala 20 Nightclub in Madrid, Spain, in December of 1983, in which 82 people were killed and 27 injured, where an exit on the upper floor was locked, and a main exit to an adjoined building was closed with an iron-grille during the fire.

On May 17th, the new Pentium Processor was unveiled, the newest and fastest microprocessor created by the Intel Corporation.

There was a plane crash in Colombia, on May 19th, that killed all 132 people on-board after the aircraft collided with a mountain on approach to Medellin.

The crash was attributed to bad weather and pilot error.

Typhoon Koryn caused massive damage to the Philippines, China, and Macau between June 26th and June 28th.

It was the first typhoon, and it was a super typhoon, of the 1993 Pacific Typhoon season, which had no official bounds.

In a normal year, tropical cyclones, which can turn into typhoons, form between May and November.

In 1993, the season started in February and the last storm dissipated on January 1st of 1994.

Forty tropical cyclones formed in 1993, with 30 becoming tropical storms, 15 becoming typhoons, and 3 becoming, like Koryn, becoming super typhoon.

A typhoon, which is a tropical cyclone that forms in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, is classified as a super typhoon when it has wind-speeds of at least 120-mph, or 190-km/h.

President Bill Clinton authorized a cruise missile attack on Iraqi intelligence HQ in Baghdad on June 27th after an attempted assassination of George H. W. Bush in Kuwait in April.

On the night of April 13th that same year, when George H. W. Bush was scheduled to visit Kuwait City the next day to commemorate the International Coalition Victory against Iraq, Kuwaiti officials arrested 17 people in connection with a plot to kill Bush using plastic explosives hidden in a vehicle.

The authorized attacked was comprised of the launch of 23 cruise missiles by two U. S. Navy warships into downtown Baghdad, was claimed by the U. S. to hit the Iraqi intelligence Headquarters, and the Iraqis claimed that nine civilians were killed in the attack and 3 civilian houses destroyed.

Hurricane Calvin landed in Mexico on July 7th, which was 2nd hurricane on record to make landfall in Mexico. It was said to kill an estimated 30 to 40 people.

Throughout its journey along the Pacific coast of Mexico, it dropped heavy rainfall, and causing property damage, mudslides and flooding.

A magnitude 7.7 EQ hit southwest of Hokkaido on July 12th, and generated a tsunami.

The hardest hit location by these events in northern Japan was Hokkaido’s island of Okushiri, where 165 people were killed as a result of the earthquake, with the tsunami, and large landslide.

On July 26th, Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashed into Mt. Ungeo in Haenam, South Korea, killing 68, with two survivors.

The cause was attributed to pilot error after two previously failed landing attempts because of bad weather.

The Royal Plaza Hotel at Nakha Ratchasima in Thailand collapsed on August 13th, killing 137 and injuring 227.

The collapse of the building took less than 10-seconds, which was attributed to gradual deformation from creep that weakened all the ground floor support columns.

The only part of the building left standing was the front elevator hall, which was said to have been separately built from the rest of the structure.

It was one of the most fatal and disastrous man-made accidents in Thai history, which took place only three-months after the world’s worst accidental loss-of-life fire in an industrial Building at the Kader Toy Factory in Bangkok, Thailand.

Hurricane Gert started out as large tropical cyclone that formed from a tropical wave in the Caribbean Sea, and became the 7th-named storm, and third hurricane, of the Atlantic Hurricane season.

It caused extensive flooding and mudslides throughout Central America and Mexico between September 15th and September 21st.

Hurricane Gert left behind disrupted road networks for extended periods of time, which hampered rescue missions and relief efforts in badly-flooded regions.

Damage costs amounted to $170-million, leaving private property, infrastructure, and farmland in ruins.

On September 22nd, the Big Bayou Canot Rail Disaster took place, near Mobile, Alabama, killing 47 people and injuring 103.

It involved the derailing of an Amtrak train on the CSX Transportation Big Bayou Canot Bridge after a towboat pulling heavy barges collided with the rail bridge eight-minutes earlier, causing a displacement of the span of the bridge and deformation of the rails.

It was the deadliest rail accident in Amtrak’s history, and the worst rail accident in the United States since the 1958 Newark Bay Rail accident, where 48 people were killed.

The pilot of the tugboat pulling the barges was said to have made a wrong turn in foggy conditions on the Mobile River, and entered the Big Bayou Canot; was not properly trained on how to read radar; and mistook the bridge on the radar for another tugboat.

After the accident, the pilot was not found to be criminally-liable for it.

On September 24th, the Cambodian monarchy was restored with Norodom Sihanouk as its king.

It is interesting to note that during his lifetime, Cambodia was variously called: the French Protectorate of Cambodia, until 1953; the Kingdom of Cambodia, from 1953 to 1970; the Khmer Republic from 1970 to 1975; the People’s Republic of Kampuchea from 1979 to 1989; the State of Cambodia from 1989 to 1993; and again the Kingdom of Cambodia, from 1993 to the present.

King Sihanouk abdicated in 2004, and the Royal Council of the Throne chose his oldest son, Norodom Sihamoni, as his successor, who is still the King of Cambodia.

King Sihamoni lived outside of Cambodia most of his life, having been educated in Czechoslovakia.

He is not married, and has no children.

Back to 1993.

A 6.2-magnitude, relatively shallow earthquake, known as the Latur Earthquake, shook Maharashtra, India, on September 30th.

As a result of the earthquake, approximately 10,000 people died; over 30,000 were injured; and around 50 villages were destroyed.

The Battle of Mogadishu, part of the broader Somali Civil War, took place between October 3rd and 4th in what was known as “Operation Gothic Serpent.”

It was also known as the “Black Hawk Down” incident.

The battle was a disaster for coalition troops and resulted in a major strategic victory for Somali National Alliance forces under the leadership of Mohamed Farrah Aidid.

The Battle of Mogadishu remains one of the most heavily devastating battles American troops ever experienced in close combat.

On October 10th, less than 3-months after the July 26th crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 733 into Mt. Ungeo in Haenam, South Korea, the South Korean Ferry Soehae capsized in the Yellow Sea, off Wido, South Korea, killing 292 of the 362 on-board, with 70 rescues.

Factors attributed to the capsizing of the ferry included: overcrowding, with 141 more passengers than safely allowed; harsh weather conditions; and a thick rope that was found wrapped around both propellor shafts, which was said to have been left behind by fishing operations.

On October 21st, a coup in Burundi resulted in the assassination of the new-elected President Melchior Ndadaye, who won the country’s presidency in a landmark, multi-party election in July of this same year.

His assassination sparked the Burundian Civil War, which we are told was the result of longstanding divisions, like in Rwanda, between the Hutus and Tutsis.

An estimated 300,000 died as a result of the Burundian Civil War, with children being used on both sides.

The German, then Belgian, colonial rulers of the region of Ruanda-Urundi, found it convenient to rule through the existing power structure, in which the Tutsis were the aristocrats & rulers.

The colonial powers fostered ethnic differences between the minority artistocratic Tutsis and majority Hutus, and Ruanda-Urundi became two countries upon independence in 1962.

Believed to be Nilotic origin, meaning indigenous to the Nile River Valley, the Tutsi people are historically a very tall people.

The Burundian Civil war lasted from October 21st of 1993 until May 15th of 2005, and the Rwandan Civil War started on October 1st of 1990, and ended on July 18th of 1994, with the end of the Rwandan genocide. More on Rwandan Genocide coming up in a close look at 1994.

The Maastricht Treaty took effect on November 1st, formally establishing the European Union.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) passed the legislative houses of United States, Canada, and Mexico between November 17th and November 22nd.

NAFTA created a trilateral trade bloc in North America, with the elimination or reduction of barriers to trade and investment between the three countries.

On November 20th, an international passenger flight travelling from Geneva, Switzerland to Skopje, Macedonia, crashed into Mount Trojani near Ohrid Macedonia, killing all 116 on-board, and was the deadliest plane crash in Macedonian history, taking place only a little-over eight-months since the prior deadliest place crash in Macedonian history on March 5th, 1993, as mentioned previously.

The cause of the accident was attributed to pilot error.

President Clinton signed NAFTA into law on December 8th.

On December 10th, id Software’s Doom was released, becoming a landmark title in first-person shooter video games for MS-DOS.

Players assumed the role of a space marine, named Doomguy, fighting his way through hordes of invading demons from hell.

Hmmmm.

Makes me wonder what they were trying to tell us here. Boy, if we knew then what we know now, as I really think hordes of demons is what we have all been dealing with here, without knowing it!

The next day, one-block, of three-blocks, of the Highland Towers near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, collapsed on December 11th.

The collapse buried the building’s occupants under tons of debris, with a total of 48 bodies found and two survivors.

The cause of the collapse was attributed to a major landslide caused by heavy rains that burst diversion pipes.

So far in 1993, as in the last parts of this series focusing on the 1980s and 1990s, we are seeing the same pattern of violent weather around the world…

…weather anomalies like the Great Blizzard on the East Coast and Great Flood of 1993 in the Midwest…

…earthquakes in different parts of the world…

…worst disasters ever of their kind happening one day after the other in different parts of the world…

…plane and train crashes…

…sinking ships…

…buildings just collapsing…

…civil wars…

…terrorism, and much more along these lines going on 1993.

So, what happened in 1994?

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was established, on January 1st, exactly one-year to the day after the European Economic Community eliminated trade barriers and created a European Single Market as previously mentioned.

On January 14th, President Bill Clinton and President Boris Yeltsin signed the Kremlin Accords, which ended the pre-programmed aiming of nuclear missiles towards each country’s targets, and provided for the taking apart of the nuclear arsenal in the Ukraine.

The 6.7 magnitude Northridge Earthquake took place on the Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday in Los Angeles on Monday, January 17th, leaving 57 dead, and 8,700 injured.

It was the highest-ever, instrumentality recorded earthquake in an urban area in North America.

The 1994 North American cold wave took place during January of 1994, with extreme cold events taking place between January 18th and 19th, and again between January 21st and 22nd, and 67 cold temperature records set on January 19th, with Indiana and Kentucky setting state records on that same day.

The cold wave caused an estimated 100 deaths.

On February 6th, the Markale Massacres took place in a marketplace in Sarajevo.

On this day, a 120-milimeter mortar shell hit the middle of a crowded marketplace during the Bosnian War, which was part of the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, between Bosnian Serbs and forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

As a result of this incident there were 68 dead and 144 injured, and it was never conclusively determined which side had fired the shell. The UN ultimately concluded that it was impossible to determine which side had fired the shell.

Baruch Goldstein, a physician who followed the far-right, ultranationalist Meir Kahane, opened fire inside the Cave of the Patriarchs, also known as the Ibrihami Mosque, in Hebron in the West Bank on February 25th, and killed 29 muslims, and injured 125 before he was beaten to death.

As a direct result of the massacre, Jewish Israelis were barred from going into major Arab communities in Hebron…and the Israel government also expelled Arabs from certain streets near Jewish settlements in Hebron, where many had homes and businesses.

On March 14th, Apple released Power Macintosh, ten-years after the release of the first Macintosh computer.

It was the first Macintosh to use the new PowerPC Microprocessors, a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), created by the 1991 Apple – IBM – Motorola Alliance.

On the same day of March 14th, the Linux Kernel version 1.0.0 was released after two-years of development by Finnish software engineer Linus Torvalds.

A kernel is a computer program that has complete control over everything in the system, and is in the core of the operating system.

The Linux Kernel software is a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) that anyone is freely-licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way.

It is deployed on a wide-variety of computing systems, such as embedded devices, mobile devices, personal computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.

Hmmm. Does this mean that something or someone has control over my computer devices at all times?

Is this what updates my computer and cell phone whether I asked for it or not?

US troops were withdrawn from Somalia on March 15th.

As part of Operation Restore Hope, they had arrived in Somalia on December 9th of 1992, and greeted by the glare of television lights, which I remember watching on TV when it happened with my husband, and we were both thinking how crazy it was that a military landing was being televised.

By the time U. S. troops were withdrawn in March of 1994, they left behind a country plagued by bandits and looters, with many Somalis needing to scavenge for survival.

The Green Ramp Disaster occurred on March 23rd, when two military aircraft collided in mid-air over Pope Air Force Base in North Carolina.

The Green Ramp was a grassy area at the end of the one of the east-west runway at the Air Force Base that was used by the Army to stage joint-operations with the Air Force.

A little after 2 pm on that fateful day, a fighter-jet conducting a simulated “flame-out,” which is the run-down of a jet engine due to the extinction of the flame in the combustion chamber, collided with a C-130 transport plane.

At an altitude of 300-feet, or 90-meters, above-ground, the nose of the fighter jet severed the right elevator of the C-130, which is what controls the aircraft’s pitch, or angle, of the wing.

The C-130 managed to land safely, but pilots of the fighter jet ended-up having to eject, and the fighter jet ended up hurtling towards the Green Ramp.

Long-story short, the burning wreckage of the fighter jet ended up directly in the area where the mass of Army paratroopers were situated.

It killed 24-members of the U. S. Army’s 82nd-Airborne Division and injured around 100.

The causes of the fatal accident were attributed to both Air Traffic Control and pilot error.

The Palm Sunday tornado outbreak occurred on March 27th, the biggest of 1994, in the southeastern United States.

It was the third notable tornado outbreak to occur on a Palm Sunday, with the first two occurring in 1920 and in 1965.

The weather system caused 29 tornadoes, killing 40 people, injuring 491, and causing $140-million in damages.

The deadliest storm of the outbreak produced an F4 tornado that devastated Piedmont, Alabama, striking three churches in mid-Palm Sunday service.

There were 20 people killed at one of the churches, Goshen United Methodist Church in Cherokee County, including the 4-year-old daughter of the pastor.

The supercell that formed this tornado tracked for 200-miles, or 322-kilometers, across north Georgia, to South Carolina.

Is it just me, or does the path of the 1994 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak mirror the goldbelt in the Southeastern United States?

The first Gold Rush in U. S. history was in North Carolina starting in 1799, and the second in north Georgia, starting in 1828.

Weird coincidence, or is something else being reflected here, like perhaps weather manipulation on a sacred day for Christianity, through the lands of the original people of North America.

On April 6th, both Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira died after surface-to-air missiles shot down the jet they both were on, after a regional summit that was held in Tanzania, as it was getting ready to land on a clear day near Kigali, Rwanda.

This event was taken as the pretext to begin the Rwandan Genocide, one of the bloodiest events of the late-20th-century, which began on April 7th.

The immediate backstory to this was the signing of the Arusha Accords in August of 1993, which was a set of accords and power-sharing agreement signed under in Arusha, Tanzania, to end the, by that time, three-year-old Rwandan Civil War, by the government of Rwanda, and the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).

The Rwandan Civil War itself had radicalized internal opposition, and the Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR) embraced the Hutu Power ideology of Hutu advancement and the ethnic-cleansing of Tutsis, which led to the Rwandan Genocide.

The predominately-Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front was portrayed as an alien force that was intent on reinstating the Tutsi monarchy which was in existence until it was abolished after the Rwandan Revolution between 1959 and 1961, and replaced by the form of government of the Republic of Rwanda, which was predominantly Hutu.

It is important to note that the minority Tutsis and majority Hutus spoke the same language, had the same traditions, and inhabited the same places.

The large-scale killings of Tutsis by ethnicities began within a few hours of the death of the Rwandan President.

The Crisis Committee headed by Theoneste Bagosora, Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Defense, considered the primary organizer of the genocide, took power in the country, and according to the historical narrative, he immediately began issuing orders to kill Tutsi to Hutu paramilitary groups like the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi.

The Hutu population was said to have been armed with weapons like machetes, clubs, blunt objects, etc, and prepared during the preceding months, and were said to have carried out the orders of their leaders without question as the result of a Rwandan tradition of obedience to authority.

The military pictured in this photo were French, who were sent in to rescue French citizens, and were accused of not doing enough to stop the genocide.

Also, checkpoints were set up around the Rwandan capital city of Kigali by the paramilitary groups, where anyone with Tutsi ethnicity on their national identity cards were immediately killed, as well as house-by-house searches for Tutsis living in Kigali.

During the 100-day period between April 7th and July 15th, members of the Tutsi minority group, as well as some moderate Hutus and Twa, an indigenous pygmy tribe, were massacred by what were described as soldiers, police, militia, and gangs, with death total estimates for this period of time ranging between 800,000 and 1.1 million.

We’ll see how the Rwandan Genocide ended when we get to July of this year.

Well, let’s see: the Presidents of two neighboring countries with Hutu and Tutsi populations assassinated by surface-to-air missiles as their airplane was getting ready to land at the airport of the Rwanda’s capital city, Kigali; Rwandan Hutu citizens armed with deadly weapons for months in advance; and the genocide primarily of Rwanda’s Tutsis beginning within a few hours of the President’s death.

Hmmm.

Did the beginning of these divisions start, say when the region became part of the German East Africa between 1885 and 1918, and then the divisions continued after it was handed over to Belgian Colonial Administration starting in 1916 when the region of Ruanda-Urundi was occupied by the Belgians during World War I, until so-called independence in 1961, after the Rwandan Revolution and the mysterious death of the Tutsi King Mwami Mutara III Rudahigwa of Rwanda, who he died unexpectedly in 1959 after visiting a Belgian doctor in Burundi, where he had gone for a meeting with Catholic missionaries, which sparked the beginning of the Rwandan Revolution.

China Airlines Flight 140 crashed on April 26th while landing at Nagoya, Japan, killing 264 people.

It was the deadliest accident in China Airlines’ history, which is the national carrier of Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China

Just before the routine landing of the flight, the takeoff/goaround setting on the autothrottle was somehow triggered, and the pilots’ lost control of the aircraft, which ultimately stalled and crashed. Of the 271 people on-board the plane, 264 were killed.

On April 27th, South Africa held its first multi-party elections, and the first election in which all races were allowed to vote.

The election marked the completion of a four-year process that ended Apartheid, which was the the system of institutional racism that existing in South and Southwest Africa that started in 1948.

Nelson Mandela won the election, and was sworn-in the following month, on May 10th.

On June 30th, an Airbus 330 crashed in a test flight in Toulouse, France, killing 7 people.

We are told the test was meant to test the performance of the aircraft in simulated engine failures after take-off.

The Airbus management did not expect the test to be hazardous, and were seeking to promote the plane to potential customers, and so had invited four passengers for the test flight – two Airbus executives and two Alitalia pilots.

As a result of the crash, all seven people on board were killed, and the investigation commission found that the crash was related to a long list of factors that none of which would have caused the crash in isolation.

Also on June 30th, Tropical Storm Alberto formed, and ended up producing extensive flooding over portions of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, causing 32 deaths and over a billion-dollars in damage.

It was the first tropical cyclone and named storm of the annual hurricane season.

Now back to Rwanda.

Rwandan Patriotic Front troops captured Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, on July 4th, which was considered a major breakthrough in the Rwandan Civil War as it led to the Rwandan Patriotic Front taking control of the rest of the country by July 18th.

Rwanda has been ruled by the Rwandan Patriotic Front since then as a Unitary President System with a two-house Parliament since then.

Paul Kagame, the Tutsi leader of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, was first elected President in 2000, and has been Rwanda’s President ever since.

Jeff Bezos founded Amazon on July 5th, which started out as an on-line bookstore, when he was on a cross-country road trip from New York City to Seattle.

Bezos was named the wealthiest man in modern history when his net-worth increased to $150-billion in 2018,and he was the world’s first centribillionaire on the “Forbes Wealth Index,” in which he has a net-worth of 1-billion units in any given currency.

On July 18th, a suicide bombing targeting the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association (AMIA )in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 85 and injuring 100s.

The bombing was Argentina’s largest terrorist attack to date.

The bomber drove a Renault van full of 275 kilograms, or 606 pounds, of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and fuel oil explosive mixture in the Jewish Community Center building in the commercial area of Buenos Aires.

No suspects have been convicted of the bombing, and while Iran has been suspected as having a role, no definitive action has never been taken.

The release of the IBM Simon Smartphone took place on August 16th, and was the first commercially available smartphone and distributed by BellSouth Cellular Corporation.

It was a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), or hand-held PC that functioned as a personal information manager, and had a battery that lasted only an hour.

On August 31st, the Provisional Irish Republican Army announced a conditional cessation of military operations after 25-years of violence and terror, which held for 18-months, with the exception of a few politically-motivated killings here and there, until February of 1996.

USAir Flight 427 crashed in Hopewell Township on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport on September 8th, killing all 132 on-board, and was the deadliest air disaster in Pennsylvania history.

As a result of the severity of the crash impact, the bodies of the passengers and crew were severely fragmented, leading investigators to declare the site a biohazard.

After the longest investigation in FAA history, lasting four-and-a-half-years, it was determined that a rudder malfunction caused the plane to crash.

The U. S. staged what has been termed “bloodless” invasion of Haiti to restore Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power on September 19th, code-named “Operation Uphold Democracy.”

It was designed to remove the military regime installed after the “coup d’etat” in 1991 that overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide after having been elected at the end of 1991, and in-office for only a few months.

A diplomatic American delegation comprised of Former President Jimmy Carter; Sen. Sam Nunn; and retired General Colin Powell met with General Raoul Cedras, the military leader in charge of the government.

He apparently agreed to step-down with the threat of a U. S. military forced-entry invasion, after he was shown a video-feed of U. S. Special Forces, like the 82nd Airborne being readied to go, unless he complied immediately.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide was returned to Haiti in October of 1994 after 3-years of exile, and while there was a change of authority ceremony between President Bill Clinton and President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in March of 1995, a U. S. troops under the UN remained in Haiti until 1996, and some kind of UN-Peacekeeping force remained in place until 2000.

On September 28th, the MS Estonia ferry sank in the Baltic Sea, killing almost 900 people, with 139 rescues.

It was one of the worst maritime disasters of the 20th-century.

According to the official report of the disaster, the bow-door had separated from the vessel, pulling the ramp ajar, rapidly flooding the vessel that was already listing from poor cargo distribution.

The power failed; search and rescue was inhibited; and a full-scale emergency wasn’t declared for an hour-and-a-half.

In what sounds like Keystone-Cops-level incompetence, the official report criticized the passive-attitude of the crew, failing to notice that water was entering the vehicle deck, delaying the alarm, and providing minimal guidance from the bridge.

World Wide Web Consortium founded and led by Tim Berners Lee became the main international standards organization for the WWW on October 1st.

It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lab, with funding from the European Commission and DARPA.

The consortium is comprised of member organizations that maintain full-time staff to work together in the development of World Wide Web standards.

A rainfall event between November 4th and 6th caused flooding in the Piedmont region of Italy that killed an estimated 77 people…

…after one-third of the rain that falls in one year fell in a 72-hour period, and caused $14.5 billion in damages.

The Brazuole Bridge bombing took place on November 7th.

It involved the explosion of a bomb around 7 am underneath this bridge in Lithuania on the Vilnuius-Kaunas Railway shortly before two passenger trains were scheduled to cross the bridge.

We are told a rail disaster was avoided because one of the trains was warned by a local resident, and slowed down in time to cross the bridge on the side that was relatively undamaged, and alerted the other train in time for it to stop before it got to the bridge.

No one has ever been charged in connection with the bombing, though it was alleged that members of the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces was behind the bombing, after a stand-off occurred between some of its members and the Lithuanian government in 1993.

Also on November 7th, the WXYC student radio station at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill provided the world’s first internet radio broadcast.

Hurricane Gordon hit Central America, Jamaica, Cuba, the Bahamas, Haiti, and Southeastern US on November 8th, causing 1,152 fatalities and $594 million in damages.

It was a long-lived, as it finally dissipated on November 21st, and was the last hurricane of the season in 1994.

Notice the curvy, looping track of the Hurricane Gordon.

Damage was the heaviest in Haiti, where the storm dropped 14-inches, or 360-mm, of rain in 24-hours, resulting in extensive landslides and flooding that destroyed 3,500 houses and damaged another 11,000 or so more, and killed over 1,000 people.

Interesting that this extreme weather devastation in Haiti took place the month following the return of Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

Boris Yeltsin ordered troops into Chechyna on December 11th, thereby starting the first Chechen War, which lasted until August 31st of 1996.

Russian federal forces attempted to seize the mountainous country of Chechyna, but were ultimately set-back by Chechen guerilla warfare, leading to the cease-fire in 1996 and Yeltsin signing a Peace Treaty with the Chechens the following year.

The Battle of Grozny in the First Chechen War in which Russian forces captured Grozny after two-months of heavy fighting, however, caused enormous destruction and casualties amongst the civilian population, and was the heaviest bombing campaign in Europe since World War II.

Why was all of this happening to this small republic?

The reason we are given is that the Chechens wanted their independence from Russian Federation, the name given to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic after the Soviet Union dissolved.

The initial release of the Netscape Navigator 1.0 web-browser by Netscape Communications Corportion was on December 15th.

It was the world’s first commercially-developed web browser.

So like in 1993, we are seeing the same patterns of major hurricanes and tornado outbreaks…

…weather anomalies like the North American Cold Wave and the excessive rainfall causing the destructive flooding in Italy’s Piedmont Region and in Haiti…

…earthquakes like the Los Angeles Northridge Earthquake, the highest-ever, instrumentality recorded earthquake in an urban area in North America…

…more plane crashes, like USAir Flight 427 in Pennsylvania; China Airlines Flight 140 in Japan, and the Green Ramp Disaster in North Carolina and Airbus 330 crash in France, both of which had emergency situation flight training going on at the time of the deadly incidents…

…near train crashes, like the narrowly-averted train disaster in Lithuania with the Brazuole bridge bombing minutes before the trains’ scheduled arrival, unlike the Amtrak train crash at Big Bayou Canot in 1993, where the incident causing the bridge collapsed also happened minutes before the train wreck…

…and again in 1994, like 1993, we see sinking ships, like the MS Estonia Ferry, one of the worst maritime disasters of the 20th-century…

…massacres in different places…

…out-and-out genocide for one-hundred days in Rwanda…

…along with civil wars and other wars…

…and major bombings like the AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

More of the same kinds of thing that we saw in 1993…

…in addition to the progress that we saw being made in 1994 in relationship to the development of the PC, Internet, and mobile phone…

…and on-line business models and services.

So, now let’s take a look and see what happened in 1995.

Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1st, to replace the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which had been established in 1948.

Negotiated and signed trade Agreements by the bulk of the world’s trading nations that serve as the legal ground-rules for international commerce are at the heart of the WTO.

On January 17th, the 6.9-magnitude Kobe, also known as the Great Hanshin, Earthquake struck southern Japan. Aftershocks of the earthquake lasted for days, with 74 of them being strong enough to feel.

Close to 6,500 people lost their lives as a result of the earthquake, with approximately 4,600 from the major city of Kobe, with the epicenter of the earthquake being 12-miles, or 20-kilometers, from the center of the city center.

Irreparable damage from the earthquake included nearly 400,000 buildings; numerous elevated road and rail bridges; the majority of the quays in the port Kobe at 120, the total of which had numbered 150; caused 300 fires; and disrupted water, electricity, and gas service.

The fires in Kobe incinerated the equivalent of 70 U. S. city-blocks.

Here are some examples of what the historical architecture looked like in Kobe.

On February 13th, twenty-one Bosnian Serb commanders were charged with Crimes against Humanity in the United Nations.

The Serkadji Prison Mutiny took place, in what was formerly known as the Barberousse Prison, in Algeria between February 21st and 23rd.

Apparently the immediate cause of the mutiny was a recently-appointed guard who supplied prisoners with four guns and three hand-grenades, after a prior escape attempt failed.

After killing four prison guards, the mutineer prisoners started opening cell doors, and after security forces stormed the prison, somewhere between 96 and 110 prisoners were killed, with eight later being executed for their part in the mutiny.

On February 26th, the United Kingdom’s oldest investment bank, Barings, collapsed on February 26th.

Barings was founded in 1762 by Francis and John Baring in order to provide service to the huge expansion of world trade that was coming into being in the latter-half of the 18th-century.

The first offices of the bank were located in Cheapside in the City of London, the historic and modern financial center of London.

The cause of the crash of the United Kingdom’s oldest investment bank was apparently a rogue securities broker in Singapore by the name of Nick Leeson, who allegedly lost somewhere around $1.4 billion in unauthorized trades in futures contracts on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and he was arrested for his crimes days later, on March 2nd.

Leeson was in Changji prison in Singapore until 1999, when he was released from his sentence early.

While in prison, he published an autobiography detailing his crimes in 1996, called “Rogue Trader.”

Among other achievements since his release from prison in 1999, Nick Leeson held a senior management role as Chief Executive Officer for Galway United, an Irish association football club in the League of Ireland, a position which he resigned in 2011 when the club suffered financial difficulties…

…and has been a regular guest on the after-dinner and keynote speaking circuit.

Nick Leeson is listed as having a net worth of $3 million.

Not bad for a guy that confessed to, was convicted of, and served prison time, for securities fraud of a magnitude that took out Barings Bank!

The Tokyo Subway Sarin Gas Attack took place on March 20th.

In five coordinated attacks carried out by the Aum Shinrikyo personality cult movement led by Shoko Asahara, the perpetrators of the attacks released sarin gas, a chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent, on three lines of the Tokyo Metro during rush hour, killing 14 people and injuring in some fashion approximately 6,500 people.

The subway lines that were attacked served the part of Tokyo that houses the Japanese Parliament.

Police arrested senior members and leaders of Aum Shinrikyo after the attacks in a raid in May of 1995, several of whom were sentenced to death and later executed in 2018, including the cult founder Shoko Asahara.

On March 31st, TAROM, the flag-carrier airline of Romania, Flight 371 from Bucharest to Brussels crashed in after entering a nose-down dive after take-off in Bucharest, killing all sixty people on-board.

The cause of the crash was attributed to the captain losing consciousness, and unable to communicate with his co-pilots, and auto-throttle failure.

The Samashki Massacre took place on April 7th during the First Chechen War, in which Russian troops were reported by 128 eyewitnesses as engaging in a “cleansing operation” in which there are estimates as high as 300 of civilians killed in the village of Samashki.

They were said to have arbitrarily shot civilians and burned down houses with flame-throwers, among other things.

On April 19th, the bombing of the Alfred P. Murragh Federal building in Oklahoma City took place.

Called the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U. S. history, we are told it was carried out by anti-government extremist Timothy McVeigh, who was helped by his friend Terry Nichols, in retaliation for the federal siege of Ruby Ridge in 1992, and the federal Waco Siege, which ended in the deadly fire of the Branch Davidian compound on April 19th in 1993.

As the official story goes, McVeigh planned for the bombing to take place on the second anniversary of the fire that ended the siege in Waco, and selected the Murragh Federal Building in Oklahoma City because it met his criteria of housing at least two federal law enforcement agencies.

McVeigh and Nichols stockpiled the materials they needed to manufacture the fertilizer bomb, including forty-one 50-pound, or 23-kilogram, bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer; seven crates of tovex explosives; shock tubing; 500 electric blasting caps; and ANFO, which is ammonium nitrate fuel oil.

Several days before the bombing, McVeigh rented a Ryder truck under an assumed name, and he and Nichols drove to Oklahoma City, where they parked McVeigh’s getaway car a few blocks from the Federal building, a 1977 Mercury Marquis which is now an exhibit at the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum.

What we are told is that McVeigh and Nichols drove to pick up the bomb materials from storage Kansas and drove to a state park in Kansas to build the truck bomb, filling 13 barrels each with 500 lbs, or 230 kilograms, of mixed chemicals, using plastic buckets and a bathroom scale, and added the explosive devices needed to the truck in order to detonate the bomb.

The next day, McVeigh drove the Ryder Truck to Oklahoma City at dawn, and parked it at the building’s drop-off zone for the daycare center after having lit timed fuses, and headed towards his getaway vehicle after getting rid of the keys to the truck.

The Ryder rental truck that contained 4,800-pounds, or 2,200-kilograms, of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, nitromethane and diesel fuel mixture, detonated in front of the north side of the building at 9:02 am, creating a 30-foot, or 9.1-meter, and 8-foot-deep, or 2.4-meter crater on NW 5th Street next to the building, and the blast destroyed or damaged 324 buildings in a 4-block radius, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings, resulting in 168 deaths, including children in the daycare center, and injuring hundreds more.

McVeigh was arrested within an hour-and-a-half of the explosion, as he was pulled over for driving a car without a license plate, and arrested for having a concealed weapon.

The subsequent investigation into his connection to the Oklahoma City bombing ultimately led to McVeigh’s conviction and death sentence, and Terry Nichols’ conviction and life sentence.

McVeigh was executed by lethal injection in June of 2001.

There was a gas explosion at a subway construction site on April 28th in Daegu, South Korea.

At least 101 people were killed, including 42 middle school students, with estimates of around 200 people injured.

The gas explosion was said to have result from construction workers accidently drilleing 31 holes through a grout curtain into a gas pipeline, resulting in gas leakages into the construction site that went through a sewer, and the explosion was caused by an unknown fire at the site, creating a 164-foot, or 50-meter, high pillar of fire.

The private parking lot on the construction site collapsed, and 60 buildings and 152 cars were damaged as a result of the explosion.

Established in 1985, the funding for the National Science Foundation Network, or NSFNET, was stopped by the U. S. Government on April 30th, making the internet totally privatized.

The NSFNET backbone service was no longer central, but still remained central to the infrastructure of the expanding internet.

On May 10th, a runaway locomotive fell into an elevator shaft in the Vaal Reefs, a gold mine near the town Orkney in the northwest South Africa.

History’s worst elevator disaster ever, the locomotive landed on the elevator cage carrying miners, causing it to plunge 1,500-feet, or 460-meters, to the bottom of the shaft, and resulted in the deaths of 104 miners.

The 7.0 Neftegorsk Earthquake struck northern Sakhalin island on May 28th.

The most catastrophic earthquake in the known history of Russia, the earthquake resulted in the deaths of almost 2,000 people in the oil town of Neftegorsk, over half of the population, and almost all of the deaths were from the collapse of residential buildings.

On June 29th, the Sampoong Department store collapsed in Seoul.

It was the deadliest peacetime disaster in South Korean history, killing 502 people and injuring 937, and the deadliest modern building collapse until the 9/11 Collapse of the World Trade Center buildings.

The cause of the collapse was attributed to structural overload and punching shear, which is defined as a phenomenon where a concentrated force on a slab causes a “shear failure cone” that punches through…

…and ultimately primarily blamed on the ignorance, negligence and greed of Lee Joon, the chairman of the Sampoong Group’s constuction division and store owner, and his son Lee Han-Sang, the CEO of the department store , both of whom served prison time for criminal negligence in their alleged roles in the collapse of the building.

The second Srebrenica massacre took place in Bosnia on July 11th, in which upwards of 8,000 Bosniak Muslim men and boys native to Bosnia were killed by units of the Bosnian Serb Army under the command of Ratko Mladic.

The last major battle of the War for Croation Independence was Operation Storm, major operations of which took place between August 4th and 7th, and follow-up operations between August 8th through 14th.

NATO and the United States were also involved in Operation Storm, the largest land-battle in Europe since World War II, and was called a decisive victory for the Croatian Army and a strategic victory for the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina against the forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) by the time it was over.

We are told that 150,000 to 200,000 Serbs of the area formerly held by the RSK had fled, and that a variety of crimes were committed against the Serbs who remained there by Croatian forces.

Later, three Croatian generals were tried by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for war crimes in what was called a joint criminal enterprise to force the Serb population out of Croatia.

On August 7th, the Chilean government declared a State of Emergency with respect to what became known as the “White Earthquake” in southern Chile.

The “White Earthquake” was a weather event involving intense winds, cold, snowfall and rain that primarily caused widespread agricultural and structural damage and great disruption to the lives of the people living there, with only a few human deaths reported, though the lives of hundreds thousands of sheep were lost or left in critical condition, with the most heavily impacted area shown in red on this map of Chile.

On September 3rd, eBay, the multinational e-commerce corporation, was founded as AuctionWeb in California by French-born, Iranian-American computer programmer Pierre Omidyar, and it soon became the first online auction site allowing person-to-person transactions…

…and on September 9th, SONY entered the video game market with the release of Playstation.

Interestingly, Sony, the name of a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan…

…was also the acronym for Standard Oil of New York, founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870.

A commuter train slammed into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, on October 25th, killing seven students.

The school bus, driven by a substitute driver, was stopped at a traffic light, with the rear portion of the bus hanging over railroad tracks when it was struck by a commuter train heading to Chicago.

It was one of the worst grade-crossing accidents in U. S. History.

The cause was attributed to bus driver misjudgment and traffic signal timing issues with the railroad, which were supposed to be coordinated with the highway traffic signal.

On the very next day, October 26th, there were two disasters in the world.

One was an avalanche that struck the village of Flateyri, Iceland, destroying 17 houses, and in the process killing twenty people. Twenty-one people managed to escape these houses after the avalanche and four were rescued alive.

The same day as the avalanche in Iceland, there was a fire in the Baku Metro, the capital of Azerbaijan.

It resulted in what has been called the world’s worst deadliest subway disaster, killing 289 people, including 28 children.

It was said to have been caused by an electrical malfunction, though the possibility of deliberate sabotage was not excluded.

On November 1st, all participants in the Bosnian Civil Wars began the peace negotiation process, with the Presidents of Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia meeting with US, British, French, German, and Russian officials at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio.

Typhoon Angela, also known as Rosing, which dissipated on November 7th, had left parts of the Philippines devastated on a track that started out as a tropical disturbance in the Marshall Islands pn October 25th, and moved west, turning into a super-tycoon by November 1st before it hit the Philippines.

Typhoon Angela wreaked havoc over the regions of metropolitan Manila, Calabarzon, and Bicol, and when all was said and done with the Typhoon, it had caused over 10-billion Philippine Pesos in damages, destroying over 96,000 houses, as well as bridges and roads.

Angela was one of the most intense typhoons ever recorded.

On November 16th, a UN tribunal charged Bosnian-Serb President Radovan Karadzic and Bosnian Serb Commander Ratko Mladic with genocide and Crimes against Humanity during the Bosnian War.

The Dayton Agreement ending the Bosnian War was reached on November 21st, and signed on November 24th.

It created a single sovereign state known as Bosnia Herzegovina, composed of the largely Serb-populated Republika Srpska, or Serb Republic, and the Croat-Bosniak populated Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

On November 22nd, there was an earthquake, with the epicenter in the middle of the Gulf of Aqaba, the narrow body of water that separates Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula from the western border of Saudi Arabia.

At least eight deaths and thirty injuries were reported as a result of the earthquake, and damage to buildings occurred in places like coastal cities of Eilat, Israel; Aqaba, Jordan; and Nuweiba, Egypt.

American Airlines Flight 965 crashed into a mountain in Buga, Colombia on December 20th, with the cause of the crash was attributed to pilot error.

Killing 151 of 155 passengers and all eight crew members on-board, it was the deadliest aviation accident in Colombia’s history, and the deadliest air disaster involving a U. S. airline since the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988.

So, once again in 1995, as seen in this video in the previous two years of 1993 and 1994, we have seen recurring patterns of major earthquakes in different parts of the world, in this case Japan, Russia, and the Sinai region in the Middle East…

…a super typhoon wreaking havoc in the Philippines and the same in Chile with weather-event called a “White Earthquake…”

…more plane crashes…

…more massacres and genocide…

…more terrorist attacks…

…many other disasters…

…and more internet, on-line business model, and video game development milestones.

One more thing to mention before I end this post, bringing “Seeing World History with New Eyes” up to the year of 1995, is a curious pattern that has emerged in my research of the 1990s thus far.

Starting with the Baltic Exchange Bombing in the City of London in 1992, I am consistently finding the use of truck-fertilizer bombs in terrorist attacks that are incredibly destructive when detonated.

The Baltic Exchange Bombing in April of 1992 was the biggest on mainland Britain since World War II, and caused extensive damage to the Baltic Exchange building and its surroundings.

Same thing happened again in the City of London the following year as mentioned earlier in this video, a truck fertilizer bomb detonated this time in Bishopsgate, exactly a year and two-weeks after the Baltic Exchange bombing.

This bombing led to the implementation of the “Ring of Steel” around the City of London.

Earlier in 1993, the first World Trade Center bombing in February involved the detonation of a truck fertilizer bomb parked below the North Tower.

The bombing of the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association (AMIA) Building in Buenos Aires in July of 1994 involved a suicide bomber driving a van full of 275 kilograms, or 606 pounds, of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and fuel oil explosive mixture in the Jewish Community Center building in the commercial area of Buenos Aires, for which there suspects but no convictions…

…and the Oklahoma City bombing in April of 1995 involving a truck fertilizer bomb in which the primary accused was arrested within an hour-and-a-half of the bombing, and who was executed several years later.

Why did truck fertilizer bombs become a thing in these terrorist attacks?

How did the terrorists have access to the quantities of materials and know-how needed to construct a bomb that creates this kind of devastation?

This graphic shows the occurrence of ammonium nitrate disasters since 1900…

…including the storage-silo explosion involving ammonium nitrate fertilizer in Oppau, Germany in 1921…

…the ship carrying the ammonium nitrate chemical that exploded in Texas City in Galveston Bay in 1947, the deadliest industrial accident in U. S. History…

…the 2004 explosion of a train carrying ammonium nitrate in Neyshabur, Iran…

…the 2015 explosion in Tianjin, China, of a storage warehouse…

…and the 2020 explosion in Beirut, Lebanon.

Is there something else going on with these apparently randomly occurring ammonium nitrate explosions in different places around the world over the years, and if there is, is there a connection to the truck fertilizer bombings that I have identified so far, starting in the 1990s?

I am showcasing unlikely pairs of historical figures in the National Statuary Hall who have things in common with each other in this new series called “Snapshots from the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol.”

In the first segment of this series, I paired Michigan’s Gerald Ford, a former President of the United States, and Mississippi’s Jefferson Davis, the former President of the Confederate States of America; and in the second segment, I paired Dr. Norman Borlaug, Ph.D, often called the “Father of the Green Revolution; and Colorado’s Dr. Florence R. Sabin, M.D, remembered as a pioneer for women in science; and in the last segment I paired Louisiana’s controversial Governor, Huey P. Long, and Alabama’s Helen Keller, a deaf-blind woman who gain prominence as an American author, lecturer, political activist, and disability rights activist.

In this segment, I am pairing Henry Clay, described as an attorney and statesman from Kentucky, and Lewis Cass, described as an American military officer, politician and statesman from Michigan.

They were both contemporaries and major players in historical events during the time period in American history between Henry Clay’s birth in 1777 and death in 1852; a; and the birth of Lewis Cass in 1782 and his death in 1866.

I am taking an in-depth look at who is represented in that National Statuary Hall in the U. S. Capitol building in Washington, DC, in a series which I am approximately halfway through in which sculptures of prominent American historical figures are housed, two for each state.

My attention was drawn to it as worth investigating because I encountered two historical figures in my research who are represented in the National Statuary hall – Father Eusebio Kino, a Jesuit Missionary and Cattle rancher, for Arizona, and Mother Joseph Pariseau, who we are told was a Catholic sister and self-taught architect, for Washington State.

The appearance of these two historical characters in the National Statuary Hall made wonder who else was chosen to be represented there and what could possibly be going on here.

Henry Clay represents the State of Kentucky in the National Statuary Hall.

Henry Clay was an attorney and statesman, who served in both houses of Congress; as the ninth U. S. Secretary of State; ran for U. S. President three times; and helped establish both the Whig Party and the Republican Party.

Henry Clay was born in April of 1777 at the Clay Homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, the 7th of 9 children born to the Baptist minister John Clay and his wife Elizabeth.

His father died in 1781, and his mother subsequently remarried, to Captain Henry Watkins, a successful planter.

When Watkins moved the family to Kentucky in 1791, Henry Clay remained in Virginia.

He ended up becoming a clerk at the Virginia Court of Chancery, where he got the attention of George Wythe, a professor at William and Mary College in Williamsburg, signer of the Declaration of Independence, mentor of Thomas Jefferson, and judge on Virginia’s High Court of Chancery.

Wythe chose Clay to be his secretary, a position he held for four years.

During this time, Wythe influenced Clay’s view that the United States could help spread freedom around the world.

Clay finished his legal studies with Virginia Attorney General Robert Brooke; was admitted to the Virginia Bar in 1797; and moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where he set up his law practice.

Henry Clay married Lucretia Hart in April of 1799, the daughter of Colonel Thomas Hart, a prominent businessman and early settler of Kentucky, and they lived at first in downtown Lexington.

We are told the Clays started building Ashland, a plantation outside of Lexington, in 1804.

Ashland encompassed over 500 acres (or 200 hectares), on which Henry Clay’s slaves planted crops of corn, wheat, rye, and hemp, the chief crop of Kentucky’s Bluegrass region.

He also imported Arabian horses, Maltese Donkeys, and Hereford Cattle as livestock.

The Maltese donkeys were one of the large breeds of donkeys bred by Henry Clay, and George Washington among others, to produce the American Mammoth Jackstock to be used as work animals.

Shortly after arriving in Kentucky, Henry Clay entered politics, and was a member of the what was called the “Democratic-Republican Party,” also known as the “Jeffersonian Republican Party,” that championed republicanism, agrarianism, political equality, and expansionism.

He clashed with state “Democratic-Republican Party” leaders over a state constitutional convention.

Clay was an advocate for direct election of public officials and the gradual emancipation of slavery in Kentucky.

The 1799 Kentucky Constitution included direct election of public officials, but not Clay’s plan for gradual emancipation, and instead retained the pro-slavery provisions of the original Kentucky Constitution of 1792, under which Kentucky was accepted as the 15th State admitted to the Union by the U. S. Congress.

Clay won election to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1803, where he was quite active, among other things initiating the partisan gerrymander of Kentucky’s electoral college districts, which insured that Kentucky’s electors voted for Thomas Jefferson in the 1804 presidential election.

Clay’s influence in Kentucky politics was such that the Kentucky Legislature elected him to the U. S. Senate in 1806, which he served in for two-months before returning to Kentucky, at which time he was elected as Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives.

In 1810, Henry Clay was selected by the Kentucky Legislature to fill the U. S. Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Buckner Thruston to become a federal judge.

Clay quickly became a “War Hawk,” favoring expansionist policies.

He was a fierce critic of British attacks on American shipping and supported going to war against Great Britain…

…and advocated for the annexation of Spanish West Florida.

Henry Clay was elected as Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives for the 12th Congress, held between March 4th of 1811 and March 4th of 1813.

Both Houses of Congress had a Democratic-Republican Majority in the 12th Congress.

Historical events that took place during the 12th Congress included:

The Battle of Tippecanoe fought on November 7th of 1811 in Battle Ground, Indiana, where William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s forces of a confederacy of tribes opposed to European-American settlement of the American Frontier…

…the New Madrid Earthquake on December 16th of 1811…

…Louisiana was admitted to the Union as the 18th state on April 30th of 1812…

…the War of 1812 began when the United States declared war on Great Britain on June 18th of 1812…

…Detroit surrendered to the British on August 16th of 1812…

…and the Battle of Queenston Heights in Upper Canada took place on October 13th of 1812, the first major battle in the War of 1812, resulting in a British victory.

Altogether, Henry Clay was elected to seven terms in the House of Representatives, and was elected Speaker of the House six times.

Henry Clay’s first run for the Presidency of the United States was in the 1824 election.

There were five candidates representing the Democratic-Republican Party, including Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson.

Clay fell behind in state electoral votes, effectively knocking him out of the race, and he threw his support behind John Quincy Adams, who was elected President by the House of Representatives, and Henry Clay became Adams’ Secretary of State.

Followers of John Quincy Adams became known as National Republicans, and followers of Andrew Jackson became known as Democrats, and Andrew Jackson won the 1928 Presidential election.

It was during the Jackson Administration that the U. S. Congress authorized, and the President signed into law, the Indian Removal Act of 1831, which authorized the administration to relocate Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi River, something which Henry Clay was opposed to.

Henry Clay returned to Federal office in 1831, when he won election in the Kentucky Legislature to the U. S. Senate, and with Adams’ defeat in the 1928, Clay became the leader of the National Republicans, who nominated Clay for President in the 1832 election.

Jackson, a popular sitting President, won re-election.

Several of the things that happened during the second Jackson Administration revolved around banking and financial matters.

One of the policies pursued by President Jackson and has Secretary of the Treasury, Roger Taney, involved removing all federal deposits from the national bank and placing them in state-chartered banks, a policy seen as illegal by many since federal law required the president to deposit federal revenue in the national bank so long as it was stable.

This policy of removing deposits united Jackson’s opponents into one political party, which became known as the Whig Party, which had been the name of an earlier British political party opposed to absolute monarchy.

The American Whig Party base consisted of wealthy businessmen, professionals, and large planters.

Clay chose not to run in the 1836 election because of the death of one of his daughters, and the Whigs were not organized enough to nominate a single candidate.

Despite the presence of multiple Whig candidates, Martin Van Buren, a Democrat, won the 1836 presidential election.

Van Buren’s Presidency was negatively impacted by the Panic of 1837, a financial crisis that touched off a depression until the mid-1840s.

Clay and other Whigs argued that Jackson’s policies had encouraged speculation and caused the panic.

As the 1840 Presidential election came closer, many thought the Whigs would gain the presidency because of the economic crisis.

Though Henry Clay ran in this election, he faced a number of issues facing his electability, and the Whig party member William Henry Harrison was elected that year.

Harrison had the shortest presidency in U. S. history, dying from pneumonia 31-days after his inauguration in 1841.

Harrison was succeeded by his Vice-President, John Tyler, another Whig.

Tyler disappointed his fellow Whigs by not signing a bill to reestablish the National Bank, an important part of the Whig Party platform, and they ended up voting to expel him from the party.

Clay won the Whig presidential nomination in 1844, and faced Democrat candidate James Polk, who won the election that year.

Henry Clay returned to his career as an attorney after the election of 1844.

The Mexican-American War started in 1846 over the disputed border region between Mexico and Texas.

Clay gave a speech in November of 1847 in which he was highly critical of the war and attacked President Polk for fomenting the conflict with Mexico.

Also, by 1847 General Zachary Taylor, who commanded American forces during the war, emerged as one of the Whig candidates for the Presidency.

Henry Clay announced his candidacy for the nomination in April of 1848.

Taylor ended up winning the Whig nomination at the 1848 Whig National Convention, and the ultimately the Presidency that year, with Millard Fillmore as his running mate.

Interesting to note that Zachary Taylor died in July of 1850, allegedly after consuming copious amounts of raw fruit and iced milk at a July 4th fundraising event at the Washington Monument, became severely ill with a digestive ailment, dying several days later, and Millard Fillmore became president.

Henry Clay accepted re-election to the U. S. Senate in 1849, and was directly involved in formulating the Compromise of 1850, a package of bills that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of U. S. territories gained as a result of the Mexican-American War.

Henry Clay died from tuberculosis in June of 1852 in his room at the National Hotel in Washington, DC.

The National Hotel building was demolished in 1942.

Henry Clay was the first person to lie in-state in the U. S. Capitol Rotunda.

The remains of Henry Clay and his wife Lucretia are encased in marble in the mausoleum in the center of the Lexington Cemetery, with the 120-foot, or the 37-meter, -high Henry Clay Memorial towering above the mausoleum.

Some interesting points of information I found in researching Henry Clay.

One was that he was a Master Mason.

Another was that Henry Clay’s cousin was another influential 19th-Century Kentucky politician Cassius Marcellus Clay…

…the namesake of Cassius Marcellus Clay, better known to history as the famous 20th-century boxer Muhammed Ali, who was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky.

No indication there was a direct connection, just that the more recent Cassius Marcellus Clay was named after the famous 19th-century Kentuckian, but definitely find this to be interesting nonetheless.

Lewis Cass represents the State of Michigan in the Statuary Hall.

Lewis Cass, an American military officer, politician and statesman, was a U. S. Senator for Michigan and served in the cabinets of two Presidents, Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan.

Cass was born in October of 1782 in Exeter, New Hampshire, near the end of the Revolutionary War.

His father Jonathan was an officer who had fought under George Washington at the Battle of Bunker Hill which took place in June of 1775.

This illustrated view of the Bunker Hill Monument was circa 1848, and said to have been built between 1824 and 1843, and credited to the architect Solomon Willard as the first monumental obelisk erected in the United States.

Cass attended the Phillips-Exeter Academy, established in 1781 by Elizabeth and John Phillips, a wealthy merchant and banker of the time.

His nephew, Samuel Phillips Jr, had established the Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts in 1778, making it the oldest incorporated school in the United States.

These two schools have educated several generations of the Establishment and prominent American politicians.

The Cass family moved to Marietta, Ohio, in 1800.

Marietta was the first permanent U. S. settlement in the newly established Northwest Territory, which was created in 1787, and the nation’s first post-colonial organized incorporated territory.

The Northwest Indian War took place in this region between 1786 and 1795 between the United States and the Northwestern Confederacy, consisting of Native Americans of the Great Lakes area.

The Territory had been granted to the United States by Great Britain as part of the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Revolutionary War.

The area had previously been prohibited to new settlements, and was inhabited by numerous Native American peoples.

The British maintained a military presence and supported the Native American military campaign.

While the Northwestern Confederacy had some early victories, they were ultimately defeated, with the final battle being the “Battle of Fallen Timbers” in August of 1794 in Maumee, Ohio, which took place after General Anthony Wayne’s Army had destroyed every Native American settlement on its way to the battle.

Outcomes were the 1794 Jay Treaty, named for Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay, the main negotiator with Great Britain.

As a result, the British withdrew from the Northwest Territory, but it laid the groundwork for later conflicts, not only with Great Britain, but also angering France and bitterly dividing Americans into pro-Treaty Federalists and anti-Treaty Jeffersonian Republicans.

The 1795 Greenville Treaty that followed forced the displacement of Native Americans from most of Ohio, in return for cash and promises fair treatment, and the land was opened for white American settlement.

Lewis Cass studied law in Marietta under Return Meigs, Jr, who among other accomplishments, became the first Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court in 1803, and Cass started his law practice in Zanesville, Ohio.

Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1806, and the following year, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him as the U. S. Marshal for Ohio, the oldest U. S. Federal Law Enforcement Agency having been established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 during President George Washington’s administration to assist federal courts in their law enforcement functions.

Cass joined the Freemasons as an Entered Apprentice, the first degree of Freemasonry, at a lodge in Marietta in 1803 , and by May of 1804, he achieved the Master Mason degree, the third-degree of Freemasonry.

He was a charter member of the Lodge of Amity No. 5 in Zanesville, admitted in June of 1805…

…and was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio in January of 1808, serving as its Grand Master multiple years.

During the War of 1812, Cass rose through the officer ranks to become a Brigadier General in the U. S. Army in March of 1813.

He took part in the Battle of the Thames, also known as the Battle of Moraviantown near Chatham, Ontario, and today’s Moravian on the Thames First Nation reserve, a branch of the Lenape who were converted to Christianity by Moravian missionaries from Pennsylvania, one of the oldest Protestant denominations.

At the time of the battle, the community of this First Nation, known as the Christian Munsee, was burned to the ground and rebuilt at its current location.

The Battle of the Thames in Ontario was an American victory in the War of 1812 against Tecumseh’s Confederacy, a confederation of Native people’s from the Great Lakes region, and their British allies.

As a result of the battle, Tecumseh was killed, his confederacy fell apart, and the British lost control of southwestern Ontario.

Cass was appointed as the Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison in October of 1813, a position in which he served until 1831.

During this time, he travelled frequently to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan, in which they ceded substantial amounts of land.

Cass was one of two commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs, also called the Treaty of the Maumee Rapids, resulting the ceding of nearly all the remaining lands in northwestern Ohio, and parts of Indiana and Michigan, of the Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Ottawa, and Chippewa, helping to open up Michigan to settlement by white Americans.

In return, land was allocated for reservations and financial compensation via annuities of various amounts for different lengths of time.

Other examples of the involvement of Lewis Cass with these land-acquiring treaties included, the 1819 Treaty of Saginaw with the chiefs and members of the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi Tribes, in which they ceded 6-million acres of land, for which they were promised up to $1,000/year forever, and hunting and fishing rights on the land.

Cass was also involved with the 1821 Treaty of Chicago, in which he travelled to Chicago to try and get more land from tribal nations in Michigan.

As a result of this treaty, more Potawatomi, Chippewa and Ottawa tribes ceded land – this time nearly 5-million acres of the Lower Peninsula .

In return, they were promised about $10,000 in trade goods, $6,500 in coins, and a 20-year payment valued at about $150,000.

And where did all these treaties land them, like the Potawatomi?

A very long way from home!!!

Cass resigned as the Governor of Michigan in 1831 to become President Andrew Jackson’s Secretary of War, a position he would hold for the next 5-years.

As President Jackson’s Secretary of War, Cass was central in implementing the Indian Removal policy of the Jackson administration after Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830.

The Indian Removal Act was directed specifically at the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States – the Cherokee, Creeks, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw – though it also affected tribes in Ohio, Illinois and other areas east of the Mississippi River.

Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska.

Cass was appointed as the U. S. Minister to France by President Jackson, starting in 1836, and he held this position until 1842.

Then in 1844, Cass stood as a Democratic candidate for the Presidential nomination, but lost the nomination that year to James Polk, who defeated the Whig candidate Henry Clay to became the 11th President of the United States, serving from 1845 to 1849.

Cass was then elected by the Michigan State Legislature in 1845 to serve as its United States Senator, a position he held until 1848 when he resigned in order to pursue an unsuccessful run for President that year.

He was a leading supporter of the Popular Sovereignty doctrine, which held that the American citizens of a territory should decide whether or not to permit slavery there as a middle position on the slavery issue.

Popular sovereignty was applied in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which passed Congress in 1854, but was most notable for stoking national tensions over slavery on the road to the American Civil War and leading to “Bleeding Kansas,” a series of violent confrontations between 1854 and 1859 over a political and ideological debate over the legality of slavery in the Proposed state of Kansas.

After his loss to Zachary Taylor in the 1848 election, Cass was returned to the
U. S. Senate by the Michigan State Legislature, serving from 1849 to 1857.

He ran and lost for President a third-time in 1852, losing the Democratic nomination that year to Franklin Pierce, who became the 14th U. S. President.

A few years later, in March of 1857, President James Buchanan appointed an elderly Lewis Cass to serve as the Secretary of State in his administration around the same time he was retiring from the Senate.

During his term of service as Secretary of State, Cass delegated most of his responsibilities either to an Assistant Secretary of State or to the President, though he was involved in negotiating a final settlement to the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, which limited U. S. and British control of Latin American Countries.

Cass died in June of 1866 in Detroit, and was buried in the Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit, Michigan’s oldest continuously operating non-denominational cemetery, having been dedicated in October of 1846.

Interesting to see so many classical-looking stone masonry tombs in Elmwood that are entombed in the earth surrounding them.

Descendents of Lewis Cass included great-grandson Augustus Cass Canfield, long-time President and Chairman of the Harper & Brothers Publishing Company (later known as Harper & Row)…

…and grandson Lewis Cass Ledyard, a New York City lawyer, personal counsel to financier J. P. Morgan, and a President of the New York Bar Association.

I am showcasing unlikely pairs of historical figures who are represented in the National Statuary Hall who have things in common with each other, as mentioned at the beginning of this post.

In this pairing, Henry Clay and Lewis Cass were both acknowledged Freemasons…

…both men served as Secretary of State, Henry Clay during the administration of President John Quincy Adams, and Lewis Cass during the administration of President James Buchanan…

…and both men unsuccessfully ran for President three times, Henry Clay in 1824, 1832, and 1844; and Lewis Cass in 1844, 1848, and 1852.

The next unlikely pairing from the National Statuary Hall that I am going to showcase for things in common is Dr. John Gorrie for Florida and William King for Maine.